contents - sdu.dk · 3 0. preface it happened at the maracanã in rio in 2014 in the 20th fifa...

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Contents 0. Preface ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Summary in English ....................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Summary in Danish/Resumé på dansk .......................................................................................................... 9

3. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 14

4. Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Historical overview of 120-minute matches in all FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and Champions

League tournaments ................................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Survey on head coaches and fitness coaches’ perception of coping with 120-minute matches .......... 18

4.3 Physical, tactical and technical analyses of seven recent 120-minute UEFA EURO and Champions

League matches ........................................................................................................................................... 20

4.4 Data treatment, data presentation and statistical analyses ................................................................. 21

5. Historical development and coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches – results and discussion ......... 23

5.1 Prevalence of 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and Champions League

tournaments ................................................................................................................................................ 23

5.2 Importance of 120-minute matches for winning trophies and medals in the FIFA World Cups, UEFA

EUROs and Champions League tournaments .............................................................................................. 25

5.3 Outcome of 120-minute matches, goal scoring patterns and probability of penalty shootouts .......... 29

5.4 Timing of substitutions in 120-minute matches and impact of substitutes .......................................... 34

5.5 Coaches’ perception of important factors and challenges related to 120-minute matches ................ 39

6. Up-to-date physical, tactical and technical 120-minute match analyses – results and discussion ............. 45

6.1 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches – team level ............................. 45

6.2 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches – playing position .................... 47

6.3 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches by substitutes .......................... 51

6.4. The seven 120-minute matches for tracking analyses – head to head ................................................ 56

7. Conclusions and perspectives...................................................................................................................... 62

8. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 64

9. References ................................................................................................................................................... 65

10. Author bio .................................................................................................................................................. 71

11. Appendix list .............................................................................................................................................. 71

12. Appendix 1-6 .............................................................................................................................................. 72

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0. Preface

It happened at the Maracanã in Rio in 2014 in the 20th FIFA World Cup final, it happened at Stade de France

in Paris in 2016 in the 15th UEFA EURO final, and it happened at the Estádio do Sport in Lisbon in 2014 and

the San Siro in Milan in 2016 in the 59th and 61st Champions League finals. The scores were level after

ordinary playing time and the finals turned into 120-minute matches. What is more, three of the four finals

featured goals in extra time by substitutes, two of which proved to be match-winners.

In Rio, Mario Götze came on as a substitute after 88 minutes and scored an unforgettable

volley after 113 minutes to give Germany a 1-0 victory over Argentina.

In Paris, Ederzito António Macedo Lopes, commonly known as Éder, came on after 79

minutes to score the only goal of the game with a long-range shot on 109 minutes, winning the final for

Portugal against host nation France.

In the Champions League final of 2014 in Lisbon, Real Madrid took on city rivals Atlético

Madrid. Marcelo Vieira da Silva Júnior, known as Marcelo, came on for Real after 59 minutes and scored his

team’s second goal in the 118th minute after an aggressive solo run as Real turned 0-0 to 3-0 in the final 10

minutes of extra time, with several Atlético players suffering from cramp after putting in an extraordinary

physical performance in ordinary time.

The 2016 final in Milan, between the same teams, produced the same winners but in rather

different circumstances. Real coach Zinedine Zidane made the last of his three substitutions after 77

minutes, bringing on Vázquez for Benzema. The Real team was then unfortunate to have four injured

players in extra time – Bale, Modrić, Ronaldo and Marcelo – and it seemed as if it would be Atlético’s day.

However, Atlético were unable to take advantage of the situation, playing defensively, cautiously and with

a number of fatigued players, and the match went to a penalty shootout that Real won 5-3.

These memorable moments in football history were shared by billions of people around the

globe and emphasised that 120-minute matches are important for winning trophies in modern top-class

football. The matches also provided inspiration for this UEFA Pro Licence assignment. When I was in France

with the Danish UEFA Pro Licence group for UEFA EURO 2016, it had already been decided that my

assignment topic was “the challenge of 120-minute matches” and the expectations were high. With 24

rather than 16 participating countries, and with 15 rather than seven knockout matches due to the

implementation of the Round of 16 for the first time in the history of the UEFA EUROs, it was likely that

there would be a number of 120-minute matches to study. We were not disappointed; there were five 120-

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minute matches in all, with Portugal winning three of them on their way to lifting the trophy. These

experiences made me even more curious about the 120-minute challenge and threw up a lot of questions

that needed answering.

How prevalent are 120-minute matches in big tournaments today? What are the physical,

tactical, technical and mental challenges of 120-minute matches? How do head coaches and fitness

coaches prepare for knockout matches and how do they cope with the possibility of going to extra time?

How pronounced is physical fatigue towards the end of 120-minute matches and how important are

substitutions? Are coaches preparing their players physically, tactically and mentally for 120-minute

matches? Are coaches incorporating elements of 120-minute matches into training? And do coaches have

detailed plans for substitutions, match tactics and the roles of the players and coaching staff if knockout

matches goes to extra time? It’s time for some extra focus on extra time!

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1. Summary in English

INTRODUCTION The 90-minute elite football match has been well described, whereas little knowledge is

available about the 120-minute match. Considering the gradual increase in the number of knockout

matches in the FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs1 and UEFA Champions League2, and the development of

modern football with its higher intensity and fitness requirements, it would be of great interest to know

more about the prevalence of 120-minute matches for trophy winners and medallists in the big

tournaments, the percentage of games decided in extra time, scoring patterns and the importance of

substitutions. It would also be valuable to study the potential decline in the technical, tactical and physical

performance of teams and individual players entering extra time in big tournaments, and to know more

about how head coaches and fitness coaches perceive, prepare for and handle 120-minute matches.

PURPOSE The aims of the present Pro Licence assignment were therefore: 1) to investigate the prevalence

and outcome of 120-minute matches at various stages of the FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs and UEFA

Champions League history; 2) to study the physical, technical, tactical and mental challenges of 120-minute

matches for teams and players; and 3) to provide knowledge on the coaches’ perception of 120-minute

matches and how they prepare for and handle knockout games and 120-minute matches. METHODS The

data analysis consisted of three parts. Firstly, a comprehensive notation of all 120-minute matches was

made for the 20 FIFA World Cups from 1930 to 2014, the 15 UEFA Euros from 1960 to 2016 and the 61

UEFA Champions League tournaments from 1955/56 to 2015/16 through FIFA and UEFA databases,

including extraction of data on the number of teams and matches in the knockout phase, the outcomes of

120-minute matches, goal scoring, substitution patterns, goals by substitutes and degree of success in

multiple 120-minute matches. Secondly, a questionnaire was developed with 30 questions on coaches’

perception of the prevalence and importance of 120-minute matches in big tournaments, on the long- and

short-term practical, physical and tactical preparation for knockout matches, on strategies for the starting

11 and substitutions, on the degree to which coaches have detailed strategies for handling knockout

matches and extra time, and on coaches’ views of the UEFA and FIFA proposal to allow a fourth substitution

in extra time. The 30 questions were mostly yes/no or multiple-choice questions, with an approximate

completion time of 15 minutes. This questionnaire was used for an anonymous online survey conducted

through SurveyXact and circulated to 225 elite football head coaches and fitness coaches from countries

with much experience with extra time in World Cups and Euros (Italy, Portugal, England and Germany;

national teams and two top leagues) as well as head coaches and fitness coaches from countries with less 1 Throughout the text, the term “UEFA EURO” denotes the UEFA European Championship

2 Throughout the text, the term “Champions League” also denotes, where relevant, the previous version of the

tournament known as the “European Cup”

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experience with extra time matches in World Cups and Euros (Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Norway and

Sweden; national teams and best), with a one-week response time. Completed responses were received

from a total of 98 top coaches (44% response rate), of which 67 were head coaches and 31 fitness coaches.

Thirdly, up-to-date physical, technical and tactical match analyses were conducted on all the five UEFA

EURO 2016 120-minute matches, along with the two UEFA Champions League 120-minute finals between

Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid from 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 using a 25-Hz multi-camera system. A

total of 193 players were included in the analyses of which 115 were full time players and 78 were

substitutes (n=39) and replaced players (n=39). Previous scientific studies have shown that running at high

intensities (14–20 km/h and >20 km/h) is much more important than total distance covered and that a

higher time resolution than the sum for first half, second half and extra time is needed to describe fatigue-

related technical and physical performance changes. UEFA was therefore contacted with a request to

provide individual data on technical and tactical performance in 15-minute periods throughout the 120-

minute games, along with 15-minute data on distances covered in speed categories >20 km/h (very high

speed), 14–20 km/h (high speed), 11–14 km/h (moderate speed) and total distance covered. The data were

used for Excel-based calculations of technical-tactical-physical performance in 15-minute segments for

different playing positions, different teams, and whole-match players and substitutes. These analyses were

conducted for the first time. RESULTS In total, 133 120-minute matches have been played during the

history of the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League; 27% of FIFA World Cup

knockout matches (55 of 202 knockout matches), 39% of UEFA EUROs knockout matches (32 of 82

knockout matches), 9% of UEFA Champions League knockout matches (46 of 515 knockout matches) and

26% (16 of 61 knockout matches) of UEFA Champions League finals. The all-time prevalence of 120-minute

matches for semi-finalists and winners, respectively, is 53 and 50% for the FIFA World Cup, 63 and 73%,

respectively, for the UEFA EUROs, and 16 and 30%, respectively, for the UEFA Champions League. A total of

48% of all the 120-minute matches (64 out of 133 matches) have been decided in extra time and the

remaining 52% (69 out of 133 matches) in a penalty shootout, with similar percentages of matches decided

in extra time for World Cups (53%, 29 out of 55 matches), EUROs (44%, 14 out of 32 matches) and the UEFA

Champions League (46%, 21 out of 46 matches). Over the history of the three major tournaments, 50% of

all extra-time periods have produced no goals (67 of 133 extra-time periods), while one team has scored in

40% of extra-time periods (53 of 133 extra-time periods) and both teams have scored in only 10% of extra-

time periods (13 of 133 extra-time periods), with 62% of goals scored in the second half of extra time (69 of

111 goals). Overall, substitutes have scored 29% of all extra-time goals (32 of 112 goals) over the history of

the three major international tournaments, with 25% (14 of 56 goals) in FIFA World Cups, 46% (11 of 24

goals) in UEFA EUROs and 22% (7of 32 goals) in the UEFA Champions League. Based on changes in

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tournament regulations, intensity of play, substitution rules and defensive strategies, many of the above

statistics have changed over time. Since 1993, the prevalence of semi-finalists and winners who have had to

come through 120-minute matches is as high as 83 and 83%, respectively, for the FIFA World Cup, 88 and

100%, respectively, for the UEFA EUROs, and 31% and 45%, respectively, for the UEFA Champions League.

The average number of 120-minute matches per winner is 1.6, 1.7 and 1.3 for the FIFA World Cup, the

UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League, respectively. Goal-scoring patterns have also changed

considerably from 1993 onwards, with more matches ending 0-0 in the FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs and

UEFA Champions League (55, 57 and 62%), a much higher percentage of goals scored in the second half of

extra time (60, 75 and 72%) and many more goals scored by substitutes (35, 67 and 33%). The statistics also

reveal that 66% of the goal-scoring substitutes were forwards (21 of 31) and that the average time from

substitution to goal scoring was quite long, namely 31 minutes (81 to 112 minutes) in FIFA World Cups, 31

minutes (79 to 110 minutes) in UEFA EUROs and 42 minutes (70 to 112 minutes) in the UEFA Champions

League. On 21 occasions, a team has played two 120-minute matches in the same tournament, with a 24%

success rate (6 of 21). The 120-minute match survey of top coaches revealed an expected prevalence of

120-minute matches for semi-finalists in FIFA World Cups and UEFA EUROs of 39% (head coaches) and 34%

(fitness coaches), both less than half of the actual average of 85%. A total of 51% of head coaches (34 of 67)

and 41% of fitness coaches (13 of 31) report that they have a detailed written strategy for 120-minute

matches, whereas 61% of head coaches (41 of 67) and 65% of fitness coaches (20 of 31) report that they

“never” or “rarely” include this aspect in their pre-match tactics before knockout games, while 75% of head

coaches (50 of 67) and 71% of fitness coaches (22 of 31) report that they do not have a plan for the

coaching team for who does what in extra time. With regard to preparing for big tournaments, 51% of head

coaches and 38% of fitness coaches have plans to incorporate 120-minute matches in their preparations,

with 45% of head coaches and 38% of fitness coaches reporting that they practice elements of extra time. A

total of 17 head coaches (25%) answered no to all of these questions. A vast majority of head coaches

(78%) and fitness coaches (88%) reported that they gamble on winning in extra time rather than waiting for

a penalty shootout, and a total 88% of head coaches and 66% of fitness coaches report that they are

“courageous coaches, taking risks to win in extra time”. When the top coaches were asked to prioritise

“mental, physical, technical and tactical aspects” in order of importance for winning 90-minute matches

and 120-minute matches, they prioritised the physical aspect as the third most important in 90-minute

matches, after mental and tactical aspects, whereas both head coaches and fitness coaches gave shared

first priority to physical and mental aspects for winning in 120-minute matches. The coaches estimated that

substitutes sprint about 40% more than whole-match players in extra time, and 71% of head coaches and

61% of fitness coaches reported substitutes to be more important for the outcome than whole-match

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players. Both head coaches (44 vs 27%) and fitness coaches (45 vs 16%) reported higher importance of

substitutes brought on in ordinary time compared to substitutes brought on in extra time. Moreover, the

coaches provided strong support for the UEFA and FIFA proposal to allow a fourth substitution in extra

time, with 85% (57 of 67) of head coaches and 87% (27 of 31) of fitness coaches being either “very positive”

or “positive” and only 5% (3 of 67) of head coaches and 3% (1 of 31) of fitness coaches being “negative” or

“very negative”. The up-to-date tracking analyses of technical-tactical-physical performance in seven recent

120-minute matches in the UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League revealed that the amount of high-

intensity running per minute of playing time decreased by about 30% in extra time compared to the initial

15-minute period, with performance decrements occurring for all outfield player positions. It was also

observed that both the total number of passes and the number of successful passes decreased in extra

time, partly due to less effective playing time (56 vs 63%). During the 120-minute matches, high sprinting

distances were covered for all outfield playing positions except central defenders. Substitutes had a lower

passing success rate and covered only slightly more distance in total than whole-match players, but

interestingly they performed 42% more sprints in extra time, made three times more solo runs into the

penalty area in extra time and had twice as many shots at goal in the last 15 minutes of extra time

compared to whole-match players. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the 120-minute elite football match has

been insufficiently studied and its importance for winning big tournaments is underrated. In recent

decades, changes in tournament structure with more knockout games, the intensity of play, the three-sub

rule and changes in defensive and offensive strategies have made the 120-minute match much more

frequent and impacted many of the key factors for success. The 120-minute match of today is very

physically demanding and in the last 15-minute period highly dependent on physical power, which is often

provided by substitutes. It is also very tactically, technically and mentally demanding, and this investigation

clearly show that it is extremely important for head coaches, fitness coaches and players to prepare for this

challenge when going into major tournaments with ambitions to reach the final stages. Some top coaches

seem well prepared for the 120-minute match challenge, whereas it appears underprioritized by others.

Last, but not least, it seems as if the football world is ready for an adequately justified four-sub rule for 120-

minute matches.

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2. Summary in Danish/Resumé på dansk

INDLEDNING: Elitefodboldkampe på 90 minutter er godt undersøgt og beskrevet, hvorimod der findes få

analyser og resultater om 120-minutters kampe. Med den gradvise stigning i antallet af knockout-kampe i

VM, EM og Champions League og moderne fodboldkampes høje intensitet og fysiske krav, kunne det være

interessant at undersøge forekomsten af 120-minutters kampe for medaljevindere i de store turneringer,

andelen af 120-minutters kampe der bliver afgjort i forlænget spilletid, scoringsmønstre og betydningen af

indskiftningsspillere. Det er også af betydning at undersøge i hvilken grad den tekniske, taktiske og fysiske

præstation på holdniveau og individuelt niveau bliver påvirket i forlænget spilletid, og at vide mere om

hvordan cheftrænere og fysiske trænere på topniveau oplever, forbereder sig på og håndterer 120-

minutters kampe. FORMÅL: Nærværende UEFA Pro-Licens opgave havde derfor følgende formål: 1) at

undersøge forekomsten og udfaldet i 120-minutters kampe i forskellige historiske perioder af VM, EM og

Champions League, 2) at undersøge de fysiske, tekniske, taktiske og mentale udfordringer ved 120-

minutters kampe for hold og spillere, og 3) at bibringe viden om hvordan toptrænere og fysiske trænere

forbereder sig til og håndterer knockout kampe og forlænget spilletid. METODE: Opgavens metodiske

tilgang og efterfølgende dataanalyse har tre dele. Den første del bestod af en omfattende kortlægning af

120-minutters kampe og deres udfald i de foreløbigt 20 FIFA Verdensmesterskaber fra 1930 til 2014, de 15

15 UEFA Europamesterskaber fra 1960 til 2016 og de 61 UEFA Champions League turneringer fra 1955/56

til 2015/16 via FIFA’s og UEFA’s databaser, herunder en kortlægning af antallet af hold og kampe i

turneringernes knockout fase, udfaldet af alle 120-minutters kampe, mønstre for målscoring og

indskiftning, mål scoret af indskiftere samt graden af succes ved gentagne 120-minutters kampe i samme

turnering. Den anden del bestod af et spørgeskema med 30 spørgsmål som skulle kortlægge toptræneres

og fysiske træneres opfattelse af forekomsten og vigtigheden af 120-minutters kampe for medaljevinder i

de store turneringer, om deres kort- og langtidsforberedelse til turneringer med knockout kampe indenfor

det praktiske, taktiske og fysiske område, om strategien for start-11’eren og indskiftninger, om typen og

graden af strategi som toptræneres og fysiske træneres har for forlænget spilletid, samt toptrænere og

fysiske træneres syn på UEFA’s og FIFA’s overvejelser om at indføre en fjerde indskiftning, som kan bruges

når moderne elitekampe går i forlænget spilletid. De 30 spørgsmål var overvejende ja/nej spørgsmål eller

multiple-choice spørgsmål, med et samlet tidsforbrug for trænerene på 15 minutter. Dette spørgeskema

blev udviklet af forfatteren til denne lejlighed og blev brugt til en online-SurveyXact-

spørgeskemaundersøgelse blandt 225 toptrænere og fysiske trænere, som hver især fik en uge til besvare

spørgeskemaet. De 225 trænere var dels fra de to bedste rækker samt landstrænere fra lande med stor

erfaring med 120-minutters kampe i VM, EM og Champions League, henholdsvis Italien, Tyskland, Portugal

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og England, samt landstrænere og trænere fra den bedste række i lande med langt mere beskeden erfaring

med 120-minuntters kampe i de store turneringer (Denmark, Færøerne, Norge og Sverige). Komplette svar

blev modtaget fra 98 toptrænere fordelt på 67 cheftrænere og 31 fysiske trænere, svarende til en

svarprocent på 44%. Der var ialt 55 besvarelser fra cheftrænere og fysiske trænere fra lande med stor

erfaring med 120-minutters kampe i store turneringer, heraf 48 fra Italien, mens der ialt var 43 besvarelser

fra lande med mere begrænset erfaring med 120-minutters kampe i store turneringer, heraf 33 fra

Skandinavien. Den tredje og sidste del bestod af en grundig fysisk, teknisk og taktisk analyse af 7 nyligt

afviklede kampe i de to store turneringer, EM og Champions League, med analyser af alle fem 120-

minutters kampe ved EM i Frankrig i 2016, dvs Portugal mod henholdsvis Kroatien, Polen og Frankrig, samt

Schweiz-Polen og Tyskland-Italien, og de to seneste 120-Champions League finaler i 2013/2014 og

2015/2016, begge gange mellem Real Madrid og Atlético Madrid. En række videnskabelige undersøgelser

har vist at mængden af høj-intenst løb ved hastigheder på 14–20 km/t og >20 km/t er langt vigtigere end

den totale tilbagelagte distance og at det er af stor betydning at analysere moderne topkampe med stor

tidopløselighed for at kunne beskrive de træthedsrelaterede ændringer i fysisk og teknisk-taktisk

præstation. UEFA blev derfor kontaktet med en forespørgsel om adgang til bade holdbaserede og

individuelle data for fysisk og teknisk-taktisk præstation i de omtalte 7 kampe, med en supplerende analyse

af de 25-Hz multi-kamera-optagelser, der er gennemført under EM og Champions League. Teknisk-taktiske

analyser blev således opgjort i 15-minutters perioder gennem hver af de omtalte 120-minutters kampe,

sammen med analyser af antal gentagelser og tilbagelagt distance i 15-minutters perioder for hastigheder

over 20 km/t (sprint og meget hurtigt løb), fra 14-20 km/t (hurtigt løb), fra 11-14 (moderat hastighed) samt

total tilbagelagt distance. I alt 193 spillere indgik i disse analyser, hvoraf 115 spillede alle 120 minutter,

mens 39 blev skiftet ind og 39 blev skiftet ud undervejs. Disse data blev brugt til Excel-baseret

databehandling for den teknisk-taktiske og fysiske præstation i 15-minutters perioder for de forskellige

hold, for spillere i forskellige spilpositioner og for indskiftere sammenlignet med de spillere, der spillede

hele kampen. RESULTATER I VM-, EM- og Champions League turneringernes historie er der ialt spillet 133

kampe med forlænget spilletid. Forekomsten af 120-minutters kampe for henholdsvis semifinalister og

turneringsvindere har set over hele historien været henholdsvis 53 og 50% for VM turneringer, 63 og 73%

for EM turneringer, samt 16 og 30% for Champions League turneringer. Set i relation til antallet af knockout

kampe har forekomsten af 120-minutters kampe været 27% ved VM turneringer (55 af 202 knockout-

kampe), 39% ved EM turneringer (32 af 82 knockout-kampe), 9% ved Champions League turneringer (46 af

515 dobbelt knockout-kampe) og 26% i Champions League finaler (16 af 61 finaler). Samlet set er 48% af

alle 120-minutters kampene blevet afgjort i forlænget spilletid (64 af 133 kampe), mens de resterende 52%

er blevet afgjort i straffesparkskonkurrence (69 af 133 kampe), med en nogenlunde ensartet andel af 120-

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minutters kampene afgjort i forlænget spilletid for VM (53%, 29 af 55 kampe), EM (44%, 14 af 32 kampe) og

