contents volume 5, number 3, june 2003

Contents Volume 5, Number 3, June 2003

Special FeaturesA Map of Recovery: A Survey of the Stages Most Disaster Survivors Endure, by Dr. Susanna M. Hoffman .................................................. 6Tsunami Lessons, Plans, and Demonstrations.............................................. 8On the Line–All-Hazards Planning–What Does it Mean? by Lloyd Bokman ...............................................................................9Did Columbus Experience a Rogue Wave or a Tsunami? ........................... 5Academic Programs for Emergency Management...................................... 11 DepartmentsTsunami Program News................................................................................ 1Hazard Mitigation News .............................................................................. 3Conferences/Training.................................................................................. 10Websites .....................................................................................................12Publications.................................................................................................13New Tsunami Mitigation Materials Added to the Library ..........................15Video Reservations .................................................................................... 19Directories ................................................................................................. 21Infrequently Asked Questions ................................................................... 22

TSUNAMI PROGRAM NEWS

Summary Report of the Tsunami Hazard MitigationSteering Group, FY 03 Budget Meeting, May 28-29, 2003,Seattle, Washington

(Editors' note: This report, with the links to the budgets andprogram narratives, is available at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/May03Budget_Meeting_Summary.htm)

AttendeesEddie Bernard - NOAA Frank González - NOAA Charles McCreery - NOAALandry Bernard - NOAAChris Jonientz-Trisler - FEMACraig Weaver - USGSDavid Oppenheimer - USGS Scott Simmons- State of AlaskaRoger Hansen - State of Alaska Richard Eisner - State of California Don Hoirup - State of CaliforniaBrian Yanagi - State of HawaiiLaura Kong - State of HawaiiMark Darienzo - State of Oregon George Priest - State of OregonGeorge Crawford - State of WashingtonTimothy Walsh - State of Washington

The following FY 2003 Budgets were presented andapproved. Amounts in () have already been transferred. 1. AK- Mitigation and Mapping - Simmons $274,000

(88,000) 2. CA - Mitigation and Mapping - Eisner $274,000 (88,000) 3. HI - Mitigation and Mapping - Yanagi $274,000 (88,000) 4. OR - Mitigation and Mapping - Darienzo $274,000

(158,000) 5. WA -Mitigation and Mapping Objectives- Crawford

$404,000 (118,000) Budget Sheet6. USGS - Seismic - Oppenheimer $450,300 Statement7. AK- Seismic - Hansen $269,396 8. NOAA - DART buoys - Bernard $1,200,000 ($994,244) 9. NOAA - TIME center - González $300,000 ($190,000) 10. NOAA - Administration - Bernard $72,964 ($56)

Proposals to cover unfunded goals: Warning Goals 2 &5: Real-time tsunami forecast - González approved at$154,322

Other Proposals: 1. Tsunami Survey - Crawford Not approved for FY 032. Real-time Earthquake Display - Oppenheimer approved

at $129,2383. Near real time Earthquake Characteristics: Diagnostics

for Tsunamigenic Potential - Hansen - Not approvedfor FY 03

4. VSAT Proposal - Oppenheimer -Not approved for FY 03

Preliminary discussions were held on FY 2004 budgets:1. AK- Mitigation and Mapping - Simmons 2. CA - Mitigation and Mapping - Eisner 3. HI - Mitigation and Mapping - Yanagi 4. OR - Mitigation and Mapping - Darienzo 5. WA -Mitigation and Mapping - Crawford 6. USGS - Seismic - Oppenheimer 7. AK- Seismic - Hansen 8. NOAA - DART buoys - Bernard 9. NOAA - TIME Center - González10. NOAA - Administration - Bernard11. Other

(continued, p. 3)

2 TsuInfo Alert, v. 5, no. 3, June 2003

TsuInfo Alert is prepared by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources

on behalf of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, a State/Federal Partnership funded through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

It is assembled byLee Walkling, Library Information Specialist and

Connie J. Manson, Senior Library Information Specialist, and is published bi-monthly by the

Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources.