Champions League (46%, 21 af 46 kampe). I forlænget spilletid, i alle kampe i VM, EM og Champions League

historien, har begge hold scoret i blot 10% af tilfældene (13 af 133 kampe), ét hold har scoret i 40% af

tilfældene (53 af 133 kampe), mens der i 50% af tilfældene slet ikke er scoret (53 af 133 kampe). Samlet set

er 38% af målene scoret i første halvleg af den forlængede spilletid (42 af 111 mål), mens 62% er scoret i

anden halvleg af den forlængede spilletid (69 af 111 mål). Set over hele VM-, EM- og Champions League

historien har indskiftere scoret 29% af alle mål scoret i forlænget spilletid (32 af 112 mål), med 25% ved VM

(14 af 56 mål), 46% ved EM (11 af 24 mål) og 22% i Champions League (7 af 32 mål). Som følge af ændringer

i turneringsopbygning og indskiftningsregler, fodboldspillets stigende intensitet og forfinede

forsvarsstrategier, er der sket en stor ændring i forekomsten og udfaldet af 120-minutters kampe i løbet af

VM-, EM- og Champions League turneringernes historie. Siden 1993 har forekomsten af semifinalister og

turneringsvindere som er konfronteret med 120-minutters kampe hele 83 og 83% ved VM-turneringer, 88

og 100% ved EM-turneringer og henholdsvis 31 og 45% i Champions League. I denne periode har det

gennemsnitlige antal 120-minutters kampe for turneringsvinderne været henholdsvis 1,6, 1,7 og 1,3 for

VM, EM og Champions League. Scoringsmønsteret er også markant anderledes perioden fra 1993 og

fremad, sammenlignet med de tidligere historiske faser af de tre store turneringer. Siden 1993 har der

således været større forekomst af forlænget spilletid med 0-0 som resultat (55, 57 og 62% ved VM, EM og

CL), en større andel af målene som er scoret i anden halvleg af den forlængede spilletid (60, 75 og 72% ved

VM, EM og CL) og en langt større andel af målene i forlænget spilletid som er scoret af indskiftere (35, 67

og 33% ved VM, EM og CL). Statistikken for de store turneringer afviklet siden 1993 viser også at 66% af de

mål som indskiftere har scoret i forlænget spilletid er scoret af forwards (21 af 31 mål) og at den

gennemsnitlige tid fra indskiftning til scoring har været relative lang, nemlig 31 minutter ved VM

turneringer (indskiftning efter 81 minutter og scoring efter 112 minutter), 31 minutter ved EM turneringer

(indskiftning efter 79 minutter og scoring efter 110 minutter) og hele 42 minutter i Champions League

turneringer (indskiftning efter 70 minutter og scoring efter 112 minutter). Ved 21 tilfælde har et hold spillet

to 120-minutters kampe i den samme turnering med en succesrate på kun 24% ved den anden 120-

minutters kamp (6 vundne ud af de 21 tilfælde). Besvarelserne af spørgeskemaet til internationale

toptrænere om 120-minutters kampe, viste en forventet forekomst af 120-minutters kampe for

semifinalister ved VM og EM på 39% for cheftrænere og 34% for fysiske trænere, hvilket er mindre end

halvdelen af den reelle forekomst på 85% for perioden 1993 og fremefter. De italienske cheftrænere, som

er fra det land med flest 120-minutters kampe i VM- og EM-historien med 16 i alt og 11 indenfor de seneste

22 år, angav en forventet forekomst på 46%, hvilket er noget højere end gennemsnittet for de

skandinaviske cheftrænere som angav en forventet forekomst på 29%. I spørgeskemaundersøgelsen angav

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51% af cheftrænerne (34 af ialt 67) og 41% af de fysiske trænere (13 af ialt 31) at de har en detaljeret

nedskrevet for 120-minutters kampe, mens 61% af cheftrænerne (41 af ialt 67) og 65% af de fysiske

trænere (20 af ialt 31) svarede at de “aldrig” eller “sjældent” inkluderer taktiske overvejelser om 120-

minutters kampe i deres kampoplæg til knockout kampe, og hele 75% af cheftrænerene (50 af ialt 67) og

71% af de fysiske trænere (22 af ialt 31) angav at de ikke har en plan for arbejdsopgaver og arbejdsfordeling

for trænerteamet og sundhedsteamet i forbindelse med forlænget spilletid. I relation til forberedelserne til

store turneringer, svarede 51% af cheftrænerne og 38% af de fysiske trænere, at de har planer om at

inkludere 120-minutters kampe i deres forberedelser, og 45% af cheftrænerne og 38% af de fysiske trænere

svarede, at de vil træne elementer af forlænget spilletid. Andelen af cheftrænere der svarede “nej” til alle

de ovenstående spørgsmål om planer for og forberedelse til 120-minutters kampe var 25% (17 ud af 61

cheftrænere). Et stort flertal af cheftrænere (78%) og fysiske trænere (88%) angav at de satser på at vinde i

forlænget spilletid frem for at vente på straffesparkskonkurrencen, og ikke mindre end 88% af

cheftrænerne og 66% af de fysiske trænere angiver at de er “modige trænere, der tager risici for at vinde i

forlænget spilletid”. Da toptrænerne blev bedt om at prioritere vigtigheden af ”mentale, fysiske, tekniske

og taktiske aspekter” for at vinde henholdsvis 90-minutters kampe og 120-minutters kampe, prioriterede

de ”fysiske aspekter” som det tredjevigtigste ved 90-minutters kampe, efter de ”mentale aspekter” og

”taktiske aspekter”, mens både cheftrænere og fysiske trænere gav en delt førsteprioritet til ”fysiske

aspekter” og ”taktiske aspekter”, i relation til hvad de anså som det vigtigste for at vinde 120-minutters

kampe. Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen viste også at toptrænerne estimerede at indskiftere sprinter omkring

40% mere i forlænget spilletid end de spillere der har spillet hele kampen. Ved spørgsmålet om hvem der er

vigtigst for udfaldet af forlænget spilletid, med svarmulighederne ”de spillere der har spillet hele kampen”,

”indskiftere sendt på banen i ordinær tid” og ”indskiftere sendt på banen i forlænget spilletid”, angav 71%

af cheftrænerne og 61% af de fysiske trænere at indskiftere er vigtigere for udfaldet af forlænget spilletid

end de spillere der har spillet hele kampen, og langt flere af cheftrænere (44 vs 27%) såvel som de fysiske

trænere (45 mod 16%) angav at de vigtigste for udfaldet af forlænget spilletid er indskiftere sendt på banen

i ordinær spilletid, frem for indskiftere sendt på banen i forlænget spilletid. Desuden viste

spørgeskemaundersøgelsen at de internationale toptrænere bakker op om UEFA og FIFA’s forslag om at

tillade en fjerde indskiftning i de kampe der går i forlænget spilletid, med hele 85% af cheftrænerne (57 af

ialt 67) og 87% af de fysiske trænere (27 af ialt 31) som enten angav at de er “meget positive” eller

“positive” overfor forslaget, mens kun 5% af cheftrænerene (3 af i alt 67) of head coaches og 3% af de

fysiske trænere (1 af ialt 31) angav at de er “negative” eller “meget negative” overfor forslaget. De grundige

state-of-the-art analyser af teknisk-taktisk-fysisk præstation i syv nylige 120-minutters EM- og Champions

League kampe viste at mængden af høj-intenst løb per minut faldt med omkring 30% i forlænget spilletid

13

sammenlignet med kampens første kvarter, med et fald i løbepræstation for markspillere i alle

spilpositioner. Analyserne viste også at antallet af afleveringer og antallet af succesfulde afleveringer per

minut var lavere i forlænget spilletid end i ordinær tid, delvist på grund af mindre effektiv spilletid, med

56% i forlænget spilletid mod 63% i ordinær spilletid. I forbindelse med 120-minutters kampe blev

tilbagelagt høje sprintdistancer for alle spilpositioner for markspillere, med undtagelse af centrale

forsvarsspillere. De tekniske analyser viste at indskiftere havde end lavere succesrate for afleveringer i

forlænget spilletid end de spillere der spillede hele kampen. De fysiske og taktiske analyser viste at den

totale tilbagelagte distance i forlænget spilletid kun var omkring 10% længere for indskiftere sammenlignet

med spillere der spillede hele kampen, mens indskifterne sprintede hele 42% mere i forlænget spilletid, og i

anden halvleg af den forlængede spilletid havde 3 gange så mange sololøb ind i straffesparksfeltet og

dobbelt så mange skud på mål end de spillere der spillede hele kampen. KONKLUSION På baggrund af

undersøgelserne i denne Pro-Licens opgave kan det konkluderes at 120-minutters kampe er hyppigt

forekommende i moderne topfodbold, at de fysiske, taktiske, tekniske og mentale udfordringer ved 120-

minutters kampe er understuderet og at internationale toptrænere undervurderer forekomsten af 120-

minutters i de store turneringer. Gennem de seneste årtier er forekomsten af 120-minutters kampe steget i

verdensmesterskaberne, europamesterskaberne og Champions League turneringerne som følge af

ændringer i turneringsstrukturerne med flere knockoutkampe, og nogle af nøglefaktorerne for succes i 120-

minutters kampe har ændret sig som følge af øget kampintensitet i moderne topfodbold, indførelse af

reglen med 3 indskiftere og ændringer i taktiske strategier for forsvars- og angrebsspil. Nutidens 120-

minutters kampe er meget fysisk krævende og succes i den forlængede spilletid er tit betinget af fysisk

overskud til at tage initiativ til sprinter, tacklinger, gennembrud og afslutninger, hvilket ofte leveres af

indskifterne. Nutidens 120-minutters kampe er meget taktisk, teknisk og mentalt krævende og denne

undersøgelse viser at det er meget vigtigt at cheftrænere, fysiske trænere og spillerne forbereder sig på

120-minutters kampe når du går ind til de store turneringer med ambitioner om at nå slutkampene. Nogle

toptrænere er godt forberedte på forlænget spilletid, mens en hel del toptrænere undervurderer denne

fordring. Sidst, men ikke mindst, kan det konkluderes ud fra undersøgelsen, at cheftrænere og fysiske

trænere i moderne topfodbold er positive overfor indførelsen af en fjerde indskiftning i knockoutkampe

som går i forlænget spilletid.

14

3. Introduction

The 90-minute elite football match has been well described. Thousands of scientific articles and hundreds

of books have provided great insight into the physical, technical, tactical and mental performance and

challenges of ordinary playing time. It is therefore well known that the physical, technical and tactical

demands differ markedly between playing positions and playing styles (Bradley et al., 2009, 2014), that the

intensity and fitness requirement of the game have increased dramatically in recent decades (Mohr et al.,

2003; Krustrup, 2006a, 2014; Bradley et al., 2016a,b,c), and that fatigue occurs for all outfield positions,

both temporarily after peak-intensity periods within the game and more permanently towards the end of

the game for players who have played the full match (Krustrup et al., 2006b; Fransson et al., 2016).

In contrast, very little information is available on 120-minute matches, except for evidence

related to penalty shootouts, where the importance of stress, skills, fatigue, group cohesion and celebrating

individual success have been described (Jordet et al., 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013; Wood et al., 2015).

Despite a long history of extra time in the biggest tournaments, with a 1934 FIFA World Cup final 2-1 win

for Italy vs Czechoslovakia, a 1960 UEFA EURO final 2-1 win for USSR vs Yugoslavia and a 1957-58 UEFA

Champions League final 3-2 win for Real Madrid vs A.C. Milan, no systematic analyses have been carried

out on the development in the prevalence of 120-minute matches for medallists and trophy winners,

outcomes, scoring patterns and substitutions.

Likewise, there is little available data on the potential decline in the technical, tactical and

physical performance of teams and individual players entering extra time in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs

and UEFA Champions League matches, and on how important substitutes are for team performance in

extra time. A couple of recent scientific articles provide evidence that it would be highly relevant to study

these aspects of top-class elite football. For domestic European top-league teams entering 120-minute

competitive matches, it was observed that the success rate of passes and dribbles was markedly lower from

105 to 120 minutes compared to ordinary playing time (Harper et al., 2014), and for reserve teams playing

120-minute competitive matches and academy players participating in simulated 120-minute matches,

marked decreases were observed in sprint performance and intermittent exercise performance, along with

increased recovery times (Harper et al., 2016a,b; Russell et al., 2015).

Another very interesting aspect is how head coaches and fitness coaches perceive, prepare

for and handle 120-minute matches. One recent study incorporating a survey on the perception of 120-

minute matches of 46 staff at professional English clubs, primarily sports scientists and fitness coaches,

found that 50% changed physical preparation before potential 120-minute matches, 89% changed recovery

15

strategies after 120-minute matches, 63% agreed that extra time is important for overall performance in

knockout tournaments and 67% supported the idea of allowing a fourth substitution in extra time (Harper

et al., 2016c). However, such investigations are yet to be performed with head coaches.

On that basis, it would be of value: 1) to investigate the prevalence and outcome of 120-

minute matches at various stages of the FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League history;

2) to study the physical, technical, tactical and mental challenges of 120-minute matches for teams and

players; and 3) to provide knowledge on the coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches and how they

prepare for and handle knockout games and 120-minute matches. This can be done by collecting and

combining three data sets.

Firstly, a comprehensive notation of all 120-minute matches can be made for the 20 FIFA

World Cups from 1930 to 2014, the 15 UEFA EUROs from 1960 to 2016 and the 61 UEFA Champions League

tournaments from 1955/56 to 2015/16 through FIFA and UEFA databases in order to extract data on the

number of teams and matches in the knockout phase of each of the tournaments, the degree of success of

each of the countries/clubs and the degree of success in multiple 120-minute matches in the same

tournament, goal scoring and substitution patterns, goal scoring by substitute players, and whether the

120-matches are decided in extra time or in a penalty shootout.

Secondly, an up-to-date match analysis of 120-minute matches in the biggest UEFA

tournaments, the EUROs and the Champions League, can be performed with high time resolution and

optimal categorisation of the most demanding aspects of the distance covered, i.e. high-intensity running,

in order to gain further insight into the physical, technical and tactical demands of 120-minute matches and

the potential fatigue-induced decline in the performance of whole-match players. Such data can also be

used to examine the physical, technical and tactical demands and performances for various playing

positions, for substitutes and at team level in order to make head-to-head comparisons of the performance

of teams and shed light on substitutions as a tool for expanding tactical options and improving team

performance.

Thirdly, and importantly, a survey can be carried out to examine top coaches’ perception of

the prevalence and importance of 120-minute matches in big tournaments. A survey of this type can

provide insight into long- and short-term practical, physical and tactical preparation for knockout matches,

strategies for the starting 11 and substitutes, the degree to which coaches have detailed strategies for

handling knockout matches and extra time, and coaches’ views on the substitution rules.

16

4. Methods

4.1 Historical overview of 120-minute matches in all FIFA World Cups, UEFA

EUROs and Champions League tournaments

The first part of the investigation of 120-minute matches consisted of creating a comprehensive overview

of all 120-minute matches played in all 20 World Cups from 1930 to 2014, all 15 UEFA EUROs from 1960 to

2016 and all 61 Champions League tournaments from 1955/56 to 2015/16. This was done by using FIFA’s

website to extract information on World Cups (www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/worldcup) and

UEFA’s website to extract information on UEFA EUROs (primarily www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history) and the

Champions League (primarily www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history).

For each of the 96 tournaments, information was extracted on each of the 120-minute

games, including club teams/countries, date of match, knockout stage (Round of 16, quarter-final, semi-

final, third-place playoff or final), scoring pattern, whether the game was decided in extra time or in a

penalty shootout, whether each of the clubs/countries won in extra time (Won Ext), lost in extra time (Lost

Ext), won in a penalty shootout (Won P) or lost in a penalty shootout (Lost P), substitution pattern with

exact timing of all substitutions for each of the teams, goal scorers in ordinary time and extra time, and

whether goals were scored by substitutes or starting players.

Moreover, the number of teams in the knockout face, the total number of knockout games

in the tournament and the number of teams involved in 120-minute matches during the tournament were

noted, as well as how many 120-minute matches each of the clubs/countries had played in the tournament.

When all data points were entered into Excel sheets, all data were double-checked at least once at least 24

hours after the first round of data input. In a few cases, when data regarding substitutes, substitution times

or goal scorers were missing, a secondary source was used to obtain the missing data, e.g. other FIFA/UEFA

sites, Wikipedia or press reports.

These data were used to calculate the prevalence of 120-minute matches in each of the

individual tournaments, along with outcomes, goal-scoring patterns, substitution patterns, percentage of

matches decided in extra time, percentage of extra-time goals scored by substitutes and success rate of

teams playing multiple 120-minute matches. Afterwards, means and sums were calculated for all the same

variables for all 20 FIFA World Cups, all 15 UEFA EUROs and all 61 Champions League tournaments, as well

as means and sums for all 96 tournaments. Lastly, the historical development was described both by

comparing all individual tournaments and by calculating means and sums for the FIFA World Cup in three

periods (six tournaments from 1930 to 1956, eight tournaments from 1960 to 1990 and six tournaments

http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/worldcup

http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history

http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history

17

from 1994 to 2014), for the UEFA EUROs in two periods (nine tournaments from 1960 to 1992, six

tournaments from 1996 to 2016) and for the UEFA Champions League in two periods (39 tournaments from

1955 to 1992 and 22 tournaments from 1993 to 2016).

There are four main reasons for this choice of time periods. Firstly, it relates to the start of

the UEFA tournaments. Secondly, it relates to the structure and number of knockout matches, with a

marked increase from three to seven in the EUROs from 1992 to 1996 (see Fig. 1). Thirdly, it relates to the

rules for substitutions, with two substitutes introduced in 1970 and the three-substitute rule fully

implemented in 1995 (FIFA.com, Laws of the Game 1990-2000). Fourthly, and by no means least, it relates

to the development of football, with strong scientific evidence of an increase in the intensity of play from

1990 to early 2000 (Mohr et al., 2003) and a further increase in intensity from 2006 to 2013 (Bradley et al.,

2014, 2016a,b,c; Fransson et al., 2016) entailing a much higher number of sprints and high-intensity runs,

and more pronounced fatigue development of players towards the end of 90-minute matches.

Figure 1

Figure 1: An overview of the number of knockout matches in all 20 FIFA World Cup tournaments from 1930 to 2014,

all 15 UEFA EUROs from 1960 to 2016 and all 61 Champions League tournaments from 1956 to 2016.

Tournament year

1928 1936 1944 1952 1960 1968 1976 1984 1992 2000 2008 2016

Nu

mb

er

of

kn

ock-o

ut

matc

hes (

n)

0

4

8

12

16

20

24World Cups (1930-2014)

European Championships (1960-2016)

Champions League (1955-2016)

18

4.2 Survey on head coaches and fitness coaches’ perception of coping with 120-

minute matches

In order to investigate the coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches, a questionnaire was developed.

After running some pilot versions of the questionnaire with feedback from fellow researchers, head

coaches and fitness coaches, the questionnaire ended up with 30 questions and an approximate

completion time of 15 minutes. This was considered suitable for very busy high-profile coaches. The 30

questions were constructed so that most were yes/no or multiple-choice questions, with a few options for

further qualitative descriptions (see Appendix 3). The questions focused on coaches’ perception of the

prevalence and importance of 120-minute matches in big tournaments, on long- and short-term practical,

physical and tactical preparation for knockout matches, on strategies for the starting 11 and substitutes, on

the degree to which coaches have detailed strategies for handling knockout matches and extra time, and

on coaches’ views of the UEFA and FIFA proposal to allow a fourth substitution in extra time. Moreover,

initial questions were asked about the coaches’ nationality and number of years of coaching experience.

This questionnaire was used for an anonymous online survey (SurveyXact 2016, Rambøll

Management Consulting, Aarhus, Denmark) carried out in February and March 2017. The questionnaire

was circulated to 225 elite football head coaches and fitness coaches. In order to ensure that coaches were

recruited both from countries with a lot of experience of 120-minute international matches and countries

with less experience of 120-minute international matches, the questionnaire was distributed to coaches

from Italy, Germany, England and Portugal as well as from Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Norway and

Sweden.

As can be seen in the table below, Italy has played 16 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cup

and UEFA EURO tournaments, of which 11 have been in the last 22 years. Germany, England and Portugal

have played 15, 11 and 8 120-minute matches, respectively, with Germany having the highest success rate

(73%) and England the lowest (36%) (Table 1). For these four countries, 44, 53, 28 and 50% of the 120-

minute matches have been decided in extra time (see Table 1 and Appendix 5). A total of 21 European

countries have been involved in 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups and/or UEFA EUROs, including

Denmark (3), Sweden (3) and Norway (1).

19

Table 1

Table 1: Overview of the prevalence of 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups and UEFA EUROs for each of 12

individual countries for selection of countries to be included in the anonymised online survey on 120-minute matches.

After approval by the Danish FA, an e-mail was sent directly to the selected Danish coaches

with a link to the online survey. For all other countries, an esteemed researcher with good connections to

the national FA was asked to take responsibility for local distribution to selected top coaches from the

national teams and two top leagues (Italy, Portugal, England and Germany) or the national teams and the

top league (Denmark, Faroe Islands, Norway and Sweden). The coaches were given a one-week response

time. For all countries, the following paragraph was used as a brief introduction to the questionnaire and

the purpose of the survey:

Dear Coach/Assistant Coach/Fitness Coach, Thank you for taking part in this investigation on “120-minute

matches” in World Cups, Euros, Champions League and other high-level Cup Tournaments. The

investigation is carried out by Professor Peter Krustrup, University of Southern Denmark, with support from

the Danish FA and UEFA, and includes an anonymous questionnaires of 100 European top-class coaches as

well as match analyses from 3 big tournaments from 2014-2016. The results will be used for a scientific

article as well as P Krustrups UEFA P-License assignment. Please answer the questions honestly, fast and in

chronological order. It should not take more than 10-15 minutes. Thank you very much in advance.

Italy Germany Netherlands England France Spain Portugal Argentina Brazil Denmark Sweden Norway120-min games (n) 16 15 13 11 11 10 8 9 5 3 3 1

Matches won (n) 8 (50%) 11 (73%) 3 (23%) 4 (36%) 7 (64%) 6 (60%) 5 (63%) 7 (78%) 4 (80%) 1 (33%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)

Penalty shootout 9 (56%) 7 (47%) 8 (62%) 8 (72%) 6 (55%) 7 (70%) 4 (50%) 5 (56%) 4 (80%) 2 (67%) 3 (67%) 0 (0%)

Won in extra time (n) 5 Won Ext 5 Won Ext 1 Won Ext 3 Won Ext 4 Won Ext 2 Won Ext 2 Won Ext 3 Won Ext 1 Won Ext 0 Won Ext 0 Won Ext 0 Won Ext

Won in penalty shootout (n) 3 Won P 6 Won P 2 Won P 1 Won P 3 Won P 4 Won P 3 Won P 4 Won P 3 Won P 1 Won P 1 Won P 0 Won P

Lost in extra time (n) 2 Lost Ext 3 Lost Ext 4 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 2 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 0 Lost Ex 1 Lost Ext 1 LostExt 1 Lost Ext

Lost in penalty shootout (n) 6 Lost P 1 Lost P 6 Lost P 7 Lost P 3 Lost P 3 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 0 Lost P

EURO 2016 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LE) 3 (2WE,WP)

World Cup 2014 2 (WE,WE) 2 (WP,LP) 3 (WE,WP, LE) 1 (WP)

EURO 2012 1 (WP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 2010 1 (LE) 1 (WE)

EURO 2008 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP)

World Cup 2006 2 (WE,WP) 2 (WP,LE) 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 2 (WE,LP)

EURO 2004 1 (WP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 2002 1 (LE) 2 (WP,LP) 1 (LE)

EURO 2000 2 (WP,LE) 1 (LP) 2 (WE,WE) 1 (LE)

World Cup 1998 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 2 (WE,WP) 1 (WP) 1 (WP)

EURO 1996 2 (WP,WE) 1 (LP) 2 (WP,LP) 2 (WP,LP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 1994 2 (WE,LP) 1 (WP) 1 (WP)

20

Completed responses were received from a total of 98 top coaches, corresponding to a 44%

response rate. This included 67 head coaches and 31 fitness coaches, with an average coaching experience

for the head coaches of 14 years and an average coaching experience for the fitness coaches of 9 years (see

Table 2). The head coaches were primarily from Italy (n=38) and the Scandinavian countries (n=20), and this

was also the case for the fitness coaches with 10 from Italy and 13 from Scandinavia (Table 2).

Table 2

Table 2: Overview of the nationality and years of coaching experience of the head coaches and fitness coaches who

responded to the anonymised online survey on coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches.

4.3 Physical, tactical and technical analyses of seven recent 120-minute UEFA

EURO and Champions League matches

Physical, technical and tactical match analyses were conducted on all five UEFA EURO 2016 120-minute

matches as well as the two UEFA Champions League 120-minute finals from 2013/2014 and 2015/2016

between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid. These matches were selected for three reasons. Firstly, they

represent the highest level of elite football and matches in the final stages of the two biggest UEFA

competitions. Secondly, they represent the most recent 120-minute matches in the UEFA EUROs and final

stages of the Champions League, and up-to-date matches are important due to the rapid development of

football in recent years. Thirdly, and very importantly, match analysis systems used in the biggest

Nationality and experience of the Head coaches Fitness coaches

responding elite football coaches: (n=67) (n=31)

14±10 (1-50) yrs of experience 9±6 (1-26) yrs of experience

Denmark 10 (15%) 6 (19%)

Italy 38 (57%) 10 (32%)

England 2 (3%) 2 (6%)

Germany 1 (1%) 1 (3%)

Portugal 0 (0%) 2 (6%)

Faroe Islands 5 (8%) 1 (3%)

Norway 4 (6%) 4 (13%)

Sweden 1 (1%) 1 (3%)

Romania/Malta/San Marino 4 (5%) 1 (3%)

Australia/Canada/China/US/Guinea 2 (3%) 3 (10%)

67 (100%) 31 (100%)

21

tournaments have been improved and provide a better resolution of speed categories for high-intensity

running.

Previous scientific studies have shown that running at high intensities (14–20 km/h and >20

km/h) is much more important than total distance covered and that a higher time resolution than the sum

for first half, second half and extra time is needed to describe fatigue-related technical and physical

performance changes. UEFA was therefore contacted with a request to provide individual data on technical

and tactical performance in 15-minute periods throughout the 120-minute games, along with 15-minute

data on distances covered in speed categories >20 km/h (very high speed), 14–20 km/h (high speed), 11–14

km/h (moderate speed) and total distance covered. The tracking data gathered by UEFA was collected with

the 25-Hz multicamera-system TRACAB, ChyronHego, United States, see http://chyronhego.com/sports-

data/tracab. These data were used for Excel-based calculations of technical-tactical-physical performance

in 15-minute segments for different playing positions, different teams, and whole-match players and

substitutes. The UEFA technical department’s definitions for individual playing positions were used, with

the following subcategories: goalkeeper (GK), central defender (CD), full back (FB), central midfielder (CM),

attacking midfielder (AM), wide midfielder (WM) and forward (FW). A total of 193 players were included in

the analyses of which 115 were full time players and 78 were substitutes (n=39) and replaced players

(n=39). The full time players included 14 GK, 28 CD, 23 FB, 19 CM, 12 WM and 16 FW, the substitutes

included 1 CD, 4 FB, 12 CM, 12 WM, 10 FW and the replaced players included 2 CD, 5 FB, 11 CM, 8 WM, 4

AM and 9 FW. In some analyses, the central midfielder and attacking midfielder categories were combined

in order to increase sample size. As the data from the 5 Euro 2016 games and the 2015-16 Champions

League final was collected in the same manner and enabled calculations of physical data in 15-min

segments and with a good differentiation of high-intensity running (i.e. distances from 14-20 km/h and >20

km/h, and the number of sprints above 25 km/h), these 6 matches were used for the calculations on the

physical variables.

This examination is believed to be the first to use the above approach and time resolution

for the study of 120-minute matches in international football.

4.4 Data treatment, data presentation and statistical analyses

Microsoft Excel 2010 was used for data treatment and for producing tables. Sigma Plot 12.5 was used for

producing figures and Sigma Stat was used for statistical analyses. The data are described as means±SD

(standard deviation). In some cases the range, i.e. the spectrum from minimum to maximum values, is

given in parenthesis. Analysis of variance for repeated measures (RM ANOVA) was used to evaluate the

22

development over time (e.g. in physical match performance), two-way RM ANOVA was used to compare

development over time for two participant groups. A Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was used to locate the

significant differences. Two-tailed unpaired (different participants) and paired (two situations for the same

participants) t-tests were also used. The Pearson product-moment test was used to test for significant

correlations. Statistical analyses were only performed when considered appropriate. The level of statistical

significance was set at P<0.05 for all tests.

23

5. Historical development and coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches

– results and discussion

5.1 Prevalence of 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and

Champions League tournaments

A comprehensive search on all 20 FIFA World Cups since 1934, 15 UEFA EUROs since 1960 and 61 UEFA

Champions League tournaments since 1955/56 revealed a total of 133 matches involving extra time, with

55 120-minute matches in the FIFA World Cup, 32 in the UEFA EUROs and 46 in the UEFA Champions

League (Table 3). This corresponds to an average of 17% for the 799 knockout matches played in the three

tournaments, with an average of 27% in the FIFA World Cup (55 of 202), 39% in the UEFA EUROs (32 of 82)

and 9% in the Champions League (46 of 515) (Table 3). The obvious explanation for the lower prevalence of

120-minute matches in the Champions League is that all knockout matches except the final are two-legged

home-and-away ties where extra time is only necessary if both legs have the exact same result. The average

percentage of 120-minute matches in these Champions League knockout matches is 8%, whereas the

percentage of 120-minute matches in Champions League finals is 26%, with a total of 16 finals out of 61

going to extra time when the scores were level after 90 minutes (Table 3).

Table 3

Table 3: Overview of the prevalence of 120-minute matches in various time periods of the FIFA World Cup and UEFA EUROs history, expressed in absolute numbers and as a percentage of all knockout games, including number and percentage of matches decided in extra time and in penalty shootouts.

Overview of 120-minute matches in all 20 World Cups (1930-2014), 15 Euros (1960-2016)

and 61 Champions League tournaments (1955-2016)Knockout 120-min Decided in Decided with Knockout teams in

games matches Extra time Penalties 120-min matches

1994-2014, 6 World Cups 96 31 (32%) 13 (42%) 18 (58%) 48 of 96 (50%)

1960-1990, 8 World Cups 72 19 (26%) 11 (58%) 8 (42%) 30 of 76 (39%)

1930-1956, 6 World Cups 42 5 (12%) 5 (100%) 0 (0%)* 10 of 40 (25%)

1930-2014, 20 World Cups 202 55 (27%) 29 (53%) 26 (47%) 88 of 204 (43%)

1996-2016, 6 EUROs (EC) 51 21 (41%) 7 (33%) 14 (67%) 33 of 56 (59%)

1960-1992, 9 EUROs (EC) 31 11 (33%) 7 (64%) 4 (36%) 17 of 36 (47%)

1960-2016, 15 EUROs (EC) 82 32 (39%) 14 (44%) 18 (56%) 50 of 92 (54%)

1994-2016, 22 CL tournaments 258 26 (10%) 10 (38%) 16 (62%) 47 of 280 (17%)



Last 22 years, all 34 tournaments 405 78 (19%) 30 (38%) 48 (62%) 128 of 432 (30%)

1930-2016, all 96 tournaments 799 133 (17%) 64 (48%) 69 (52%) 223 of 872 (26%)*No-penalties rule

24

Interestingly, the prevalence of 120-minute matches has changed considerably through the

history of the three big tournaments, with a much higher frequency of 120-minute matches in modern

times. The first 120-minute games came early in each of the three tournaments, with a 1934 FIFA World

Cup final 2-1 win for Italy vs Czechoslovakia, a 1960 UEFA EURO final 2-1 win for USSR vs Yugoslavia and a

1957-58 UEFA Champions League final 3-2 win for Real Madrid vs A.C. Milan. However, the prevalence of

120-minute matches was low in the earliest stage of the World Cup from 1930 to 1956, with a total of five

120-minute matches (12% of knockout matches) over six tournaments, increasing to 19 (26%) over eight

tournaments from 1960 to 1990 and 31 (32%) over six tournaments from 1994 to 2014 (Table 3). Likewise,

the number of 120-minute matches in the UEFA EUROs has increased from 11 (33%) over nine tournaments

from 1960 to 1992 to 21 (41%) over six tournaments from 1996 to 2016 (Table 3). An increase is also seen

for the Champions League, albeit not as pronounced, with 20 120-minute matches (8%) over 39

tournaments from 1955 to 1993 and 26 120-minute matches (10%) over 22 tournaments from 1994 to

2016, including a total of eight 120-minute finals (21%) from 1955 to 1993 and another eight (36%) from

1994 to 2016. The increases in the number of 120-minute matches from the first to the second stage of the

World Cup’s history is due to changes in the rules on replays, an increase in the number of knockout

matches per tournament (Table 1) and a higher percentage of World Cup knockout matches ending with

fewer goals and level scores (12 to 26%) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2

Figure 2: Percentage of knockout matches turning into 120-minute matches in various stages of the history of the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League.

Tournament year

1930-1958 1960-1990 1992-2016

120-m

in m

atc

hes in

kn

ocko

ut

ph

ase (

%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60 World Cups

European Championships

Ch League tournaments

Ch League finals

25

The investigation also revealed that a total of 37 countries have so far been involved in 120-

minute matches during the history of the FIFA World Cup, of which 21 are European. The number of

countries that have been involved in 120-minute matches in the UEFA EUROs is currently 18. Altogether, 25

European countries have been involved in 120-minute matches in one or both major international

tournaments, with the number of 120-minute matches for individual countries ranging from 1 to 15 (Table

1).

The big increase in the number of 120-minute matches in UEFA EUROs and FIFA World Cups

from 1960-1992 to 1994-2016 is primarily related to a marked increase in the number of knockout matches

per tournament due to changes in tournament structure; in the UEFA EUROs, quarter-finals were

introduced in 1996 (four to eight knockout teams, seven knockout matches) and the Round of 16 in 2016

(eight to 16 knockout teams, 15 knockout matches), while in the FIFA World Cup the Round of 16 was

introduced in 1986 (six to 16 knockout teams, 16 knockout matches, including the third-place playoff).

Similarly, a Round of 16 was introduced in the UEFA Champions League in 2003/2004 (16 knockout teams,

15 knockout matches) (Table 1). The percentage of knockout matches ending with the score level has been

relatively stable since the 1970s, with average values around 30–45% (Fig. 2), but obviously with variations

from tournament to tournament; UEFA EURO 1988 had 0% 120-minute matches (0 of three knockout

matches), UEFA EURO 2000 and 2004 had 43% (three of seven) and UEFA EURO 1996 had 71% (five of

seven), while FIFA World Cup 1994, 1998 and 2010 had 25% (four of 16) and FIFA World Cup 1990 and 2014

had 50% (eight of 16) (see Appendix 2).

5.2 Importance of 120-minute matches for winning trophies and medals in the

FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and Champions League tournaments

The big increase in the number of 120-minute matches per tournament has had a major impact on the

importance of 120-minute matches for winning trophies and medals in the major tournaments. In fact, the

winners of every single UEFA EURO tournament since 1992 have had to come through 120-minute

matches; Portugal (2016), Spain (2008 and 2012), Greece (2004), France (2000), Germany (1996) and

Denmark (1992). So too have six of the last seven FIFA World Cup winners; Germany (2014), Spain (2010),

Italy (2006), France (1998), Brazil (1994), West Germany (1990). The only exception was Brazil’s 2002 team,

which had seven straight wins in ordinary time and a goals for and against of 17-4 (Appendixes 1 and 5).

Even in the UEFA Champions League, six of the last seven winners have had to overcome the

challenge of 120-minute matches; Real Madrid (2015/16 and 2013/14), Barcelona (2014/15 and 2010/11),

Chelsea (2011/12) and Inter Milan (2009/2010). The only exception here was Bayern Munich in 2012/13,

26

who won 4-0 and 7-0 on aggregate against Juventus and Barcelona in the quarter-final and semi-final

before beating Dortmund 2-1 in the final. It is also noteworthy that several of these winners have had to

cope with multiple 120-minute matches on their way to lifting the trophy, including: Portugal with three

120-minute matches in UEFA EURO 2016; France, Germany and Czechoslovakia with two 120-minute

matches in UEFA EURO 2000, 1996 and 1976, respectively; Germany, Italy and France with two 120-minute

matches in FIFA World Cup 2014, 2006 and 1998, respectively; and Chelsea with two 120-minute matches

in the UEFA Champions League 2011/2012. This represents averages of 1.7, 1.6 and 1.3 120-minute

matches per winner in the UEFA EUROs, FIFA World Cups and UEFA Champions League tournaments,

respectively, since 1993 (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 4

Table 4: The prevalence of 120-minute matches for medallists in FIFA World Cups and UEFA EUROs. All medallists participating in 120-minute matches are shaded in grey with the number of matches in parenthesis.

Prevalence of 120-minute matches for the medallists in the 20 World Cup tournaments from 1930 to 2014Gold Silver Bronze 4th place

World Cup 2014 Germany (2) Argentina (3) Netherlands (2) Brazil (1)

World Cup 2010 Spain (1) Netherlands (1) Germany (0) Uruguay (1)

World Cup 2006 Italy (2) France (1) Germany (2) Portugal (1)

World Cup 2002 Brazil (0) Germany (0) Turkey (1) South Korea (2)

World Cup 1998 France (2) Brazil (1) Croatia (0) Netherlands (1)

World Cup 1994 Brazil (1) Italy (1) Sweden (1) Bulgaria (1)

World Cup 1990 West Germany (1) Argentina (2) Italy (1) England (3)

World Cup 1986 Argentina (0) West Germany (1) France (1) Belgium (1)

World Cup 1982 Italy (0) West Germany (1) Poland (0) France (1)

World Cup 1978 Argentina (1) Netherlands (1) Brazil (0) Italy (0)

World Cup 1974 West Germany (0) Netherlands (0) Poland (0) Brazil (0)

World Cup 1970 Brazil (0) Italy (1) West Germany (1) Uruguay (1)

World Cup 1966 England (1) West Germany (1) Portugal (0) Soviet Union (0)

World Cup 1962 Brazil (0) Czechoslovakia (0) Chile (0) Yugoslavia (0)

World Cup 1958 Brazil (0) Sweden (0) France (0) West Germany (0)

World Cup 1954 West Germany (0) Hungary (1) Austria (0) Uruguay (1)

World Cup 1950 Uruguay (0) Brazil (0) Sweden (0) Spain (0)

World Cup 1938 Italy (1) Hungary (0) Brazil (1) Sweden (0)

World Cup 1934 Italy (1) Czechoslovakia (1) Germany (0) Austria (0)

World Cup 1930 Uruguay (0) Argentina (0) USA (0) Yugoslavia (0)

Prevalence of 120-minute matches for the medallists in the 15 EUROs from 1960 to 2016Gold Silver Bronze Bronze/4th place

EURO 2016 Portugal (3) France (1) Germany (1) Wales (0)

EURO 2012 Spain (1) Italy (1) Germany (0) Portugal (1)

EURO 2008 Spain (1) Germany (0) Turkey (1) Russia (1)

EURO 2004 Greece (1) Portugal (1) Czech Republic (1) Netherlands (1)

EURO 2000 France (2) Italy (2) Netherlands (1) Portugal (1)

EURO 1996 West Germany (2) Czech Republic (2) England (2) France (2)

EURO 1992 Denmark (1) Germany (0) Netherlands (1) Sweden (0)

EURO 1988 Netherlands (0) Russia (0) West Germany (0) Italy (0)

EURO 1984 France (1) Spain (1) Denmark (1) Portugal (1)

EURO 1980 West Germany (0) Belgium (0) Czechoslovakia (1) Italy (1)

EURO 1976 Czechoslovakia (2) West Germany (2) Netherlands (2) Yugoslavia (2)

EURO 1972 West Germany (0) Russia (0) Belgium (0) Hungary (0)

EURO 1968 Italy (0) Yugoslavia (0) England (0) Russia (0)

EURO 1964 Spain (1) Russia (0) Hungary (2) Denmark (1)

EURO 1960 Russia (1) Yugoslavia (1) Czechoslovakia (0) France (0)

27

When expressing the prevalence of winners who have had to cope with 120-minute matches

since 1993, the percentages are 100% for UEFA EUROs, 83% for FIFA World Cups and 45% for UEFA

Champions League, with percentages for the finalists of 92% (11 of the last 12 UEFA EUROs finalists), 83%

(10 of the last 12 World Cup finalists) and 41% (18 of the last 44 Champions League finalists). The

percentage of medal-winning semi-finalists who have had to come through 120-minute matches has also

been very high in the major tournaments since 1993, with percentages of 88% for the UEFA Euros (21 of

the last 24 semi-finalists), 83% for the World Cups (20 of the last 24 semi-finalists) and 31% for the

Champions League (27 of the last 88 semi-finalists) (Table 5).

Table 5

Table 5: Importance of 120-minute matches for winners and medallists in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments in various historical stages.

One of the questions in the survey for top coaches specifically concerned the expected probability of being

involved in 120-minute matches for teams reaching the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup or UEFA EUROs:

“Question 4: If you made it to the finals of the European Championships or World Cup,

how likely is it that you would have to play extra time during the tournament? Give a %.”

The answers to this question are very interesting. The head coaches reported an expected probability of

39% and the fitness coaches 34%, which is less than half of the actual probability based on the last six FIFA

World Cups and UEFA EUROs, which give a combined figure of 85% (Table 5). As can be seen in Table 6,

Overview of 120-minute matches in all 20 World Cups (1930-2014), 15 EUROs (1960-2016)

and 61 Champions League tournaments (1955-2016)Last 4 teams in Finalists in Gold medallists

120-min matches 120-min matches in 120-min matches

1994-2014, 6 World Cups 20 of 24 (83%) 10 of 12 (83%) 5 of 6 (83%), 1.6 per team




1996-2016, 6 EUROs (EC) 21 of 24 (88%) 11 of 12 (92%) 6 of 6 (100%), 1.7 per team

1960-1992, 9 EUROs (EC) 17 of 36 (47%) 8 of 18 (44%) 5 of 9 (56%), 1.2 per team

1960-2016, 15 Euros (EC) 38 of 60 (63%) 19 of 30 (63%) 11 of 15 (73%), 1.5 per team

1994-2016, 22 CL tournaments 27 of 88 (31%) 18 of 44 (41%) 10 of 22 (45%), 1.3 per team

1955-1993, 39 CL tournaments 29 of 150 (19%) 20 of 78 (26%) 8 of 39 (21%), 1.0 per team

1955-2016, 61 CL Tournaments 56 of 238 (16%) 38 of 122 (31%) 18 of 61 (30%), 1.2 per team

Last 22 years, all 34 tournaments 68 of 136 (50%) 39 of 68 (57%) 21 of 34 (62%)

1930-2016, all 96 tournaments 136 of 378 (36%) 80 of 192 (42%) 39 of 96 (41%)

28

there was a huge range of responses, but a vast majority of coaches reported an expected probability of

25–50%, with only two fitness coaches and 10 head coaches giving values above 60% (Fig. 3). No

relationship was observed between years of coaching experience and expected probability of 120-minute

matches (Fig. 3). With regard to the responses from coaches from different nationalities, it is noteworthy

that Italian head coaches reported a higher expected probability of 120-minute matches for semi-finalists in

major international tournaments than Scandinavian coaches (46 vs 29%), which may be related to the fact

that the Italian national team has played 16 120-minute matches compared with three 120-minute matches

for Denmark and Sweden, one for Norway and 0 for the Faroe Islands, and that Italy has been involved in

120-minute matches in four of the last five UEFA EUROs and five of the last seven World Cups (Table 1 and

Appendix 1). On the other hand, no such difference in responses was observed for fitness coaches, with 33

and 36% expected probabilities for 120-minute matches (Table 6). Overall, these responses clearly show

that the prevalence of 120-minute matches is generally underrated by both head coaches and fitness

coaches, irrespective of their nationality or years of coaching experience.

Figure 3

Figure 3: The expected probability of 120-minute matches in for FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euros for top head coaches and fitness coaches with various coaching experience.

29

Table 6

Table 6: Expected prevalence of 120-minute matches among semi-finalists in FIFA World Cups or UEFA EUROs, as reported by 98 top coaches in an anonymised online survey on the importance of 120-minute matches in international tournaments. Data are presented as means±SD, with ranges in brackets.

5.3 Outcome of 120-minute matches, goal scoring patterns and probability of

penalty shootouts

When focusing specifically on the 133 120-minute matches in the history of the FIFA World Cups, UEFA

EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments, it can be seen that 48% (64 out of 133) have been

decided in extra time and the remaining 52% (69 out of 133) in a penalty shootout, with almost similar

percentages of matches decided in extra time for World Cups (53%, 29 out of 55), EUROs (44%, 14 out of

32) and Champions League tournaments (46%, 21 out of 46) (Table 3).

The penalty shootout was introduced in the FIFA World Cup in 1978, in the UEFA EUROs in

1976 and in the UEFA Champions League in 1970/71. Before that, the vast majority of matches were

decided in 120 minutes. Those that were not were either decided by a coin toss, as in the EURO 1968 semi-

final between Italy and the Soviet Union, where Italy was the lucky winner, or a replay, as in the EURO 1968

final between Italy and Yugoslavia, which Italy won 2-0 in a replay two days after the first match was drawn

1-1 (1-1 after 90 minutes). The first penalty shootout in the FIFA World Cup took place on 8 July 1982, with

West Germany winning the semi-final shootout against France 5-4 after the match had finished 1-1 after

extra time (1-1 after 90 minutes). The first penalty shootout in the UEFA EUROs came earlier, on 20 June

1976, with Czechoslovakia defeating West Germany 5-3 in the shootout, the match having ended 2-2 after

extra time (2-2 after 90 minutes). In the UEFA Champions League, the first penalty shootout was on 19 April

1972, when Inter Milan won their semi-final against Celtic 5-4 on penalties after both legs and extra time

had finished goalless.

When examining the percentage of 120-minute matches decided in extra time after the

introduction of the penalty shootout, it can be seen that the percentage is virtually unchanged for FIFA

Expected prevalence of 120-min matches among the semifinalists in EUROs and World Cups

Italian (n=38) 46±31 (0-100) %

Head coaches (n=67) Scandinavian (n=20) 29±23 (2-80) %

All nationalities (n=67) 39±30 (0-100) %

Italian (n=10) 33±28 (1-100) %

Fitness coaches (n=31) Scandinavian (n=12) 36±19 (5-70) %

All nationalities (n=31) 34±22 (1-100) %

30

World Cups (43% to 42% from 1978-1990 to 1994-2014, six of 14 and 13 of 31), but lower for UEFA EUROs

(50% to 33% from 1976-1992 to 1996-2016, four of eight vs seven of 21) and for UEFA Champions League

tournaments (47% to 38% from 1970-1993 to 1994-2016, eight of 17 vs 10 of 26) (Table 3).

In the last 22 years, fewer goals have been scored in extra time (0.6 per extra-time period,

compared to 1.0 per extra-time period from 1955 to 1993) and a much higher percentage of matches going

to extra time are ending 0-0. Over the history of the three major tournaments, 50% of all extra-time

periods have ended 0-0 (67 of 133), whereas one team has scored in 40% of extra-time periods (53 of 133)

and both teams have scored in only 10% of extra-time periods (13 of 133) (see Table 7). When comparing

the period 1955-1993 with 1994-2016, it can be seen that the percentage of extra-time periods ending 0-0

has increased from 42 to 55% (eight of 19 to 17 of 31) in FIFA World Cups, from 36 to 57% (four of 11 to 12

of 21) in UEFA EUROs and from 50 to 62% (10 of 20 to 16 of 26) in UEFA Champions League tournaments,

whereas the percentage of extra-time periods with both teams scoring has remained constant at about

10% across tournaments (Table 7).

Table 7

Table 7: An overview of the number of goals scored in extra time in various historical stages of the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League, including number and percentage of matches ending 0-0 or with goals scored by one or both teams during extra time.

Extra-time goals in all World Cups (1930-2014), EUROs (1960-2016) and Ch League tournaments (1955-2016),

incl. number of goals, extra-time periods with 0, 1 and 2 teams scoring, and goals scored by subsNumber Extra-time goals Extra-time goals Matches with Matches with Matches with

of 120-min in 120-min goals scored no goals in extra-time extra-time

matches matches by substitutes extra time goals by 1 team goals by 2 teams

World Cups 1994-2014 31 20 (0.6 per game) 7 (35%) 17 (55%) 11 (35%) 3 (10%)



World Cup 1930-2014 55 56 (1.0 per game) 14 (25%) 25 (45%) 22 (40%) 8 (15%)

EURO 1996-2016 21 12 (0.6 per game) 8 (67%) 12 (57%) 7 (33) 2 (10%)

EURO 1960-1992 11 12 (1.1 per game) 3 (25%) 4 (36%) 6 (55%) 1 (9%)

EURO 1960-2016 32 24 (0.8 per game) 11 (46%) 16 (50%) 13 (41%) 3 (9%)

CL 1994-2016 26 18 (0.7 per game) 6 (33%) 16 (62%) 8 (31%) 2 (8%)

CL 1955-1993 20 14 (0.7 per game) 1 (7%) 10 (50%) 10 (50%) 0 (0%)

CL 1955-2016 46 32 (0.7 per game) 7 (22%) 26 (57%) 18 (39%) 2 (4%)

All, 1994-2016, 34 tournaments 78 50 (0.6 per game) 21 (42%) 45 (58%) 26 (33%) 7 (9%)

All, 1955-1993, 56 tournaments 50 52 (1.0 per game) 11 (21%) 22 (44%) 23 (46%) 5 (10%)

All 96 tournaments 133 112 (0.8 per game) 32 (29%) 67 (50%) 53 (40%) 13 (10%)

31

Almost needless to say, statistics from the history of the major tournaments show that the

team scoring the first goal in extra time has an extraordinarily good chance of winning the game. Across

tournaments, 92% (61 of 66) of the teams scoring first have ended up winning, with 53 winning 1-0, 2-0 or

3-0 as the only goal-scorers in extra time, seven winning 2-1 in extra time (six after leading 2-0) and one

winning on penalties after 1-1 in extra time (Table 7). There have been no exceptions to the “first-scorer-in-

extra-time-wins rule” in the UEFA Champions League, whereas there have been two exceptions in the UEFA

Euros (France came back to win 2-1 in extra time in the 1984 semi-final against Portugal and Turkey won a

penalty shootout against Croatia in the 2008 quarter-final after Sentürk’s 120th-minute equalizer) and three

exceptions in the history of the FIFA World Cup (Sweden and Germany both beat Romania on penalties, in

the 1994 quarter-final and 1982 semi-final, respectively after coming back from 0-1 and 0-2, respectively,

and Italy won 3-2 in a breath-taking extra-time encounter against West Germany in the 1970 semi-final,

named “Partita del Secolo” or “Game of the Century”, after Gerd Müller scored twice for the Germans and

substitute Rivera scored the winner for Italy in the 111th minute).

The historical statistics showing a 92% success rate for teams scoring the first goal in extra

time in major tournaments, compared with just an 8% success rate for teams conceding the first goal, may

well be part of the mindset around modern football’s extra-time tactics (see paragraph 5.4) and part of the

explanation for why 55–62% of extra-time periods in major tournaments since 1992 have ended 0-0. This

notion fits well with the scientific studies on the development of World Cup football, providing evidence

that defensive strategies dominate over time, with stronger team structure and increased player density,

congestion, speed and need for recovery between intense running bouts (Wallace and Norton, 2014).

In this regard, it is interesting that in the 120-minute match survey the top coaches report

that they consider themselves “courageous coaches, taking risks to win in extra time” (88% of head coaches

and 66% of fitness coaches, question 27), while a vast majority of head coaches (78%) and fitness coaches

(88%) gamble on winning in extra time rather than waiting to gamble on winning a penalty shootout

(question 26). On the other hand, the top coaches are generally in agreement that it is easier for

fans/media to accept losing a knockout match in a penalty shootout than in extra time (76% of head

coaches and 69% of fitness coaches, question 28) (Table 8).

32

Table 8

Table 8: Results from the 120-minute match survey on tactics in 120-minute matches, among other things related to the approach to taking risks in extra time or waiting for a penalty shootouts.

With regard to goal-scoring patterns in 120-minute matches in the history of the FIFA World

Cup, the UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League, there are several interesting elements. Firstly, the

number of goals in ordinary time is generally low. The average is 1.5 goals per match (1.3 goals per game

from 1993 onwards) and there is no increase from the first to the second half, with an average of 52% (106

of 204) of all goals scored in the second half of ordinary time and 48% (47 of 99) from 1993 onwards (Table

9).

This is different to the average game in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions

League matches from 1993 onwards, with reported values for scoring in the second half of 57–63%

(Yiannakos and Armatas, 2004; Armatas et al., 2007; Werlayne and Leite, 2013). Another intriguing finding

is that a vast majority of goals in the extra-time period are scored in the second half, with an average for all

96 tournaments of 62% (69 of 112 goals) and more than two thirds in the 34 tournaments played since

1993 (68%, 34 of 50) (Table 9).

Questions on tactics in 120-min mathces: Head coaches Fitness coaches

(n=67) (n=31)

Yes: 42% Yes: 34%

Are there elements of the game that you use less Ex. 1: Less high pressing Ex. 1: Less high pressing

in normal playing time when there is a possibility of Ex. 2: Less counter attacks Ex. 2: Less fast transitions

the match going to extra time? (Q20) Ex. 3: Less repressing Ex. 3: Fewer players in box

No: 58% No: 66%

Do you prefer starting or ending with your best players Starting: 97% Starting: 90%

on the pitch in 90-min matches? (Q23a) Ending: 3% Ending: 10%

Do you prefer starting or ending with your best players Starting: 88% Starting: 90%

on the pitch in knock-out matches? (Q23b) Ending: 12% Ending: 10%

Do you gamble on winning in extra time or do you wait Yes: 78% Yes: 88%

and gamble on winning a penalty shootout? (Q26) No: 22% No: 12%

Do you consider yourself a courageous coach Yes: 88% Yes: 66%

taking risk to win in extra time? (Q27) No: 12% No: 34%

Is it easier for fans/media to accept losing a knock-out Yes: 76% Yes: 69%

match in a penalty shootout than in extra time? (Q28) No: 24% No: 31%

33

Table 9

Table 9: Goal scoring patterns in 120-minute matches in all FIFA World Cups from 1930-2014, all UEFA EUROs from 1960-2016 and all Champions League tournaments from 1955-2016.

Thus, in the six FIFA World Cup tournaments from 1994 to 2014 the percentage of extra-time

goals scored in the second half of extra time was 60%, with even higher values of 75% for the six UEFA

EUROs from 1996 to 2016 and 72% for the 21 UEFA Champions League tournaments played since 1994 (Fig.

4). The above findings of few goals towards the end of ordinary time and many more goals in the second

than in the first half of extra time are extremely difficult to analyse in depth, but it may be speculated that

part of the explanation lies in defensive strategies in the last period of ordinary time with fewer

substitutions, defensive and intensity-reducing strategies in the first half of extra time and pronounced

fatigue plus the hope of scoring the decisive goal in the second half of extra time. Some of these

speculations could be investigated further using the methodological approaches of the present assignment.

Goal scoring patterns in 120-minute matches in all FIFA World Cups (1930-2014),

UEFA EUROs (1960-2016) and Champions League tournaments (1955-2016)

Goals in Goals in Goals in Goals in Total

1st half of 2nd half of 1st half of 2nd half of number

ordinary time ordinary time extra time extra time of goals

World Cups 1994-2014 (n=31) 19 13 8 12 45

World Cups 1960-1990 (n=19) 13 19 12 14 53

World Cups 1930-1958 (n=5) 6 10 5 5 26

World Cups 1930-2014 (n=55) 38 42 25 31 124

EUROs 1996-2016 (n=21) 5 11 3 9 28

EUROs 1960-1992 (n=11) 17 13 1 11 42

EURO s1960-2016 (n=32) 22 24 4 20 70

CL 1994-2016 (n=26) 28 23 5 13 69

CL 1955-1993 (n=20) 10 17 8 5 41

CL 1955-2016 (n=46) 38 40 13 18 110

Last 22 years, 34 tournaments (n=78) 52 47 16 34 142

All 96 tournaments (n=133) 98 106 42 69 315

34

Figure 4

Figure 4: Number and percentages of goals scored in the first and second half of extra time in 120-minute matches in World Cups, Euros and Champions League tournaments from 1993 onwards.

5.4 Timing of substitutions in 120-minute matches and impact of substitutes

The number of substitutes that can be used in the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euros and UEFA Champions

League has increased gradually over time from zero, meaning that teams did not have a full number of

players if a player was injured and could not play on, to one, to two out of a possible five, to two plus one if

the goalkeeper was injured, and then to three (FIFA.com, History of the Laws of the Game). In the FIFA

World Cup, no substitutes were allowed from 1930 to 1966, two substitutes were allowed from 1970

onwards, two plus one if the goalkeeper was injured in 1994, and then three from 1998 onwards. In the

UEFA EUROs, no substitutes were allowed from 1960 to 1972, two substitutes were allowed from 1976 to

1992 and three from 1996 onwards. In the UEFA Champions League, no substitutes were allowed from

1957 to 1969, one substitute was allowed from 1970 to 1973, two from 1974 to 1994 and three 1994/1995

onwards (FIFA.com and UEFA.com).

Tournaments from 1993-2016

World Cups Euros Ch League All

Go

als

sco

red

in

extr

a t

ime (

19

93-2

016)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

First half of extra time

Second half of extra time

60%

75%

72%

34 (68%)

16 (32%)

35

The change in rules in 1995 to allow three rather than two substitutes clearly changed the

substitution patterns during 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions

League tournaments. The average timing of the second substitution came down from 83 to 77 minutes in

World Cups, from 88 to 80 minutes in EUROs and from 95 to 84 minutes in Champions League

tournaments, while the number of substitutions during ordinary playing time increased from 1.4, 1.5 and

1.1 to 2.1, 2.0 and 1.8 in World Cups, EUROs and Champions League tournaments, respectively. Moreover,

the average number of substitutions over the full 120-minute match increased from 1.8–1.9 to 2.6–2.8

substitutions after implementation of the 3-substitution-rule in the three tournaments, with full

implementation in 1995 (Table 10).

Table 10

Table 10: A comparison of substitution patterns in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments with two and three permitted substitutions, as well as a comparison of UEFA EURO 2016 substitutions in the group phase, knockout matches and knockout matches going to extra time.

Overall, the change in rules to allow three rather than two substitutions affected tactical

flexibility and physical team performance during ordinary time of knockout matches as well as during extra

time of matches going to extra time. In ordinary time, more substitutes (0.5–0.7 per team per game) were

sent on the pitch, with a well-documented 50% higher sprint performance in the last 15-minute period

compared to players who had started the game (Mohr et al., 2003; Fransson et al., 2016), and in extra time

the impact may have been even greater with more substitutes (0.7–1.0 per team per game) and a

potentially greater degree of fatigue for whole-match players.

Number and time of subs during 120-min matches in World Cups, EUROs and CL (2 vs 3 sub rule)

First Second Third Average Subs Subs

substitution substitution substitution sub timing in 90-min in 120-min

(min) (min) (min) (min) (n) (n)

World Cups (1998-2016) 3 sub rule 60 77 97 77 2.1 2.8

World Cups (1970-1996) 2 sub rule 60 83 71 1.4 1.8

EUROs (1996-2016) 3 sub rule 63 80 95 77 2.0 2.6

EUROs (1972-1992) 2 sub rule 62 88 74 1.5 1.9

Champions League (1995-2016) 3 sub rule 63 84 102 82 1.8 2.8

Champions League (1976-1994) 2 sub rule 67 95 80 1.1 1.8

EURO 2016 (R of 16 teams) Group phase 64 74 83 73 2.9

EURO 2016 (R of 16 teams) Knockout phase 60 77 88 74 2.4 2.8

EURO 2016 (R of 16 teams) 120-minute matches 64 87 101 82 1.7 2.7

36

A direct comparison of UEFA EURO 2016 substitutions in the group phase, knockout phase

and knockout matches going to extra time emphasises that coaches clearly change their substitution

pattern from the group phase to the knockout phase and also that the second and third substitutions are

postponed if the scores are level towards the end of knockout matches in connection with the higher

probability of going to extra time. In the UEFA Euro 2016 competition, the average timing of the second

substitution in matches going to extra time was as high as 87 minutes, compared to 77 minutes in an

average knockout game and 74 minutes in group matches (Table 10). This coaching behaviour supports the

notion of a cautious tactical strategy in knockout games where the score is level, and may partly explain the

fewer goals scored in the second half of ordinary time in 120-minutes games. The results from the 120-

minute match survey shine further light on the potential for a more defensive strategy in ordinary time of

knockout matches, as 42% of head coaches and 36% of fitness coaches report that there are tactical

elements that are used less in ordinary playing time of matches with a possibility of going to extra time,

such as less high pressing, counterpressing and counter-attacks (head coaches), and perhaps even the

number of players in the penalty box for attacking crosses (fitness coaches) (Question 10, Table 8). An

anomaly in this discussion is that, while more than one third of coaches (36% of head coaches and 42% of

fitness coaches) reported that they do not change substitution strategy from group phase to knockout

phase, all but one head coach in UEFA EURO 2016 postponed substitutions in the knockout phase (Question

10, Tables 8 and 10).

The impact of substitutions on team performance in knockout matches of FIFA World Cups,

UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments can be studied in many ways, but the most direct

way must be to make an evaluation of the number of goals scored by substitutes in extra time in 120-

minute matches. This examination revealed that substitutes have scored 29% (32 of 112 goals) of all extra-

time goals in the history of the three major international tournaments, with 25% (14 of 56) in World Cups,

46% (11 of 24) in EUROs and 22% (7 of 32) in Champions League (Table 7). However, in the time of the

three-substitution rule (1995-2016) as many as 35% (World Cup seven of 20), 67% (EUROs 8 of 12) and 33%

(Champions League six of 18) of the goals have been scored by substitutes (Fig. 5).

Looking specifically at the 32 goals scored in extra time by a total of 30 substitutes, it is

revealed that the average time from substitution to goal-scoring is relatively long, with an average of 33±19

minutes, with 31 minutes from substitution to goal-scoring in World Cups (substitution: 81 minutes, goal:

112 minutes), 31 minutes in EUROs (substitution: 79 minutes, goal: 110 minutes) and 42 minutes in the

Champions League (substitution: 70 minutes, goal: 112 minutes). As can be seen from the above statistics,

the goals are scored late in extra time, with as many as 82% of the goals scored in the second half of extra

time (Fig. 6).

37

Figure 5

Figure 5: Percentage of goals scored in extra time by substitutes in FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments in various stages covering

times of 0 (1930-1969), 1–2 (1970-1994) and 3 substitutions (1995-2016).

Figure 6

Figure 6: Substitution times and goal-scoring times for all substitutes who have scored in extra time in FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League tournaments.

Tournament year

1930-1958 1960-1990 1992-2016

Ex

tra

tim

e g

oa

ls b

y s

ub

s (

%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100World Cups


Ch League tournaments

Substitution time (min)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Extr

a-t

ime g

oals

sco

red

by s

ub

s (

min

)

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

World Cups


Champions League

X=Y

38

It is also interesting to note that 66% (21 of 32) of all goals scored in extra time by substitutes have been

scored by forwards, with 19, 13 and 3% scored by central/attacking midfielders, wide midfielders and full

backs, respectively, and that a long list of forwards brought on as substitutes have scored important extra-

time goals in World Cup and EURO finals and semi-finals, with goals by Eder (2016), Trezeguet (2000),

Bierhoff (1996), Dieter Müller (1976, 2) and Veselý (1976) in the EUROs and by Götze (2014), Del Piero

(2006), Rivera (1970) and Rummenigge (1970) in World Cups (see Table 11).

Table 11

Table 11: A comprehensive overview of all the 30 substitutes having scored a total of 32 goals in extra time in the history of the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA EUROs and the UEFA Champions League tournaments.

Overview of all 32 extra time goals scored by 30 substitutes in UEFA EUROs (11 goals),

FIFA World Cups (14 goals) and UEFA Champions League (7 goals) tournamentsEuropean Championships (1960-2016)

1 EURO 2016 Eder, 79/109 FW Portugal-France Final

2 EURO 2016 Quaresma, 87/117 WM Croatia-Portugal Round of 16

3 EURO 2008 Torbinski, 81/112 WM Netherlands-Russia Quarterfinal

4 EURO 2008 Klasnic, 97/119 FW Croatia-Turkey Quarterfinal

5 EURO 2008 Sentürk, 76/120 FW Croatia-Turkey Quarterfinal

6 EURO 2004 Costa, 79/110 AM Portugal-England Quarterfinal

7 EURO 2000 Trezeguet, 76/103 FW France-Italy Final

8 EURO 1996 Bierhoff, 69/(73),95 FW Czech Rep-Germany Final

9 EURO 1976 D. Müller, 79/(82),115,119 FW Yugoslavia-West Germany Semifinal

10 EURO 1976 Veselý, 91/118 FW Czechoslovakia-NL Semifinal

World Cups (1930-2014)

11 World Cup 2014 Götze, 88/113 FW Germany-Argentina Final

12 World Cup 2014 Lukaku, 90/105 FW Belgium-USA Round of 16

13 World Cup 2014 Green, 105/107 WM Belgium-USA Round of 16

14 World Cup 2014 Schürrle, 46/92 FW Germany-Algeria Round of 16

15 World Cup 2014 Djabou, 100/121 FW Germany-Algeria Round of 16

16 World Cup 2006 Del Piero, 104/121 FW Germany-Italy Semifinal

17 World Cup 2002 Mansiz, 67/94 FW Senegal-Turkey Quarterfinal

18 World Cup 1990 Milla, 54/106,108 FW Cameroon-Columbia Round of 16

19 World Cup 1990 Redin, 79/115 AM Cameroon-Columbia Round of 16

20 World Cup 1990 Platt, 71/119 CM England-Belgium Round of 16

21 World Cup 1982 Rummenigge, 97/108 FW W Germany-France Semifinal

22 World Cup 1970 Rivera, 46/111 FW Italy-W Germany Semifinal

23 World Cup 1970 Esperrago, 103/117 CM Uruguay-Soviet Union Quarterfinal

Champions League Tournaments (1955-56/2015-16)

24 Ch League 2015/2016 Alcántara, 101/108 CM Bayern M-Juventus Round of 16

25 Ch League 2015/2016 Coman, 60/110 WM Bayern M-Juventus Round of 16

26 Ch League 2013/2014 Marcelo, 59/118 FB Real Madrid - Atl Madrid Final

27 Ch League 2007/2008 Babel, 98/117 FW Chelsea-Liverpool Semifinal

28 Ch League 2002/2003 Zalayeta, 65/114 FW Barcelona-Juventus Quarterfinal

29 Ch League 1995/1996 Dani, 81/100 CM Atletico Madrid-AFC Ajax Quarterfinal

30 Ch League 1989/1990 M. Simone, 25/116 FW AC Milan-Mechelen Quarterfinal

39

5.5 Coaches’ perception of important factors and challenges related to 120-

minute matches

In the anonymised survey, the top coaches and fitness coaches were also asked how they prepare for

tournaments with the probability of 120-minute matches, which factors they consider important for

winning 90-minute and 120-minute matches, and how they cope with short-term preparation and physical,

tactical, mental and practical challenges during the knockout phase of a tournament.

When the top coaches were asked to prioritise “mental, physical, technical and tactical

aspects” in order of importance for winning a 90-minute match (Question 12a,b), they reported mental

aspects to be the most important, followed by tactical aspects, then physical and technical aspects, with

roughly similar responses for head coaches and fitness coaches (Fig. 7). If anything, the fitness coaches

reported slightly lower importance for physical aspects compared to head coaches. When answering the

same question for 120-minute matches, both head coaches and fitness coaches gave a much higher priority

to physical aspects, as the shared first priority with mental aspects, for both groups at the expense of

technical aspects.

Figure 7

Figure 7: Reported prioritised importance for head coaches (n=67) and fitness coaches (n=31) of mental, physical, tactical and technical aspects for winning in 90-minute and 120-minute matches, respectively.

Imp

ort

an

ce

on

a 1

-4 s

ca

le (

n)

0

1

2

3

4

Head coaches

Fitness coaches

Importance for winning in 90-min matches

Importance for winning in 120-min matches

Mental

Physical

Tactical

Technical

Mental

Physical

Tactical

Technical

##

* *

40

The importance of physical fitness was also addressed in question 5, in relation to 90-minute matches, 120-

minute matches and penalty shootouts. Moderate scores were reported for the importance of physical

fitness for winning in penalty shootouts, and relatively high scores for 120-minute matches, with slightly

lower scores reported for Italian head coaches compared to Scandinavian head coaches, Italian fitness

coaches and Scandinavian fitness coaches (Table 12).

The top coaches were also asked several questions about substitutes, including question 15

on whether 1) players who play the whole match, 2) substitutes brought on in ordinary time or 3)

substitutes brought on in extra time, have the greatest impact on the outcome of a game going to extra

time. Interestingly, 71% of the head coaches and 61% of fitness coaches reported substitutes to be most

important for the outcome, and both head coaches (44 vs 27%) and fitness coaches (45 vs 16%) reported

higher importance of substitutes brought on in ordinary time compared to substitutes brought on in extra

time. This fits well with the findings of the present study that substitutes brought on in ordinary time score

many of the extra-time goals.

Table 12

Table 12: Reported importance for head coaches (n=67) and fitness coaches (n=31) of physical fitness for winning in normal playing time, extra time and penalty shootouts, and which playing position lines, and which players that are important for winning in matches that go to extra time. Data are presented as means±SD.

When the top coaches were also asked about their views on the UEFA and FIFA proposal to

allow a fourth substitution in extra time (Question 24), they provided strong support for the proposal, with

Important players for winning in extra time: Head coaches Italian (n=38) vs Fitness coaches Italian (n=10) vs

All nationalities (n=67) Scandinavian (n=20) All nationalities (n=31) Scandinavian (n=12)

How important is physical fitness for winning

(on a 1-5 scale, where 1 is most important) (Q5)

a: In normal playing time 2.5±1.4 2.5 vs 2.5 2.6±1.1 2.4 vs 2.4

b: In extra time 2.4±1.6 2.6 vs 2.2 2.3±1.8 2.2 vs 2.1

c: In a penalty shootout 3.0±1.3 2.9 vs 3.3 3.1±1.3 3.3 vs 2.9

Which playing position line is most important

for winning in normal playing time? (Q14b)

Goalkeeper 3% 3 vs 10% 3% 0 vs 0%

Defence 27% 26 vs 45% 23% 20 vs 25%

Midfield 50% 63 vs 25% 58% 50 vs 75%

Attack 20% 16 vs 20% 19% 30 vs 0%

Which playing position line is most important

for winning in extra time? (Q14a)

Goalkeeper 6% 3 vs 10% 0% 0 vs 0%

Defence 26% 26 vs 25% 26% 30 vs 25%

Midfield 39% 42 vs 40% 55% 60 vs 67%

Attack 29% 29 vs 25% 19% 10 vs 8%

Who has the greatest impact on the outcome

of a game that goes to extra time? (Q15)

Players who play the whole match 29% 24 vs 30% 39% 30 vs 50%

Players who are brought on as subs in normal playing time 44% 42 vs 50% 45% 50 vs 42%

Players who are brought on as subs in extra time 27% 34 vs 20% 16% 20 vs 8%

41

85% (57 of 67) of head coaches and 87% (27 of 31) of fitness coaches being either “very positive” or

“positive” and only 5% (3 of 27) of head coaches and 3% (1 of 31) of fitness coaches being “negative” or

“very negative” (Table 13). It is clear from the survey responses that the top coaches see possibilities of

better physical team performance with a fourth substitution, but also greater tactical flexibility. When

asked whether they would use their fourth substitute in matches that go to extra time even if there were

no injuries during the match (Question 25), as many as 91% of head coaches and 89% of fitness coaches

responded positively (Table 13).

Table 13

Table 13: Reported views of head coaches (n=67) and fitness coaches (n=31) on a rule change to allow a fourth substitution in matches that go to extra time, and potential use of this fourth substitute, as well as coaches’ estimations of the degree of fatigue for whole-match players and the amount of sprinting for substitutes in extra time.

The top coaches were also asked whether they would judge the chance of winning a 120-

minute match as better or worse if their team had to play extra time a second time in the same tournament

(Question 12c). A total of 64% (43 of 67) of head coaches and 52% of fitness coaches (16 of 31) responded

that the chance of winning a 120-minute match would diminish if they had to play extra time a second time

in the same tournament. The historical facts from the 96 FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and UEFA

Champions League tournaments support the coaches on this issue. Actually, on 21 times occasions (12

times in World Cups, three times in EUROs and five times in Champions League) a team has gone to extra

time for a second time (and in two cases a third time; Portugal in EURO 2016 and England in World Cup

1990) against a team playing its first 120-minute match of the tournament. This has led to losses 15 times

Questions about substitutions in 120-minute matches: Head coaches Fitness coaches

(n=67) (n=31)

Very positive: 40% Very positive: 61%

Are you mostly positive or negative about UEFA's Positive: 45% Positive: 26%

discussions to allow a 4th substitute if matches Neutral: 9% Neutral: 10%

go to extra time? (Q24) Negative: 5% Negative: 0%

Very negative: 0% Very negative: 3%

Use of a 4th substitute in a match that goes to extra time, Yes: 91% Yes: 89%

even if there were no injuries during the match? (Q25) No: 9% No: 11%

How much is high-intensity running decreasing in

the final 30 minute of a 120-minute match for players 46±23 (2-100) % 31±19 (5-70) %

who have played the whole match? (Q21)

How many extra sprint metres do you think that

substitutes cover during extra time compared to 49±25 (0-100) % 47±39 (5-200) %

players who have played the whole match? (Q22)

42

out of 21, corresponding to a 24% success rate, with success rates of 31% in World Cups (four of 13), 33% in

EUROs (one of three) and 0% in the Champions League (0 of five). It is a somewhat complex matter to

analyse these low success rates for multiple 120-minute matches, and it seems to involve physical, tactical

and mental considerations, both when it comes to lack of ability to win in extra time and lack of ability to

win in penalty shootouts. Nonetheless, at least in World Cups and EUROs, where matches are relatively

close to each other, the physical component is clearly part of the puzzle. In that respect, it is interesting to

note that fitness coaches respond that the expected recovery time after a 120-minute match is 3.3 days,

with 40% of fitness coaches reporting 4 days, whereas head coaches report an average of 2.6 days with

only 12% reporting 4 days.

Based on the available research literature on recovery showing that elite footballers require

3 days to fully recover after a 90-minute match (Krustrup et al., 2011; Gunnarsson et al., 2012) as well as

recent studies on sub-elite players showing that 120-minute matches extend the recovery period (Harper et

al., 2016c), it is probably fair to say that the fitness coaches are closer to the estimated average recovery

time of 4 days after 120-minute matches (Table 14). Nonetheless, it does not seem as if the fitness coaches

judge a lack of optimal recovery to minimise the possibility of losing in a second 120-minute match in the

same tournament (Question 12C).

Table 14

Table 14: Reported estimation of head coaches (n=67) and fitness coaches (n=31) of number of injuries in a 120-minute match and recovery time after a 120-minute match.

Questions about injuries and recovery: Head coaches Fitness coaches

All nationalities (n=67) All nationalities (n=31)

0 players 38% 42%

1 players 35% 42%

How many players in your team do you expect 2 players 17% 6%

to get injured during a 120-minute match? (Q29) 3 players 6% 3%

4 players 2% 6%

5 players 2% 0%

Average score 1.1 players 0.9 players

0 days 0% 0%

1 day 5% 0%

How many days does it take for players to 2 days 40% 13%

fully recover after a 120-minute match? (Q30) 3 days 43% 47%

4 days 12% 40%

5 days 0% 0%

Average score 2.6 days 3.3 days

43

Last, but certainly not least, the top coaches were also asked how they prepare for

tournaments with a probability of 120-minute matches, what their strategies are in relation to 120-minute

matches and how they cope with short-term preparation and physical, tactical, mental and practical

challenges during the knockout phase of a tournament. When asking the top coaches specifically about

whether they have a written strategy on how they will approach knockout matches that may require extra

time and how they will approach extra time (Question 7), 51% (34 of 67) of head coaches and 41% (13 of

31) of fitness coaches confirm that they have it, whereas the remaining 49% (33 of 67) of head coaches and

59% (18 of 31) report that they do not (Table 15). Likewise 51% of the head coaches and 38% of the fitness

coaches state that they have plans to incorporate 120-minute matches with penalty shootouts in their

training leading up to finals (Question 6), and 45% of head coaches and 38% of fitness coaches report that

they practise elements of extra time as part of their training leading up to knockout matches (Question 8),

(Table 15).

Considering that 30-40% of knockout matches goes into extra time and that more than 85%

of medalists and winners in the last 12 World Cups and Euros have had to cope with 120-minute matches it

is somewhat surprising that half of the head coaches do not have a detailed written strategy on how to

handle knockout matches and how they will approach extra time, and that about half of the head coaches

Table 15

Table 15: Reported plans for head coaches (n=67) and fitness coaches (n=31) whether/how they prepare for tournaments with probability of 120-minute matches, what their strategies are regarding the 120-minute matches and how they cope with physical, tactical, mental and practical challenges during the knockout phase of a tournament.

Questions on plans and strategies on 120-minute matches: Head coaches Fitness coaches(n=67) (n=31)

Plans to incorporate 120-min matches Yes: 51% Yes: 38%

as part of the long-term preparation? (Q6) No: 49% No: 62%

Practising of extra-time elements as part Yes: 45% Yes: 38%

of knock-out match preparation? (Q8) No: 55% No: 62%

A detailed written strategy for how to approach Yes: 51% Yes: 41%

knock-out matches and extra time? (Q7) No: 49% No: 59%

A detailed plan for the coaching team Yes: 25% Yes: 31%

for who does what in extra time? (Q17) No: 75% No: 69%

A change of strategy from group-stage matches Yes: 25% Yes: 29%

to knock-out matches in terms of starting team? (Q9) No: 75% No: 71%

A change of strategy from group stage matches Yes: 36% Yes: 41%

to knock-out matches in terms of substitutions? (Q10) No: 64% No: 59%

Have you ever put a player on the bench for a knockout match Yes: 22% Yes: 22%

who you would have started with, in a group match? (Q11) No: 78% No: 78%

A strategy for changing playing positions during a match Yes: 78% Yes: 71%

to ensure that the team can cope physically? (Q13) No: 22% No: 29%

Always: 18% Always: 19%

Inclusion of the possibility of a match going to extra time Often: 20% Often: 16%

in your pre-match tactics? (Q26) Rarely: 48% Rarely: 50%

Never: 14% Never: 15%

44

do not have plans of incorporating elements of extra time and penalties in their preparation, even though,

admittedly, it is not straight forward to arrange 120-minute high-level games or penalty shootouts with the

same an intensity, atmosphere and importance that comes just near the World Cup or Euro situation. On

the other hand, it is easy to practice tactical elements related to knockout games and extra time, and it is

also easy to present incorporate the possibility of a match going to extra time in the pre-match tactics

(Question 26). However, 61% (41 of 67) of head coaches and 65% (20 of 31) of fitness coaches report that

they “never” or “rarely” including this in their pre-match tactics (Table 15). And for the 31% (21 of 67) of

head coaches that answered no to Questions 6-8, 81% (17 of 21) state that they “never” or “rarely” include

the extra time issue in the pre-match tactics before a knockout game.

When a knockout match is level after ordinary playing time, a 5-min period is given before

the start of the first half of extra time, and about 1 min is given as half-time before the second half of the

extra time. If a team has not had any information about the strategy and tactics related to an extra time

situation, the 5- and 1-min period are a coach’ best options for giving team based advice. However,

historically these situations have often looked quite chaotic with 30 people from each of the two teams in a

relatively small area on the pitch, with 11 players, 12 substitutes and many staff members, often taking

care of hydration, energy provision, massage, injury treatment, tactical preparations and pep-talks at the

same time.

In the survey for top coaches a specific question was therefore asked whether the coaches

“have a detailed plan for the Coaching Team for who does what in extra time, including division of

responsibilities between head coach, assistant coach, fitness coach, team assistant, physio, etc.” (Table 15,

Question 17). As many as 75% (50 of 67) of the head coaches and 71% (22 of 31) of fitness coaches said no

to this question, including 100% of the 17 head coaches that answered no to questions 6-8 and also stated

that they “never” or “rarely” include the extra-time issue in the pre-match tactics before a knockout game.

Clearly some coaches are not optimally prepared for 120-minute matches.

45

6. Up-to-date physical, tactical and technical 120-minute match analyses –

results and discussion

The seven 120-minute matches that were used for in-depth technical-tactical-physical analyses comprised

five EURO 2016 matches and two Champions League finals. Four of these matches were decided in penalty

shootouts and three in extra time. The four matches decided in penalty shootouts all ended 1-1 after 90

minutes and produced no goals in extra time; namely Switzerland vs Poland (Round of 16), Germany vs Italy

(quarter-final), Poland vs Portugal (quarter-final) and Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid (2015-16 Champions

League final). The three matches decided in extra time were Portugal’s two 1-0 wins versus Poland

(quarter-final) and France (final) and Real Madrid’s 3-0 win versus Atlético Madrid in the 2013-14

Champions League final. In these matches, a total of 10 goals were scored in ordinary time and five goals in

extra time, with three goals scored in the last 15 minutes of the first half of ordinary time, four in the last

15 minutes of the second half of ordinary time and five in the second half of extra time (Table 16). Three of

the five goals in extra time were scored by substitutes. Overall, these matches appear reasonably

representative of recent 120-minute matches in major tournaments in respect of number of goals, goal-

scoring patterns, goals by substitutes and percentage of matches decided in penalty shootouts. In this

chapter, the technical-tactical-physical results of the in-depth analyses will be presented, focusing on

performance during the course of games (section 6.1), playing positions (section 6.2), performance of

substitutes compared with whole-match players (section 6.3) and team performance (section 6.4).

6.1 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches – team

level

Analysing the seven 120-minute top-level matches as a whole, it can be seen that the number of shots at

goal was highest in the final 15 minutes of the first half of ordinary time, the final 15 minutes of the second

half of ordinary time and the second half of extra time, with a range of 34 to 40 shots at goal and 12 of 15

goals during these three periods compared to 20 to 27 shots and three of 15 goals during the other five

periods, corresponding to 48% of shots and 80% of goals during these three periods, which account for

about 40% of playing time, including additional time. The overall passing success rate was observed to be

constant throughout the game, except for a slightly lower value in the initial 15-minute period of the game,

whereas the number of passes was constant throughout ordinary time but decreased by an average of 21%

in extra time. This may be partly due to the decrease in effective playing time from about 64 and 63% in the

46

first and second halves of ordinary time to 56% in extra time, with individual values ranging from 60-70% in

ordinary time and 47-62% in extra time (see head-to-head match tables, section 6.4).

The highest values for deliveries at last third, deliveries in the penalty area and solo runs at

last third were observed from 75-90 minutes of ordinary time, with no differences between average values

for extra time and ordinary time. The highest values for solo runs into the penalty area were seen in extra

time, especially the second half of extra time, mostly due to substitutes (see section 6.3).

Table 16

Table 16: Technical-tactical team performance in 15-minute periods of seven recent top-level 120-minute matches.

With regard to physical performance, the analysis incorporated just six 120-matches; the five

EURO 2016 games and the 2015-16 Champions League final. It was seen that the amount of high-intensity

running above 14 km/h decreased by 22% from the first to the last 15-minute period of ordinary time,

whereas total distance covered only decreased by 11% (Fig. 8). These observations are similar to several

recent reports on 90-minute top-level football in Italy, Spain and England (Bradley et al., 2015; Fransson et

al., 2016) and emphasise that it is intensity rather than total distance covered that changes towards the

end of ordinary playing time. In extra time, the amount of high-intensity running was further reduced to

70% of initial values from 90 to 105 minutes and back to 77% of initial values from 105 to 120 minutes.

Over the whole of full extra time, the amount of high-intensity running per minute of playing

time was decreased by 27% compared to the initial 15-minute period, with total distance reduced by 16%

(Fig. 8). Another very interesting finding is that the number of sprints per minute, with sprinting defined as

running at speeds above 25 km/h, decreased by 28 and 22% in extra time compared to the first and second

half of ordinary time. These values are new, but somewhat anticipated by the top coaches in the 120-

minute match survey, who responded 31% (fitness coaches) and 46% (head coaches) when asked how

Technical-tactical team performance in 15-minute periods of 120-minute matches

5 EURO 2016 matches and 2 Champions League finals (2013-14 and 2015-16)

0-15 15-30 30-45+ 45-60 60-75 75-90+ 90-105+ 105-120+

Shot attempts (sum, n) 25 20 34 23 27 37 27 40

Shot succes rate (%) 32 15 28 36 28 48 23 33

Number of goals (sum, n) 2 0 3 0 1 4 0 5

Fraction of goals (%) 13 0 20 0 7 27 0 33

Passes attempted (average, n) 85 77 83 80 74 89 72 56

Succes rate (%) 78.5 81.5 81.9 81.2 81.8 82.3 82.4 82.1

Deliveries at last third (average pr match, n) 5.8 5.6 6.8 5.6 6.7 8.6 6.4 5.9

Deliveries in penalty area (average pr match, n) 2.1 1.9 3.9 2.1 3.1 4.6 2.3 3.6

Solo runs at last third (average pr match, n) 4.4 3.7 5.1 4.6 6.3 6.3 4.7 4.6

Solo runs into penalty area (average pr match, n) 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0

47

much they “expect the amount of high-intensity running to decrease in the final 30 minutes of a 120-

minute match for players who have played the whole match” (Question 21, Table 13).

Figure 8

Figure 8: Distance covered with high-intensity running (>14 km/h, open symbols) and in total (closed symbols) in 15-minute periods for all outfield players in six 120-minute matches in UEFA EURO 2016 and the 2015-16 CL final.

6.2 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches – playing

position

The tracking data can also be used to describe the differences between the various playing positions, with

outfield players categorised as either central defenders (CD), full backs (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide

midfielders (WD) and forwards (FW) in accordance with the definitions of UEFA’s technical department.

When looking at the passing patterns for these playing positions, large differences were observed, with

central midfielders and central defenders frequently making many more passes in possession play than

forwards (80–105% more), but also than full backs and wide midfielders (40–60% more). The average

success rate showed the same pattern, with the highest success rates for central midfielders and central

defenders (87–89%), then full backs and wide midfielders (79–82%), and finally forwards with the lowest

Time (min)

Dis

tan

ce

co

ve

red

(%

fir

st

15

-min

)

0

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Total distance covered

High intensity running >14 km/h

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30

48

success rate (72%). The recorded number of successful passes is therefore related to the many low-risk

passes in possession play, which is about twice as high as for central midfielders and central defenders than

for forwards with full backs and wide midfielders in between (Fig. 9). The tracking analyses also revealed

that, whilst the success rate for passes is equal to or even higher in extra time for players in the various

playing positions, both the total number of passes and the number of successful passes decrease markedly

in extra time. This is a finding that warrants further study, but it may to some degree relate to players

taking longer breaks for recovery and time-wasting, producing less effective playing time. However, it is

also likely to be due to other changes in tactics, with some teams using fewer passes per attack, longer

passes and more situations with fast transitions/counter-attacks towards the end of extra time, as the

number of passes decreases more than the decrease in effective playing time.

Figure 9

Figure 9: Number of passes (top left), success rate for passes (top right) and number of successful passes (bottom) for central defenders, full backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders and forwards in 15-minute periods for all outfield

players in six 120-minute matches in UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2015-16 Champions League final.

Nu

mb

er

of

pa

ss

es

(n

/min

)

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

Central defenders

Fullbacks

Central midfielders

Wide midfielders

Forwards

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30

Extra timeFirst half Second half

Su

cc

es

rate

fo

r p

as

se

s (

%)

0

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Central defenders

Fullbacks

Central midfielders

Wide midfielders

Forwards

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


Nu

mb

er

of

su

ccesfu

l p

asses (

n)

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7Central defenders

Fullbacks

Central midfielders

Wide midfielders

Forwards

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


49

With regards to the physical demands of 120-minute matches it is clear that the running performance

varies tremendously between playing positions, with wide midfielders (65% more), forwards (53% more),

central midfielders (51% more) and full backs (50% more) covering much more distance with high intensity

running than central defenders (Fig. 10a). For all playing positions there is a marked decrease in high

intensity running as the match progresses, with 21-28% lower values of high intensity running from 75-90

minutes compared to the initial 15-minute period, and a further decrement in high intensity running in the

first half of extra time (23-31% lower than from 0-15%), and a slightly higher amount of high intensity

running in the second compared to the first half of extra time for all playing positions. When investigating

the average response for playing positions, it seems as if all outfield playing positions except central

defenders are highly taxed in in the investigated 120-minute games, with impressive values for high

intensity running (Fig. 10a).

Almost all scientific show very high running distances and sprint distances for wide

midfielders, whereas the physical performances of forwards differ between studies conducted in Italy and

Spain with high demands for forwards compared to the English Premier League with high sprint distances

but medium high intensity distances (Mohr et al. 2003, Bradley et al. 2009, Fransson et al. 2016).

Interestingly, a large majority of the head coaches (78%) as well as fitness coaches (71%) also reported that

they have “a strategy for potentially changing playing positions of key players during a match to ensure that

the team can cope physically” (Question 15). Such considerations make absolute good sense as the present

investigation shows that 120-minute matches results in severe fatigue for many of the important players in

a team and as the physical demands varies markedly between positions and also between individual

players in the same positon line according to playing style.

Another finding worth noting is that the total distance covered was almost equal for full

backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders and forwards with differences over the full 120-minute match

of less than 6% (Fig. 10b), with central defenders covering 8-15% less ground than the four other outfield.

As the 120-minute match progressed only small changes were seen in total distance covered with 9-13%

changes from 0-15 minutes to 75-90 minutes, and a 17% lower total distance covered in extra time from

90-105 minutes and 105-120 minutes, which may be related to less walking and low intensity running due

to 10% less effective playing time (Fig. 10b). Together this provide further evidence that the “movement

distance” is not a good indicator of physical performance in elite football, as it does not distinguish

between playing position, level of competition and does not provide a proper insight in match-specific

fatigue development (Krustrup et al. 2006, Mohr et al. 2003, 2010, Mohr and Krustrup 2013), albeit

50

frequently used as the main indicator for physical performance in the media coverage of major

tournaments and sometimes also prioritized to much in educational material for elite football coaches.

Figure 10

A

B

Figure 10: Amount of high-intensity running (A, >14 km/h) and total distance covered (B) for central defenders, full backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders and forwards in 15-minute periods for all

outfield players in six 120-minute matches in UEFA EURO 2016 and the 2015-16 Champions League final.

Hig

h in

ten

sit

y r

un

nin

g (

>1

4 k

m/h

, m

/min

)

0

10

20

30

40

50 Central defenders

Fullbacks

Central midfielders

Wide midfielders

Forwards

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


To

tal d

ista

nc

e c

ov

ere

d (

m/m

in)

0

25

50

75

100

125

150 Central defenders

Fullbacks

Central midfielders

Wide midfielders

Forwards

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


51

6.3 Physical, tactical and technical performance in 120-minute matches by

substitutes

Considering the many goals scored by substitutes in extra time in major tournaments since the introduction

of the three-sub rule in 1995, it is also of great interest to perform in-depth analyses of the physical, tactical

and technical performance of substitutes in 120-minute matches in comparison to players who play the

whole game. Along the same lines as described in the previous paragraph, there is a lot of focus on total

distance covered in media coverage and football reports, but also on success rate of passes. Interestingly,

the present analyses revealed that substitutes cover only 13% more distance in the periods 75–90, 90–105

and 105–120 minutes than the whole-match players, and they actually have a lower overall passing success

rate, with 77, 77 and 78% for the three final 15-minute periods compared to 84% for whole-match players.

This difference is not only due to the fact that 56% of the substitutes are forwards and

attackers (22 of 39), who have the lowest average success rate of the five outfield playing positions, as it

was also observed that the average passing success rate was lower for forwards coming on as substitutes

than for whole-match forwards, and also lower for wide midfielders coming on as substitutes than for

whole-match wide midfielders. Does this mean that the 39 substitutes did not contribute significantly to

team performance? Not at all. Many of the other analyses revealed a marked contribution both to physical

and technical-tactical performance.

The tracking data show that substitutes perform 42% more sprints in extra time than whole-

match players (Fig. 12). These differences correspond to an average time between sprints in extra time of 6

minutes and 12 seconds for whole-match players and 3 minutes and 34 seconds for substitutes, which will

give an additional 13-14 sprints on average if all three substitutes are used. Actually, this difference is huge,

but close to what was expected by the top coaches based on the 120-minute match survey. When asked

“How many extra sprint metres do you think that substitutes cover during extra time compared to players

who have played the whole match?”, the average estimate was 49% for head coaches and 47% for fitness

coaches (Question 22, see Table 13), albeit it should be mentioned that the estimated values different

markedly among the top coaches, with ranges from 0-200%.

52

Figure 11

Figure 11: Total distance covered (A) and success rate of passes in 15-minute periods during 120-minute matches for whole-match players compared to substitutes in six 120-minute

matches in UEFA EURO 2016 and the 2015-16 Champions League final.

To

tal d

ista

nc

e c

ov

ere

d (

m/m

in)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140Full match players

Substitutes

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Su

ccess r

ate

of

passes (

%)

0

20

40

60

80

100 Full match players

Substitutes

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Time (min)

53

Also when looking at distances covered with high-intensity running (14–20 km/h) and

distances coved with very-high-intensity running (>20 km/h), there are huge differences in physical

performance by substitutes compared to whole-match players. The consistent finding is that “the higher

the speeds, the greater the difference”, as substitutes perform 35% more running at speeds between 14

and 20 km/h, both from 75 to 90 minutes and in extra time (Fig. 13) and cover about 50% more distance

with very-high-intensity running above 20 km/h in the periods 75–90, 90–105 and 105–120 minutes (Fig.

13). The 15-minute patterns also indicate that the reason for the difference is primarily the fact that whole-

match players are fatigued, as it can be seen that the performances of substitutes roughly corresponds to

the performance of whole-match players in the initial part of the game.

Figure 12

Figure 12: The average time between sprints (>25 km/h) during the first half, second half and extra time of whole-match players (black bars) and during the second half and extra time by substitutes (grey bars)

in six 120-minute matches in UEFA EURO 2016 and the 2015-16 Champions League final.

First half Second half Extra time

Av

era

ge

tim

e b

etw

ee

n s

pri

nts

(m

in)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Full time players (n=109)

Substitutes (n=39)

54

Figure 13

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Time (min)

Hig

h in

ten

sit

y r

un

nin

g (

14-2

0 k

m/t

; m

/min

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Full match players

Substitutes

Ve

ry h

igh

in

t ru

n (

>2

0 k

m/h

, m

/min

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 Full match players

Substitutes

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Time (min)

Figure 13: Distance covered with high-intensity running (14–20 km/h, top) and very-high-intensity running

(>20 km/h, bottom) in 15-minute periods during 120-minute matches for whole-match players compared to substitutes in six 120-minute matches in UEFA EURO 2016 and the 2015-16 Champions League final.

However, football is much more than sprinting and high-intensity running and an obvious

question is whether some of these sprints are used in a way that increases football performance. The

results seem to support the notion that substitutes are really useful in the battle for greater tactical

flexibility, player initiative and overall improved football performance in extra time. Apart from the fact

55

that substitutes scored in the second half of extra time in three of the seven matches analysed for

technical-tactical performance, it was also observed that the substitutes made many more solo runs into

the penalty area than the whole-match players, from 75 to 90 minutes and from 90 to 105 minutes and 105

to 120 minutes, with a three-fold difference in extra time (Fig. 14). Moreover, the number of shots at goal,

another good measure of football-related initiative, was twice as high for substitutes in the last 15 minutes

of extra time than for whole-match players (Fig. 14). In all, these observations may provide some input on

why substitutes score so many goals in the second half of extra time. Firstly, the data show that the

physical surplus seems to be bigger in the second half of extra time, and secondly there are many indicators

of initiative from substitutes in this last phase of extra time, including repeated solo runs into the penalty

area and numerous shots at goal. For forwards and wide midfielders, we even see an increase in the

success rate for passes in this time period. The good performance of substitutes from 105 to 120 minutes

after being sent onto the pitch some 30 minutes earlier may be speculated to be the result of a

combination of substitutes becoming physically much stronger than the other players and gradually more

self-confident and technically/tactically successful.

Figure 14

Fig. 14: Shots at goal (left panel) and solo runs into the penalty area for substitutes and full time players

in 15-min periods of seven 120-min matches in the UEFA Euro 2016 and UEFA Champions League.

Sh

ots

at

go

al (n

/min

)

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030 Full match players

Substitutes

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Time (min)

So

loru

ns in

to p

en

alt

y a

rea (

n/m

in)

0,000

0,003

0,006

0,009

0,012

0,015Full match players

Substitutes

0-15 15-30 30-45+

45-60 60-75 75-90+

90-105+

105-120+

Time (min)

56

6.4. The seven 120-minute matches for tracking analyses – head to head

Last, but not least, the data from the seven 120-minute matches used for the technical-tactical-physical

tracking analyses have been listed with key performances of the two teams head-to-head for ordinary time,

extra time and the entire 120-minute match. A whole Pro Licence assignment could probably be written

about these unforgettable dramas and the tactical, technical, mental and physical challenges in each of

them, focusing on themes such as: the record-high success rate in 120-minute matches for Germany (73%,

11 of 15, with five wins in extra time); the historic and impressive three successive victories in 120-minute

matches in the same tournament for Portugal, even though the statistics showed that 15 of 20 teams

before them had lost a second 120-minute match in the same tournament; and the differences and

similarities between the two Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Champions League finals in the 2013-14 and

2015-16 seasons.

The head-to-head data are provided for further studies on Germany’s performances,

including partial data from the 2014 FIFA World Cup final, in which substitute Mario Götze scored the only

goal after 113 minutes to win the title for Germany, who appeared fit and dominant in that match (see

page 48). Likewise, the head-to-head charts for Portugal’s 120-minute matches played on 25 May 25, 30

May and 10 June (the 90-minute semi-final against Wales was played on 6 July) provide an opportunity to

compare the matches. It may be noted here that the successive 120-minute matches did seem to cause

lowered sprint and very-high-intensity running both in extra time and ordinary time for the whole-match

players (head-to-head charts and Appendix 6) and to necessitate fresh starters like Sanches and the

“golden substitutions”; in the Round of 16, Quaresma scored after 117 minutes following energetic runs in

the Sanches-Ronaldo counterattack, while in the final Éder scored after 109 minutes with a powerful long-

range shot after holding off Koscielny. To end this assignment about 120-minute matches, just a few data

and some input will be provided on the two Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid clashes.

In the 2014-final, when both coaches had made their 3 substitutions and Real Madrid’s

Sergio Ramos had equalized in overtime, after a 90-minute game where Atlético Madrid had performed

much more high intensity running and sprinting than Real Madrid, the extra time was clearly dominated by

Real Madrid with fresher and more confident players. In extra time Real Madrid had 7 vs 2 shots on target

as well as 7 vs 2 penetrations into the penalty are in extra time, a much higher success rate of long (57 vs

24%) and medium passes (84 vs 64%), and many more sprints (21%) and more high intensity distance

59

covered (22%) than the tired and cramping Atlético Madrid players. The three high-speed actions by Di

Maria, substitute Marcelo and Ronaldo, penetrating through the static Atlético Madrid defense were

decisive, leading to the three goals after 115’, 118’ and 120’ minutes with Bales athletic header, Marcelo’s

long shot and Ronaldo’s penalty goal.

In 2016, things were somewhat different when reaching extra time. As had been done in

2014 with substitutions for Real Madrid after 60, 60 and 80’, Zidane made his third and last substitution

after 78’ when the score was 1-0. One minute later substitute Carrasco equalized. In ordinary time, the two

teams had been quite equal in terms of possession, penetrating passes, shots at goal, etc, but again Atlético

had been running much more in ordinary time than Real Madrid, 37% more high intensity running and 12%

more sprints. However, going into extra time Real got gradually bigger and bigger problems with injuries,

first Bale and Marcelo, then Modrić and Ronaldo. No substitutions left for Real Madrid, but still two left for

Simeone and Atlético Madrid. Analyses of the high intensity running and total distance covered by these

four players can be seen below in comparison to the remaining 6 outfield Real Madrid players.

Figure 15

Time (min)

To

tal d

ista

nc

e c

ov

ere

d (

m)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


Hig

h in

ten

sit

y r

un

nin

g (

m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600Injured Player 1

Injured Player 2

Injured Player 3

Injured Player 4

Average of the other6 outfield players

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30


Figure 15: High-intensity running (>14 km/h) and total distance covered for selected players in the

Real Madrid squad (left-hand side ) and for the full Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid teams

(right-hand side) in 15-minute periods of the 2015-16 UEFA Champions League final.

.

Time (min)

To

tal d

ista

nc

e c

ove

red

(k

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Atlético Madrid

Real Madrid

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30

Time (min)

Hig

h in

ten

sit

y r

un

nin

g (

km

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Atlético Madrid

Real Madrid

0-15 60-75 75-90+

105-120+

30-45+

45-60 90-105+

15-30

60

Interestingly, all four had much lower scores for high intensity running the remaining Real

Madrid players who did their best to counteract the lack of running from the four injured players and

actually did, perhaps because three of them very fresh substitutes (Fig. 15). Nonetheless, this seemed like a

golden opportunity for Atlético Madrid. Whether it was fatigue, mental stress and bad memories from the

2013-2014 final that drained the Atlético Madrid players for energy and confidence or lack of tactical

flexibility from the head coach is difficult to say, but Atlético Madrid played very defensively with 8-9

players defending on their own one-fourth of the pitch and they had very few players in front of the ball in

the transitions, and few players in the penalty area for infrequent crosses.

In the survey for top coaches on 120-minute matches, as many as 78% of coaches and 88%

of fitness coaches stated that “they will gamble on winning in extra time rather than wait and gamble on

winning in the penalty shootout”.

Photos from extra time and the penalty shootout in the UEFA Champions League final between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid on 28 May 2016 at the San Siro.

61

Admittedly, the pressure is tremendous in extra time in a Champions League final, and there

are many factors influencing tactical flexibility, including awareness of fatigue and injuries in your own

squad, and Atlético Madrid did end up making two very late injury-related substitutions after 115 and 121

minutes. From the outside, however, it did seem that no offensive strategies were used and no obvious

risks taken to exploit Real Madrid’s injuries. It ended up with an extra-time period in which the two teams

performed an equal number of sprints and an equal amount of very-high-intensity running, with Real

Madrid having more attempts on goal (11 vs 3), more attempts on target (2 vs 0), more penetrations into

the penalty area (seven vs four), and more passes and solo runs into the final third (23 vs 15). The match

ended up going to penalties, with Real’s Marcelo, Bale and Ronaldo still suffering from their injuries, Bale

limping heavily before and after his successful penalty. All of them cheered and celebrated their team’s

penalty successes, with Marcelo hammering his chest in triumph. Contrastingly, Griezmann was looking

down, his face in agony, after his own successful penalty. Penalty shootout research tells us that the team

that celebrates individual success will ultimately have team success. It happened that night at the San Siro.

62

7. Conclusions and perspectives

The 90-minute elite football match has been well described, whereas the 120-minute match has been

scientifically understudied. Given the gradual increase in the number of teams and knockout rounds in the

FIFA World Cup, UEFA EUROs and UEFA Champions League, the time is right for in-depth analyses of the

physical, tactical, technical and mental challenges of the 120-minute game in major tournaments. The

methodological approaches adopted in this assignment, including a comprehensive database search, an

online questionnaire on coaches’ views on and work with 120-minute matches and in-depth tracking

analyses of seven recent top-level 120-minute matches, have generated new and important insight into the

nature and historical development of the 120-minute match.

Firstly, it can be concluded that the prevalence of 120-minute matches is enormously high

for medallists and trophy winners in FIFA World Cups and UEFA EUROs, and that this prevalence is

underestimated by top coaches and fitness coaches. Secondly, it is evident that the development of the

modern game, with a higher speed of play and greater tactical organisation, has resulted in even tougher

physical, tactical, technical and mental demands over 120 minutes, a higher percentage of goals towards

the end of extra time and more goals scored by substitutes brought on in ordinary playing time. In relation

to substitutes, data from high-resolution tracking analyses showed that they have a lower passing success

rate and cover roughly the same total distance as whole-match players, but that they perform 42% more

sprints in extra time and a greater number of key actions for football performance, such as solo runs into

the penalty area and shots on goals. This is an interesting finding for a number of reasons, one of which is

that the focus on total distance covered and passing success rate by the media, coach educators and

researchers is far from optimal and can lead to wrong conclusions when evaluating physical-tactical-

technical performance in modern top-level football.

Thirdly, based on the 120-minute match survey, it can be concluded that top-level head

coaches and fitness coaches are well aware of the importance of substitutes for winning 120-minute

matches given the higher degree of expected fatigue in whole-match players, and coaches support the idea

of allowing a forth substitution in extra time to improve team performance and tactical flexibility. On the

other hand, many coaches do not have a detailed strategy for how to prepare for and cope with the 120-

minute challenge, and they report that the possibility of extra time is not included in pre-match tactics and

they do not have a plan for the coaching team for who does what in extra time. Admittedly, there are a lot

of priority areas for a head coach and fitness coach in modern elite football, and it is no easy task to be

prepared on all levels for single or multiple 120-minute matches. However, there seems to be an open

window for improvements, and luckily several aspects of such preparation, including the physical, tactical,

63

mental and organisational aspects, will also improve the performance of both the players and the coaching

team in 90-minute matches. As 120-minute matches appear understudied, underrated and, in some

aspects, underprioritised, it seems fair to conclude: It’s time for some extra focus on extra time!

64

8. Acknowledgements

Many coaches, coaching instructors and fellow researchers have contributed to this assignment and the

UEFA Pro licence program as a whole. A special thanks to each of the 98 top coaches from 16 countries that

contributed to the project by participating in the online survey on 120-minute matches in international

football. Obviously, warm thanks to all the Danish UEFA Pro Licence coaches 2016-2017 for interesting

discussions, for sharing coaching experiences, ambitions and dreams, and for really good company: Bill Mc.

Leod Jacobsen, Brian Riemer, Christian Flindt Bjerg, Dennis Pedersen, Kim Engstrøm, Lars Friis, Martin Bloch

Pedersen, Morten Rutkjær, Michael Kryger, Morten Karlsen, Steffen Højer, Svend Graversen, Søren

Hermansen and Thomas Darlie Nørgaard. A special thank you to the Danish Pro Licence education team:

Peter Rudbæk, Technical Director of the Danish FA; Henrik Clausen, Coach Educator UEFA Pro at the Danish

FA; Mads Krogsgaard Rasmussen, Coach Education Coordinator at the Danish FA; and the two UEFA Pro

Licence supervisors Bent Christensen Arensøe and Uffe Pedersen. The efforts of Peter Rudbæk and Claus

Bretton-Meyer, CEO at the Danish FA, in sending a data request letter to UEFA are greatly appreciated, as is

the service provided by Andy Lockwood, Data Services Manager, UEFA Communications and Frank K.

Ludolph, Head of Football Education Services, UEFA National Associations Division. Likewise, a very big

thank you to university and coaching colleagues Morten Bredsgaard Randers Thomsen, Tobias Gosvig

Elstrup, Mads Madsen, Malte Nejst Larsen, Morten Rutkjær and Kenneth Heiner-Møller for sparring on the

questionnaire and the interpretation of physical-tactical-technical match analyses. Last, but certainly not

least, the assistance of international colleagues with distributing the questionnaire to top-level coaches in

Italy, Protugal, Germany, England and the Scandinavian countries is much appreciated, with warm thanks

to: Carlo Castagna, Head of Sports Science at Coverciano, Florence, Italy; João Brito, physiologist at the

Portuguese FA, Lisbon; Svein Arne Pettersen, Associate Professor in Sports Science in Tromsoe and former

Fitness Coach for Norway; Magni Mohr, Associate Professor at the University of the Faroe Islands in

Tórshavn plus Gothenburg in Sweden and current AFC Pro Licence instructor and former Head Coach on the

Faroes; Tim Meyer, Professor of Sports Medicine and Team Doctor for the German National team; and

Barry Drust, Professor of Exercise Physiology at John Moores University in Liverpool and former Fitness

Coach for England.

65

9. References

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Analysis of three World Cups. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(2), 48-58.

Barnes C, Archer DT, Hogg B, Bush M, Bradley PS. The evolution of physical and technical performance

parameters in the English Premier League. Int J Sports Med. 35(13):1095-1100.

Bendiksen M, Bischoff R, Randers MB, Mohr M, Rollo I, Suetta C, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P (2012). The

Copenhagen Soccer test: Physiological Response and Fatigue Development. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 44(8):

1595-1603.

Bush M, Archer DT, Barnes C, Hogg B, Bradley PS (2016). Longitudinal match performance characteristics of

UK and non-UK players in the English Premier League. Science and Medicine in Football, ISSN: 2473-3938.

2473-4446. Doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1233347.

Bush M, Barnes C, Archer DT, Hogg B, Bradley PS (2015). Evolution of match performance parameters for

various playing positions in the English Premier League. Hum Mov Sci. 39: 1-11.

Bradley PS, Archer DT, Hogg B, Schuth G, Bush M, Carling C, Barnes C (2016). Tier-specific evolution of

match performance characteristics in the English Premier League: it's getting tougher at the top.

J Sports Sci. 34(10): 980-987.

Bradley PS, Carling C, Archer D, Roberts J, Dodds A, Di Mascio M, Paul D, Diaz AG, Peart D, Krustrup P

(2011). The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA

Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci. 29(8): 821-830.

Bradley PS, Carling C, Gomez Diaz A, Hood P, Barnes C, Ade J, Boddy M, Krustrup P, Mohr M (2013). Match

performance and physical capacity of players in the top three competitive standards of English professional

soccer. Hum Mov Sci. 32(4): 808-821.

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwic/ujpa;jsessionid=2gr5q46mdriij.x-ic-live-02

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Bradley P, Mohr M, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Flindt M, Barnes C, Hood P, Andersen JL, Di Mascio M,

Bangsbo J, Krustrup P (2011). Sub-maximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2: heart

rate response, reproducibility and application to elite soccer. Eur J Appl Physiol. 111(6): 969-978.

Bradley PS, Sheldon W, Wooster B, Olsen PD, Boanas P, Krustrup P (2009). High-intensity running in English

FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci 27: 159–168.

Christensen PM, Krustrup P, Gunnarsson TP, Kiilerich K, Nybo L, Bangsbo J (2011). VO2 kinetics and

performance in soccer players after intense training and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(9): 1716-1724.

Edholm P, Krustrup P, Randers MB (2014). Half-time re-warm up increases performance capacity in male

elite soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports Apr 30. doi: 10.1111/sms.12236.

Gunnarsson TP, Bendiksen M, Bischoff R, Christensen PM, Lesivig B, Madsen K, Stephens F, Greenhaff P,

Krustrup P, Bangsbo J (2013). Effect of whey protein- and carbohydrate-enriched diet on glycogen

resynthesis during the first 48 h after a soccer game. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 23(4): 508-515.

Harper LD, Briggs MA, McNamee G, West DJ, Kilduff LP, Stevenson E, Russell M (2016a). Physiological and

performance effects of carbohydrate gels consumed prior to the extra-time period of prolonged simulated

soccer match-play. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(6): 509-514.

Harper LD, Clifford T, Briggs MA, McNamee G, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M (2016b). The Effects of 120

Minutes of Simulated Match Play on Indices of Acid-Base Balance in Professional Academy Soccer Players. J

Strength Cond Res. 30(6): 1517-1524.

Harper LD, Fothergill M, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M (2016c). Practitioners' Perceptions of the Soccer

Extra-Time Period: Implications for Future Research. PLoS One 11(7): e0157687.

Harper LD, Hunter R, Parker P, Goodall S, Thomas K, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M (2016d).

Test-retest reliability of physiological and performance responses to 120 minutes of simulated soccer

match-play. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 26950356.

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Harper LD, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M (2014). Technical performance reduces during the extra-time

period of professional soccer match-play. PLoS One 9(10): e110995.

Heisterberg MF, Fahrenkrug J, Krustrup P, Storskov A, Kjær M, Andersen JL (2013). Extensive monitoring

through multiple blood samples in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 27(5): 1260-1271.

Ingebrigtsen J, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Castagna C, Krustrup P, Holtermann A (2012). Yo-Yo IR2 testing

of elite and sub-elite soccer players: performance, heart rate response and correlations to other interval

tests. J Sports Sci. 30(13): 1337-1345.

Ingebrigtsen J, Shalfawi SA, Tønnessen E, Krustrup P, Holtermann A (2013). Performance effects of 6 weeks

of anaerobic production training in junior elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 27(7): 1861-1867.

Jordet G (2009). Why do English players fail in soccer penalty shootouts? A study of team status, self-

regulation, and choking under pressure. J Sports Sci. 27(2): 97-106.

Jordet G, Hartmen E (2008). Avoidance motivation and choking under pressure in soccer penalty shootouts.

J Sport Exerc Psychol. 30(4):450-7. Erratum in: J Sport Exerc Psychol. 31(1):128-129.

Jordet G, Hartman E, Visscher C, Lemmink KA (2007). Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: the roles of

stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes. J Sports Sci. 25(2): 121-129.

Jordet G, Hartman E, Vuijk PJ (2012). Team history and choking under pressure in major soccer penalty

shootouts. Br J Psychol. 103(2): 268-283.

Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, Rysgaard T, Johansen J, Steensberg A, Pedersen PK, Bangsbo J (2003). The

Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.

35(4): 697-705.

Krustrup P, Mohr M, Bangsbo J (2005). Physical demands during an elite female soccer game: importance of

training status. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(7): 1242-1248.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19058088







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Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjær M, and Bangsbo J (2006). Muscle and Blood Metabolites

during a Soccer Game: Implications for Sprint Performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38(6): 1165-1174.

Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L, Jensen JM, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J (2006). The Yo-Yo IR2 test: physiological

response, reliability, and application to elite soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 38(9): 1666-1673.

Krustrup P, Ortenblad N, Nielsen J, Nybo L, Gunnarsson TP, Iaia FM, Madsen K, Stephens F, Greenhaff P,

Bangsbo J (2011). Maximal voluntary contraction force, SR function and glycogen resynthesis during the

first 72 h after a high-level competitive soccer game. Eur J Appl Physiol. 111(12): 2987-2995.

Krustrup P, Bradley PS, Christensen JF, Castagna C, Jackman S, Connolly L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Bangsbo J

(2015). The Yo-Yo IE2 Test: Physiological Response for Untrained Men vs Trained Soccer Players. Med Sci

Sports Exerc. 47(1): 100-108.

Krustrup P, Ermidis G, Mohr M (2015). Sodium bicarbonate intake improves high-intensity intermittent

exercise performance in trained young men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12:25 eCollection.

Marriott M, Krustrup P, Mohr M (2015). Ergogenic effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate

supplementation on intermittent exercise performance preceded by intense arm cranking exercise. J Int

Soc Sports Nutr. 12:13 e-collection.

Misirlisoy E, Haggard P (2014). Asymmetric predictability and cognitive competition in football penalty

shootouts. Curr Biol. 24(16): 1918-1922.

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J (2003). Match performance of top-level soccer players with special

reference to development of fatigue. J. Sports Sciences 21(7): 519-528.

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J (2005). Fatigue in soccer – a brief review. J. Sports Sci 23(6): 593-599.

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nielsen JJ, Nybo L, Rasmussen MK, Juel C, Bangsbo J (2007). Effect of two different

intense training regimens on skeletal muscle ion transport proteins and fatigue development. Am J Physiol.

Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 292(4): R1594-1602.



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Mohr M, Mujika I, Santisteban J, Randers MB, Bischoff R, Solano R, Hewitt A, Zubillaga A, Peltola E, Krustrup

P (2010). Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: a multi-experimental

approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20, Suppl 3: 125-132.

Mohr M, Krustrup P (2013). Heat stress impairs repeated jump ability after competitive elite soccer games.

J Strength Cond Res. 27(3): 683-689.

Mohr M, Krustrup P (2014). Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performances within an entire football league

during a full season. J Sports Sci. 32(4): 315-327.

Mohr M, Draganidis D, Chatzinikolaou A, Barbero-Álvarez JC, Castagna C, Douroudos I, Avloniti A, Margeli A,

Papassotiriou I, Flouris AD, Jamurtas AZ, Krustrup P, Fatouros IG (2016). Muscle damage, inflammatory,

immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players. Eur J

Appl Physiol. 116(1): 179-193.

Moll T, Jordet G, Pepping GJ (2010). Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: celebration of

individual success is associated with ultimate team success. J Sports Sci. 28(9): 983-992.

Pettersen SA, Krustrup P, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Brito J, Bangsbo J, Jin Y, Mohr M (2014). Caffeine

supplementation does not affect match activities and fatigue resistance during match play in young football

players. J Sports Sci. 32(20): 1958-1965.

Randers MB, Mujika I, Hewitt A, Santisteban J, Bischoff R, Solano R, Zubillaga A, Peltola E, Krustrup P, Mohr

M (2010). Application of four different football match analysis systems: a comparative study. J Sports Sci.

28(2): 171-182.

Russell M, Sparkes W, Northeast J, Kilduff LP (2015). Responses to a 120 min reserve team soccer match: a

case study focusing on the demands of extra time. J Sports Sci. 33(20): 2133-2139.

Wallace JL, Norton KI (2014). Evolution of World Cup soccer final games 1966–2010: Game structure, speed

and play patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 17(2): 223-228.





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Werlayne S, Leite S (2013). Euro 2012: Analysis and Evaluation of Goals Scored, International Journal of

Sports Science, 3(4), 102-106.

Wood G, Jordet G, Wilson MR (2015). On winning the "lottery": psychological preparation for football

penalty shoot-outs. J Sports Sci. 33(17): 1758-1765. Review.

Wylie LJ, Mohr M, Krustrup P, Jackman SR, Ermιdis G, Kelly J, Black MI, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM

(2013). Dietary nitrate supplementation improves team sport-specific intense intermittent exercise

performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 113(7): 1673-1684.

Yiannakos A, Armatas V (2004). Evaluation of the goal scoring patterns in European Championship in

Portugal 2004. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 6(1), 178-188.

Homepage links:

UEFA – European Championships: http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html

UEFA – Champions League: http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/index.html

FIFA – World Cup tournaments: http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/worldcup/index.html

FIFA - Laws of the game: www.FIFA.com/History of the Laws of the Game - 1990-2000



http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwic/ujpa

http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html

http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/history/index.html

http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/worldcup/index.html

http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-laws/1990-2000.html

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10. Author bio

Peter Krustrup is Professor of Sport and Health Sciences and Head of Football Research at the University of

Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, and Honorary Visiting Professor at Exeter University in England. He

is 46 years old and a world-leading expert in football science. He has given more than 175 keynote lectures

at football and sports science conferences all over the world and was chairman of the organising committee

of the World Congress of Science in Football in Denmark in 2015. He has authored 225 original research

articles, of which 85 deal with physical-tactical-technical match analyses, fatigue, recovery, training and

testing in elite football and another 120 with the fitness and health effects of football and other sports.

Peter Krustrup has been investigating elite football for almost 20 years. He started his pioneering research

in Football for Health back in 2003 and is now the leader of a group of 200 researchers in 18 countries. He

has played football since the age of 5 and is hoping that he is just about halfway through his career. He has

played 200 matches in the Danish 2nd and 3rd leagues and has been a football coach for a total of 15 years.

He became a UEFA A-Licence coach in 2010, was assistant coach to the Danish Women’s National Team

that won a bronze medal at EURO 2013 and is now in the final phase of the UEFA Pro-Licence programme.

11. Appendix list

Appendix 1: Comprehensive overview of all 120-minute matches in all FIFA World Cups, UEFA EUROs and

UEFA Champions League tournaments.

Appendix 2: Request letter to UEFA regarding tracking data on seven recent 120-minute matches.

Appendix 3: Questionnaire on coaches’ perception of 120-minute matches.

Appendix 4: Overview of 32 extra-time goals scored by 30 substitutes.

Appendix 5: Overview of the prevalence of 120-minute matches in FIFA World Cups and UEFA EUROs for

selected countries.

Appendix 6: Head-to-Head scheme of Portugal’s three 120-minute matches in the UEFA EURO 2016.

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12. Appendix 1-6

Appendix 1

The History of 120-min matches (PART 1) A comprehensive list of all 120-min matches in European Championships

(1960-2016) and World Cup tournaments (1930-2014):

UEFA Euro 2016 France (5 of 15 knock-out matches, 7 of 16 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 10 2016: Portugal-France, 0-0, 1-0 extra time Portugal win, Final (1 for 1 goal by substitute, Eder)

July 2 2016: Germany-Italy, 1-1, penalties, Germany win 6-5, Quarterfinal

June 30 2016: Poland-Portugal, 1-1, penalties, Portugal win, 3-5, Quarterfinal

June 25 2016: Switzerland-Poland, 1-1, penalties, Switzerland win, 5-4, Round of 16

June 25 2016: Croatia-Portugal, 0-0, 0-1 extra time, Portugal win, R16 (1 of 1 goal by sub, Quaresma)

World Cup 2014 Brazil (8 of 16 knock-out matches, 11 of 16 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 13 2014: Germany-Argentina, 0-0, 1-0 extra time, Germany win, Final (1 of 1 goal by substitute, Götze)

July 9 2014: Netherlands-Argentina, 0-0, penalties Argentina win, 2-4, Semifinal

July 5 2014: Netherlands-Costa Rica, 0-0, penalties Netherlands win, 4-3, Quarterfinal

July 1 2014: Belgium-USA, 0-0, 2-1 extra time, Belgium win, R16 (2 of 3 goals by substitutes, Green, Lukaku).

July 1 2014: Argentina-Switzerland, 0-0, 1-0 extra time, Argentina win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal by sub)

June 29 2014: Germany-Algeria, 1-1, 2-1 ext time, Germany win, R16 (2 of 3 goals by subs, Shürrle, Djabou)

June 29 2014: Costa Rica-Greece, 1-1, penalties Costa Rica win, 5-3, Round of 16

June 28 2014: Brazil-Chile, 1-1, penalties Brazil win, 3-2, Round of 16

UEFA Euro 2012 Poland/Ukraine (2 of 7 KO-matches, 4 of 8 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 25 2012: Portugal-Spain, 0-0, penalties Spain win, 2-4, Semifinal

June 24 2012: England-Italy, 0-0, penalties Italy win, 2-4, Quarterfinal

World Cup 2010 South Africa (4 of 16 KO-matches, 7 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalist, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 11 2010: Netherlands-Spain 0-0, 0-1 extra time, Spain win, Final (0 of 1 goal from substitute, Iniesta)

July 2 2010: Uruguay-Ghana 1-1, penalties Uruguay win, 4-2, Quarterfinal

June 29 2010: Paraguay-Japan 0-0, penalties Paraguay win, 5-3, Round of 16

June 26 2010: USA-Ghana, 1-1, 1-2 extra time, Ghana win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal from substitute, Gyan)

UEFA Euro 2008 Austria/Switzerland (3 of 8 KO, 6 of 8 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 22 2008: Spain-Italy, 0-0, penalties, Spain win, 4-2, Quarterfinal

June 21 2008: Netherlands-Russia, 1-1, 0-2 extra time, Russia win, Quarterfinal (1 of 2 by sub, Torbinski)

June 20 2008: Croatia-Turkey 0-0, 1-1 ext time, penalties, Turkey win, 1-3, Quarterfinal (2 of 2 goals scored

by substitutes, Klasnic, Sentürk)

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World Cup 2006 Germany (6 of 16 knock-out games, 9 of 16 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 9 2006: Italy-France 1-1, penalties, Italy win, 5-3, Final

July 4 2006: Germany-Italy 0-0, 0-2 extra time, Italy win, Semifinal (1 of 2 goals by substitute, Del Piero)

July 1 2006: England-Portugal 0-0, penalties, Portugal win, 1-3, Quarterfinal

June 30 2006: Germany-Argentina, 1-1, penalties, Germany win, 4-2, Quarterfinal

June 26 2006: Switzerland-Ukraine 0-0, penalties, Ukraine win, 0-3, Round of 16

June 24 2006: Argentina-Mexico 1-1, 1-0 extra time, Argentina win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal scored by sub)

UEFA Euro 2004 Portugal (3 of 7 knock-out matches, 6 of 8 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 1 2004: Greece-Czech Republic, 0-0, 1-0 extra time, Greece win, Semifinal (0 of 1 goal by sub)

June 26 2004: Sweden-Netherlands 0-0, penalties, Netherlands win, 4-5, Quarterfinal

June 24 2004: Portugal-England, 1-1, 1-1 ext, penalties, Portugal win, 6-5, Quarterfinal (1 of 2 by sub, Costa)

World Cup 2002 South Korea/Japan (5 of 16 KO, 7 of 16 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 0 of 2 finalists):

June 23 2002: Senegal-Turkey 0-0, 0-1 extra time Turkey win, Quarterfinal (1 of 1 goal by sub, Mansiz)

June 22 2002: Spain-South Korea, 1-1, penalties, South Korea win, 3-5, Quarterfinal

June 16 2002: Spain-Ireland, 1-1, penalties Spain win, 3-2, Round of 16

June 16 2002: Sweden-Senegal, 1-1, 0-1 extra time, Senegal win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal scored by sub)

June 16 2002: South Korea-Italy, 1-1, 1-0 extra time, South Korea win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal by sub)

UEFA Euro 2000 Belgium/Netherlands (3 of 7 KO, 4 of 8 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 2 2000, France-Italy 1-1, 1-0 extra time, France win, Final (1 of 1 goal of substitutes, Trezequet)

June 29 2000, Italy-Netherlands 0-0, penalties, Italy win, 3-1, Semifinal

June 28 2000, France-Portugal 1-1, 1-0 extra time, France win, Semifinal (0 of 1 goal of substitutes, pen)

World Cup 1998 France (4 of 16 knock-out matches, 7 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 7 1998: Brazil-Netherlands 0-0, penalties Brazil win, 4-2, Semifinal

July 2 1998: Italy-France, 0-0, penalties France win, 3-4, Quarterfinal

June 30 1998: Argentina-England, 2-2, penalties, Argentina win, 4-2, Round of 16

June 28 1998: France-Paraguay, 0-0, 1-0 extra time, France win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goals by substitute)

UEFA Euro 1996 England (5 of 7 knock-out matches, 6 of 8 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 30 1996, Germany-Czech Republic 1-1, 1-0 extra time, Germany win, Final (1 of 1 by sub, Bierhoff)

June 26 1996, Germany-England 1-1, penalties, Germany win, 6-5, Semifinal

June 26 1996, France-Czech Republic 0-0, penalties Czech Republic, 5-6, Semifinal

June 22 1996, France-Netherlands 0-0, penalties France win, 5-4, Quarterfinal

June 22 1996, Spain-England 0-0, penalties England win, 2-4, Quarterfinal

World Cup 1994 USA (4 of 16 knock-out matches, 7 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 17 1994: Brazil-Italy 0-0, penalties, Brazil win, 3-2, Final

July 10 1994: Rumania-Sweden, 1-1, 2-2 ext time, penalties, Sweden win, 4-5, Quarterfinal (0 of 2 by subs)

July 5 1994: Mexico-Bulgaria, 1-1, penalties Bulgaria win, 1-3, Round of 16

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July 5 1994: Nigeria-Italy, 1-1, 1-2 extra time, Italy win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goals scored by substitute, pen)

UEFA Euro 1992 Sweden (1 of 3 knock-out matches, 2 of 4 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 16 1992: Netherlands-Denmark, 2-2, penalties, Denmark win, 4-5, Semifinal

World Cup 1990 Italy (8 of 16 knock-out matches, 9 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 3 1990: Argentina-Italy, 1-1, penalties Argentina win, 4-3, Semifinal

July 3 1990: West Germany-England, 1-1, penalties, Germany win, 4-3, Semifinal

July 1 1990: England-Cameroun, 2-2, 3-2 extra time England win, Quarterfinal (0 of 1 goal by substitute)

June 30 1990: Argentina-Yugoslavia, 0-0, penalties Argentina win, 3-2, Quarterfinal

June 26 1990: Spain-Yugoslavia, 1-1, 0-1 extra time, Yugoslavia win, Round of 16 (0 of 1 goal by substitute)

June 26 1990: England-Belgium, 0-0, 1-0 extra time, England win, Round of 16 (1 of 1 goal by sub, Platt)

June 25 1990: Ireland-Rumania, 0-0, penalties, Ireland win, 5-4, Round of 16

June 23 1990: Cameroun-Columbia, 0-0, 2-1 extra time Cameroun win, R16, (3 of 3 by subs, Milla 2, Redin)

UEFA Euro 1988 West Germany (0 of 3 KO-matches, 0 of 4 teams, 0 of 4 semifinalists, 0 of 2 finalists):

No 120-min matches.

World Cup 1986 Mexico (4 of 16 knock-out matches, 7 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 22 1986: Spain-Belgium 1-1, penalties, Belgium win, 4-5, Quarterfinal

June 21 1986: West Germany-Mexico 0-0, penalties, Germany win, 4-1, Quarterfinal

June 21 1986: Brazil-France 1-1, penalties France win, 3-4, Quarterfinal

June 15 1986: Soviet Union-Belgium, 2-2, 3-4 extra time Belgium win, Round of 16 (0 of 3 goals by subs)

UEFA Euro 1984 France (2 of 3 knock-out matches, 4 of 4 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 23 1984: France-Portugal, 1-1, 2-1 extra time, France win, Semifinal (0 of 3 goals by substitutes)

June 24 1984: Denmark-Spain, 1-1, penalties, Spain win, 4-5, Semifinal

World Cup 1982 Spain (1 of 4 knock-out matches, 2 of 4 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

July 8 1982: West Germany-France, 1-1, 2-2 ext, penalties WG win, 5-4, Semi (1 of 4 by sub, Rummenigge)

UEFA Euro 1980 Italy (1 of 2 “knock-out matches”, final/third place, 0 finalists, 2 third-place candidates):

June 21 1980: Czechoslovakia-Italy, 1-1, penalties Czechoslovakia win, 9-8, Third place.

World Cup 1978 Argentina (1 of 2 knock-out matches, 2 of 4 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 25 1978: Argentina-Netherlands, 1-1, 2-0 extra time, Argentina win, Final (0 of 2 goals by substitutes)

UEFA Euro 1976 Yugoslavia (4 of 4 “knock-out matches”, 4 of 4 teams, 4 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 20 1976: Czechoslovakia-West Germany, 2-2, penalties Czechoslovakia win, 5-3, Final

June 19 1976: Netherlands-Yugoslavia, 2-2, 1-0 extra time, Netherlands win, Third place (0 of 1 goal by sub)

June 17 1976: Yugoslavia-West Germany 2-2, 0-2 extra time, WG win, Semi (2 of 2 goals by sub, D Müller)

June 16 1976: Czechoslovakia-Netherlands, 1-1, 2-0 extra time, C win, Semifinal (1 of 2 goals by sub, Veselý)

World Cup 1974 West Germany (0 of 2 “knock-out matches, 0 of 4 teams, 0 of 2 finalists)

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No 120-min matches.

UEFA Euro 1972 Belgium (0 of 4 knock-out matches, 0 of 4 teams, 0 of 4 semifinalists, 0 of 2 finalists):

No 120-min matches.

World Cup 1970 Mexico (3 of 8 knock-out matches, 2 of 4 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

June 17 1970: Italy-West Germany, 1-1, 3-2 extra time, Italy win, Semifinal (1 of 5 goals by sub, Rivera)

June 14 1970: West Germany-England, 2-2, 3-2 extra time, West Germany win, Quarterfinal (0 of 1 by sub)

June 14 1970: Uruguay-Soviet Union 0-0, 1-0 extra time, Uruguay Quarterfinal (1 of 1 by sub, Esparrago)

UEFA Euro 1968 Italy (Replay-rule, no extra-time/penalties):

No 120-min matches, but two finals between Italy-Yugoslavia, after 1-1 in the first final.

World Cup 1966 England (1 of 8 “knock-out matches”, 2 of 8 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists)

July 30 1966: England-West Germany 2-2, 2-0 extra time, England win, Final (no subs)

UEFA Euro 1964 Spain (2 of 4 “knock-out matches”, 3 of 4 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 20 1964: Hungary-Denmark, 1-1, 2-0 extra time, Hungary win, Third place (no subs)

June 17 1964: Spain-Hungary, 1-1, 1-0 extra time, Spain win, Semifinal (no subs)

World Cup 1962 Chile (0 of 8 knock-out matches, 0 teams of 8, 0 of 4 semifinalists, 0 of 2 finalists):

No 120-min matches.

UEFA Euro 1960 France (1 of 4 “knock-out matches”, 2 of 4 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

July 10 1960: USSR-Yugoslavia, 1-1, 1-0 extra time, USSR win, Final (no subs)

World Cup 1958 Sweden (Two group stages, no knock-out phase):

No 120-min matches.

World Cup 1954 Switzerland (1 of 8 knock-out matches, 2 of 8 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 30 1954: Hungary-Uruguay, 2-2, 4-2 extra time, Hungary win, Semifinal, 0 of 2 goals by substitute

World Cup 1950 Brazil (No knock-out matches, two group stages):

No 120-min matches.

World Cup 1938 France (3 of 19 knock-out matches, 6 of 16 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

No penalty-rule, replay if a draw after extra time June 5 1938: Brazil-Poland, 4-4, 6-5 extra time, Brazil win, Round of 16 June 5 1938: Italy-Norway 1-1, 2-1 extra time, Italy win, Round of 16 June 5 1938: Czechoslovakia-Netherlands, 0-0, 3-0 extra time Czechoslovakia win, Round of 16 World Cup 1934 Italy (1 of 8 knock-out matches, 2 of 8 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 1 of 2 finalists):

June 10 1934: Italy-Czechoslovakia, 1-1, 2-1 extra time, Final

World Cup 1930 Uruguay (0 of 3 knock-out matches, 0 of 4 teams, 0 of 4 semifinalists, 0 of 2 finalists):

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No 120-min matches

The History of 120-min matches (PART 2) A comprehensive list of all 120-min matches in Champions League

(European Championship) tournaments (1955/56-2015/16):

Champions League 2015-2016 (3 of 15 KO-matches, 5 of 16 teams, 3 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

May 28 2016: Real Madrid – Atletico Madrid, 1-1, penalties Real Madrid win, 5-3, Final

March 16 2016: Bayern Münich-Juventus, 2-2, 2-0 extra time Bayern Münich win, Round of 16

March 15 2016: Atletico Madrid-PSV, penalties Atletico Madrid win, 8-7, Round of 16


March 17 2015: Atletico Madrid-Bayern Leverkusen, 1-0 (Agg: 1-1), penalties Atletico win, 3-2, Round of 16


May 24 2014: Real Madrid-Atletico Madrid, 1-1, 0-3 extra time, Final. 1 of 3 goals by substitutes (Marcelo)


May 19 2012: Bayern München-Chelsea, 1-1, penalties Chelsea win, 3-4, Final

April 25 2012: Real Madrid-Bayern München, 2-1 (agg. 3-3), penalties Real Madrid win, 3-1, Semifinal

March 14 2012: Chelsea-Napoli, 3-1 (agg. 4-4), 1-0 extra time Chelsea win, Round of 16

March 7 2012: APOEL-Lyon, 1-0 (agg. 1-1), penalties APOEL win, 4-3, Round of 16


March 11 2009: Roma-Arsenal, 1-0 (agg. 1-1), penalties Roma win, 7-6, Round of 16


May 21 2008: Manchester United-Chelsea, 1-1, penalties Manchester United win, 6-5, Final

April 30 2008: Chelsea-Liverpool, 1-1 (agg. 2-2), 1-0 extra time Chelsea win, Semifinal

March 5 2008: Porto-Schalke 04, 1-0 (agg. 1-1), penalties Schalke 04 win, 1-4, Round of 16

March 4 2008: Sevilla-Fenerbache, 3-2 (agg. 5-5), penalties Sevilla win, 3-2, Round of 16


May 1 2007: Liverpool FC-Chelsea, 1-0 (agg. 1-1), penalties Liverpool FC win, 4-1, Semifinal

March 7 2007: AC Milan-Celtic, 0-0 (agg. 0-0), 1-0 extra time AC Milan win, Round of 16


May 25 2005: Milan-Liverpool FC, 3-3, penalties Liverpool FC win, 2-3, Final

April 13 2005: PSV Eindhoven-Lyon, 1-1 (agg. 2-2), penalties PSV Eindhoven win, 4-2, Quarterfinal

March 9 2005: Juventus FC-Real Madrid 1-0 (agg. 1-1), 1-0 extra time Juventus win, Round of 16


May 28 2003: AC Milan-Juventus, 0-0, penalties AC Milan win, 3-2, Final

77

April 22 2003: Barcelona-Juventus, 1-1 (agg. 2-2), 0-1 extra time Juventus win, Quarterfinal


May 23 2001: Bayern Münich-Valencia, 1-1, penalties Bayern Münich win, 5-4, Final


April 18 2000: Barcelona-Chelsea 3-1 (agg. 4-4), extra time 2-0 Barcelona win, Quarterfinal


March 18 1998: Dortmund-Bayern Münich 0-0, 1-0 extra time, Dortmund win, Quarterfinal


March 19 1997: Atletico Madrid-AFC Ajax 1-1 (agg. 2-2), 1-2 extra time, AFC Ajax win, Quarterfinal


May 22 1996: AFC Ajax-Juventus FC, 1-1, penalties, Juventus FC win, 2-4, Final

Eur Championship 1991-1992 (1 of 1 KO-matches, 2 of 2 teams, 2 of 2 finalists):

May 20 1992: Sampdoria-FC Barcelona, 0-0, 0-1 extra time, Barcelona win, Final

Eur Championship 1990-1991 (1 of 7 KO-matches, 2 of 8 teams, 2 of 4 semifinalists, 2 of 2 finalists):

May 29 1991: FC Crvena Zvezda-Marseille, 0-0, penalties FC Crvena Zvezda win, 5-3, Final


March 21 1990: AC Milan-Mechelen, 0-0 (agg. 0-0), 2-0 extra time, AC Milan win, Quarterfinal


March 15 1989: Real Madrid-PSV Eindhoven 1-1 (agg 2-2), 1-0 extra time Real Madrid win, Quarterfinal


May 25 1988: PSV Eindhoven-Benfica 0-0, penalties PSV win 6-5, Final


May 7 1986: FC Steaua Bukarest-FC Barcelona 1-1, 2-2 ex time, penalties FC Steaua Bukarest win, 2-0, Final

April 16 1986: Barcelona-Göteborg 3-0 (agg 3-3), penalties Barcelona win, 5-4, Semifinal


March 20 1985: Dnipro-Bordeaux, 1-1 (agg. 2-2), penalties Bordeaux win, 3-5, Quarterfinal


3May 30 1984: Roma-Liverpool FC 1-1, penalties Liverpool FC win, 2-4, Final


March 17 1982: CSKA Sofia-Liverpool FC, 1-0 (agg. 1-1), 1-0 extra time CSKA Sofia win, Quarterfinal


78

April 12 1978: Club Brügge-Juventus 1-0 (agg. 1-1), 1-0 extra time Club Brügge win, Semifinal

March 15 1978: Juventus-AFC Ajax 1-1 (agg. 2-2), penalties Juventus win, 3-0, Quarterfinal


March 17 1976: PSV Eindhoven-Hajduk Split 2-0 (agg. 2-2), 1-0 extra time PSV Eindhoven win, Quarterfinal

March 17 1976: St. Etienne-Dynamo Kyiv 2-0 (agg. 2-2), 1-0 extra time St. Etienne win, Quarterfinal


March 20 1974: Celtic-Basel, Quarterfinal, 3-2 (agg. 5-5), 1-0 extra time Celtic win, Quarterfinal

March 20 1974: Ujpest-Trnava, 1-1 (agg. 2-2), penalties Ujpest win, 4-3, Quarterfinal


April 19 1972: Celtic-Inter, 0-0, penalties Inter win, 4-5, Semifinal


May 6 1970: Feyenoord-Celtic 1-1, 1-0 extra time Feyenoord win, Final


May 29 1968: Manchester United-Benfica, 1-1, 3-0 extra time Manchester United win, Final

Extra time goals by Best, Kidd and Charlton


May 28 1958: Real Madrid-AC Milan 2-2, 1-0 extra time, Final, Gento scores after 107 min

79

Appendix 2

QUESTIONNAIRE ON 120-MINUTE MATCHES – FOR USE IN UEFA PRO-LICENSE ASSIGNMENT, P KRUSTRUP

Dear Coach/Assistant Coach/Fitness Coach,

Thank you for taking part in this investigation on “120-min matches” in World Cups, Euros, Champions

League and other high-level Cup Tournaments. The investigation is carried out by Professor Peter Krustrup,

University of Southern Denmark, with support from the Danish FA and UEFA, and includes an anonymous

questionnaires of 100 European top-class coaches as well as match analyses from 3 big tournaments from

2014-2016. The results will be used for a scientific article as well as P Krustrups UEFA Pro-License

assignment. Please answer the questions honestly, fast and in chronological order. It should not take more

than 10-15 min. Thank you very much in advance.

Question 1: Are you a head coach, assistant coach or fitness coach?

Question 2: How many years have you been an elite coach?

Question 3: Do you coach in Denmark or another country? If another country: Which country?

Question 4: If you made it to the finals of the European Championships or World Cup, how likely is it that

you would have to play extra time during the tournament? Give a %.

Question 5 A: How important do you consider physical fitness for winning in normal playing time? Give a

score of 1-5, where 1 is most important and 5 is least important.

Question 5 B: How important do you consider physical fitness for winning in extra time? Give a score of 1-5,

where 1 is most important and 5 is least important.

Question 5 C: How important is physical fitness for winning in a penalty shootout? Give a score of 1-5,

where 1 is most important and 5 is least important.

Question 6: Do you have plans to incorporate 120-minute matches with penalty shootouts into your

training leading up to finals? Yes or No.

Question 7: Do you have a detailed written strategy for how you will approach knock-out matches that may

require extra time and, specifically, how you will approach extra time? Yes or No.

Question 8: Do you practise elements of extra time as part of your training leading up to knock-out

matches? Yes or No.

80

Question 9: Does your strategy change from group matches to the knock-out phase in terms of your

starting team? Yes or No. If yes, how?

Question 10: Does your strategy change from group matches to the knock-out phase in terms of

substitutions? Yes or No. If yes, how?

Question 11: Have you ever put a player on the bench for a knock-out match who you would have started

with in a group match? Yes or No. If Yes, why?

Question 12 A: Which of the following aspects is most important for winning a 90-minute match? Place in

order of priority from 1-4, where 1 is the most important. Which of the following aspects is most important

for winning a 120-minute match? Place in order of priority from 1-4, where 1 is the most important.

Mental, Physical, Technical, Tactical aspects.

Question 12 B: Which of the following aspects is most important for winning a match in extra time? Place in

order of priority from 1-4, where 1 is the most important. Which of the following aspects is most important

for winning a 120-minute match? Place in order of priority from 1-4, where 1 is the most important.

Mental, Physical, Technical, Tactical aspects.

Question 12 C: Would you chance of winning a 120-min match be better or worse if your team had to play

extra time a second time in the same tournament. Better or Worse?

Question 13: Do you have a strategy for potentially changing playing positions of key players during a

match to ensure that the team can cope physically?

Question 14 A: Which playing positions are most important for winning in normal playing time?

Goalkeeper, Defence, Midfield, Attack.

Question 14 B: Which playing positions are most important for winning in extra time? Goalkeeper, Defence,

Midfield, Attack.

Question 15: In your opinion, who has the greatest impact on the outcome of a game that goes to extra

time? Players who play the whole match. Players who are brought on as substitutes in normal playing time.

Players who are brought on as substitutes in extra time.

Question 16: When you have been involved in extra time, what did you think was the likelihood of either

team winning the game without going to a penalty shootout? Give a % for your own team. Give a % for the

other team.

Question 17: Do you have a detailed plan for the Coaching Team for who does what in extra time, including

division of responsibilities between head coach, assistant coach, fitness coach, team assistant, physio, etc.?

Question 18: After how many minutes would you, as a coach, do something proactive, e.g. bring on an

attacker, to win a match in extra time?

Question 19: Do you include the possibility of a match going to extra time in your pre-match tactics? Never,

Rarely, Often, Always?

81

Question 20: Are there elements of the game that you use less in normal playing time when there is a

possibility of the match going to extra time, including high-pressing, counterpressing, fast

transitions/counterattacks, 3 players in the penalty box for crosses, early/late crosses? If yes, which

elements?

Question 21: How much do you think that the amount of high-intensity running decrease in the final 30

minutes of a 120-minute match for players who have played the whole match? Give a %.

Question 22: How many extra sprint metres do you think that substitutes cover during extra time compared

to players who have played the whole match? Give a %.

Question 23 A: Do you prefer starting with your best players on the pitch or end with your best players on

the pitch in 90-min matches?

Question 23 B: Do you prefer starting with your best players on the pitch or end with your best players on

the pitch in knock-out matches?

Question 24: Are you mostly positive or negative about UEFA’s discussions to allow a 4th substitute if

matches go to extra time?

Question 25: If you were allowed to use a 4th substitute in a match that goes to extra time, would you use

your 4th substitute, even if there were no injuries during the match?

Question 26: Do you gamble on winning in extra time or do you wait and gamble on winning a penalty

shootout?

Question 27: Do you consider yourself a courageous taking risk to win in extra time?

Question 28: Is it easier for fans and media to accept losing a knock-out match in a penalty shootout than in

extra time? Explain.

Question 29: How many players in your team do you expect to get injured during a 120-minute match? 0, 1,

2, 3, 4 or 5?

Question 30: How many days does it take for players to fully recover after a 120-minute match? 1, 2, 3, 4.

Thank you for completing the questionnaire! Best wishes, Peter Krustrup.

82

Appendix 3: UEFA data request

83

Appendix 4

Appendix 4: Overview of 32 extra goals scored by 30 substitutes

Overview of all 32 extra time goals scored by 30 substitutes in Euro (9 goals),

World Cup (12 goals) and Champions League (7 goals) tournamentsEuropean Championships (1960-2016)

1 Euro 2016 Eder, 79/109 Portugal-France Final

2 Euro 2016 Quaresma, 87/117 Croatia-Portugal Round of 16

3 Euro 2008 Torbinski, 81/112 Netherlands-Russia Quarterfinal

4 Euro 2008 Klasnic, 97/119 Croatia-Turkey Quarterfinal

5 Euro 2008 Sentürk, 76/120 Croatia-Turkey Quarterfinal

6 Euro 2004 Costa 79/110 Portugal-England Quarterfinal

7 Euro 2000 Trezeguet, 76/103 France-Italy Final

8 Euro 1996 Bierhoff, 69/(73),95 Czech Rep-Germany Final

9 Euro 1976 D. Müller, 79/(82),115,119 Yugoslavia-West Germany Semifinal

10 Euro 1976 Veselý, 91/118 Chechoslovakia-NL Semifinal

World Cups (1930-2014)

11 World Cup 2014 Götze, 88/113 Germany-Argentina Final

12 World Cup 2014 Lukaku, 90/105 Belgium-USA Round of 16

13 World Cup 2014 Green, 105/107 Belgium-USA Round of 16

14 World Cup 2014 Schürrle, 46/92 Germany-Algeria Round of 16

15 World Cup 2014 Djabou, 100/121 Germany-Algeria Round of 16

16 World Cup 2006 Del Piero, 104/121 Germany-Italy Semifinal

17 World Cup 2002 Mansiz, 67/94 Senegal-Turkey Quarterfinal

18 World Cup 1990 Milla, 54/106,108 Cameroun-Columbia Round of 16

19 World Cup 1990 Redin, 79/115 Cameroun-Columbia Round of 16

20 World Cup 1990 Platt, 71/119 England-Belgium Round of 16

21 World Cup 1982 Rummenigge, 97/108 Germany-France Semifinal

22 World Cup 1970 Rivera, 46/111 Italy-Germany Semifinal

23 World Cup 1970 Esperrago, 103/117 Uruguay-Soviet Union Quarterfinal

Champions League Tournaments (1955-56/2015-16)

24 CL 2015/2016 Alcántara, 101/108 Bayern-Juventus Round of 16

25 CL 2015/2017 Coman, 60/110 Bayern-Juventus Round of 16

26 CL 2013/2014 Marcelo, 59/ 118 Real Madrid - Atl Madrid Final

27 CL 2007/2008 Babel, 98/117 Chelsea-Liverpool Semifinal

28 CL 2002/2003 Zalayeta 65/114 Barcelona-Juventus Quarterfinal

29 CL 1995/1996 Dani, 81/100 Atletico Madrid-AFC Ajax Quarterfinal

30 CL 1989/1990 M. Simone, 25/116 AC Milan-Mechelen Quarterfinal

84

Appendix 5

Appendix 5: Overview of the prevalence and outcome of 120-min matches in World Cup and EUROs

for 12 selected countries, including those with most frequent participation in 120-min matches.

Italy Germany Netherlands England France Spain Portugal Argentina Brazil Denmark Sweden Norway120-min games (n) 16 15 13 11 11 10 8 9 5 3 3 1

Matches won (n) 8 (50%) 11 (73%) 3 (23%) 4 (36%) 7 (64%) 6 (60%) 5 (63%) 7 (78%) 4 (80%) 1 (33%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)

Penalty shootout 9 (56%) 7 (47%) 8 (62%) 8 (72%) 6 (55%) 7 (70%) 4 (50%) 5 (56%) 4 (80%) 2 (67%) 3 (67%) 0 (0%)

Won in extra time (n) 5 Won Ext 5 Won Ext 1 Won Ext 3 Won Ext 4 Won Ext 2 Won Ext 2 Won Ext 3 Won Ext 1 Won Ext 0 Won Ext 0 Won Ext 0 Won Ext

Won in penalty shootout (n) 3 Won P 6 Won P 2 Won P 1 Won P 3 Won P 4 Won P 3 Won P 4 Won P 3 Won P 1 Won P 1 Won P 0 Won P

Lost in extra time (n) 2 Lost Ext 3 Lost Ext 4 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 2 Lost Ext 1 Lost Ext 0 Lost Ex 1 Lost Ext 1 LostExt 1 Lost Ext

Lost in penalty shootout (n) 6 Lost P 1 Lost P 6 Lost P 7 Lost P 3 Lost P 3 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 1 Lost P 0 Lost P

EURO 2016 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LE) 3 (2WE,WP)

World Cup 2014 2 (WE,WE) 2 (WP,LP) 3 (WE,WP, LE) 1 (WP)

EURO 2012 1 (WP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LP)


EURO 2008 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP)

World Cup 2006 2 (WE,WP) 2 (WP,LE) 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 2 (WE,LP)

EURO 2004 1 (WP) 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 2002 1 (LE) 2 (WP,LP) 1 (LE)

EURO 2000 2 (WP,LE) 1 (LP) 2 (WE,WE) 1 (LE)

World Cup 1998 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 1 (LP) 2 (WE,WP) 1 (WP) 1 (WP)

EURO 1996 2 (WP,WE) 1 (LP) 2 (WP,LP) 2 (WP,LP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 1994 2 (WE,LP) 1 (WP) 1 (WP)

EURO 1992 1 (LP) 1 (WP)

World Cup 1990 1 (LP) 1 (WP) 3 (WE,WE,LP) 1 (LE) 2 (WP,WP)

EURO 1988

World Cup 1986 1 (WP) 1 (WP) 1 (LP) 1 (LP)

EURO 1984 1 (WE) 1 (WP) 1 (LP)

World Cup 1982 1 (WP) 1 (LP)

EURO 1980 1 (LP)


EURO 1976 2 (WE,LP) 2 (LE,WE) 1 (LE)

World Cup 1974

EURO 1972

World Cup 1970 1 (WE) 2 (WE,LE) 1 (LE)

EURO 1968


EURO 1964 1 (WE) 1 (LE)

World Cup 1962

EURO 1960

World Cup 1958

World Cup 1954

World Cup 1950

World Cup 1938 1 (WE) 1 (LE) 1 (WE) 1 (LE)

World Cup 1934 1 (WE)

World Cup 1930

85

Appendix 6

Appendix 6: Head-to-head comparisons of Portugal’s three 120-minute games in the UEFA 2016.

Por v Cro Por v Pol Por v Fra

Portugal Portugal PortugalEffective playing time 63% 67% 67% 66% 66%Ball possession 41% 47% 46% 45% 55%

Shots on target/att.1(n) 0/3. 5/17. 1/6. 2/9. 4/11.Corners (n) 1 6 3 3.3 3.7Distance covered (km) 112.4 107.4 110.2 110.0 106.8

HIR2 (km) 21.1 19.2 17.3 19.2 17.9

VHIR3 (km) 8.3 7.1 8.7 8.0 6.8Sprints (n) 350 286 310 315 311

Passes comp./att.4 (n) 304/373 392/443 396/461 364/426 478/541

- short (n) 90/103 122/134 99/117 104/118 98/114- medium (n) 184/212 233/256 261/281 226/250 339/367- long (n) 30/58 37/53 36/63 34/58 41/59Passing success rate 82% 88% 86% 85% 88%- short 87% 91% 85% 88% 86%- medium 87% 91% 93% 90% 92%- long 52% 70% 57% 59% 69%Passes/Solo runs/Sum

- into attacking third (n) 33/6/39. 54/22/76. 20/15/35. 35/14/50. 36/16/52.- into key area (n) 14/4/18. 32/10/42. 13/11/24. 20/8/28. 21/8/30.- into penalty area (n) 5/1/6. 8/3/11. 4/1/5. 6/2/7. 10/4/14.

Portugal's three 120-minute match appearances in Euro 2016 - Ordinary time

Portugal (Mean)

Opponent (Mean)

86

Por v Cro Por v Pol Por v FraPortugal (Mean)

Opponent (Mean)

Portugal Portugal PortugalEffective playing time 54% 62% 53% 56% 56%Ball possession 40% 44% 48% 44% 56%

Shots on target/att.1(n) 2/2. 1/4. 2/3. 1.7/3.0 0/5Corners (n) 1 1 2 1.3 2.0Distance covered (km) 35.9 33.1 33.5 34.2 33.4

HIR2 (km) 6.5 5.1 5.1 5.6 5.3

VHIR3 (km) 3.0 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.6Sprints (n) 114 97 77 96 104

Passes comp./att.4 (n) 70/87 92/115 100/114 87/105 119/138- short (n) 24/27 20/24 28/29 24/27 22/26- medium (n) 39/44 64/71 57/62 53/59 86/92- long (n) 7/16. 8/20. 15/23 10/20. 11/19.Passing success rate 80% 80% 88% 83% 86%- short 89% 83% 97% 89% 85%- medium 89% 90% 92% 90% 93%- long 44% 40% 65% 50% 58%Passes/Solo runs/Sum

- into attacking third (n) 9/5/14. 15/5/20. 7/1/8. 10/4/14. 15/6/21.- into key area (n) 4/4/8. 9/1/10. 4/0/4. 6/2/7. 7/2/9.- into penalty area (n) 2/2/3. 6/1/7. 0/1/1. 3/1/4. 4/2/6.

Portugal's three 120-minute match appearances in Euro 2016 - Extra time

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