This publication is free upon request and is available in print (by surface mail), electronically (by e-mail), and at http://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/ger/tsuinfo/index.html

Participants in the TsuInfo program can request copies of reports listed in this issue from: Library

Washington Department of Natural ResourcesDivision of Geology and Earth Resources

P.O. Box 47007Olympia, WA 98504-7007

ph: 360/902-1472 or 360/902-1473fax: 360/902-1785

e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those ofNOAA, the Washington Department of Natural Resources, or other sponsors ofTsuInfo Alert.

3TsuInfo Alert, v. 5, no. 3, June 2003

(continued, from p. 1)

Action Items1. Craig Weaver, Chip McCreery, and Dave Oppenheimer

are to identify a NOAA EMWIN specialist to work onthe real-time earthquake display proposal.

2. Chip McCreery is to talk to Jeff LaDouce to request thata tsunami warning coordination meeting be held beforeNovember 2003. Frank González will put together amenu of options of tsunami warning products by July 1,2003, and send out the URL of his report.

3. Frank González will prepare a 1-pager on quality controlfor inundation mapping and distribute it to the states.

4. The Fall 2003 NTHMP Steering Group Meeting will beheld November 6 and 7, 2003, at PMEL in Seattle.Each Steering Group Member was asked to supplynames of people that we need to invite to the meeting.Invitees should be with organizations that have a vestedinterest in our program.

5. Brian Yanagi (with the help of the Mitigation Subcom-mittee) will write a draft letter that can be sent to Con-gressional members requesting additional funds neededfor the proposed data delivery system and for increas-ing the scope of the program to include Guam, PuertoRico, etc., by June 15.

6. Chip McCreery will hold a CREST coordination meetingwith WC/ATWC, David Oppenheimer, and a represen-tative from the Hawaii Volcano Observatory to reviewseismic system data communications efficiency im-provements prior to November 2003. Chip will alsohold a meeting of the water level specialists to reviewthe present practices and recommend improvementsbefore November 2003.

7. The Mitigation Subcommittee will decide on a mitigationbudget structure and send to Eddie Bernard via e-mailby June 30. Eddie will include a Mitigation line item onhis spreadsheet.

8. Frank González will draft a letter for Jeff LaDouce(NWS) to send to NOS concerning upgrades to coastaltide gauges by July 1, 2003.

9. The group wanted to know the makeup of the tsuhaz e-mail list. They also wanted to formulate a separate e-mail list for just steering group members with no addi-tional interested parties included as has been done inthe tsuhaz e-mail list. Ann Thomason will e-mail thetsuhaz e-mail list components to each person attendingthis meeting. Eddie Bernard will have a separate mem-bers list formulated by June 30.

The meeting adjourned at noon on May 29, 2003.

NTHMP Wins Award!On April 23, 2003, Eddie Bernard announced that the

National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP)had won the Seattle Federal Executive Board's 2003 Public

Service Recognition Group Award. The award recognizedNTHMP for its significant benefits to coastal communities.

As described in the nomination, the NTHMP is a State/Federal partnership created to reduce the impacts of tsuna-mis to U.S. coastal areas by coordinating the state efforts ofAlaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington withthe Federal activities of NOAA, FEMA, and the USGS. Theprogram has yielded a major upgrade in tsunami warningsystem capability and credibility by preventing false alarms,thus saving money and avoiding unnecessary evacuations.Investments in tsunami evacuation maps and state level mit-igation plans have raised the awareness of coastal residentsand local decision makers for tsunami hazards and appropri-ate responses. NOAA designated the Quinault Indian Tribethe first Native American TsunamiReady community onJune 4, 2002.

The Celebration of Public Service Awards Ceremonywas held on Wednesday, May 7, at the Jackson Federal Building, in Seattle. Dr. Bernard accepted the award onbehalf of the Steering Group.

HAZARD MITIGATION NEWS

Homeland Security State Grants for All Hazards Emer-gency and Terrorism Preparedness

The Department of Homeland Security's EmergencyPreparedness and Response Directorate, known as the Fed-eral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), has pro-vided $165 million in grants to help state and local govern-ments better prepare to respond to all hazards preparednessactivities and emergency management. These funds are aresult of a significant increase in funding for the EmergencyManagement Performance Grants (EMPG) program fromthe FY03 budget.

Local emergency managers plan, train, exercise, andcoordinate all emergency services in response to major inci-dents. They also assume the leading role in mitigation pro-gram activities that are designed to reduce the vulnerabilityof communities to all hazards. The EMP program allowsstates the flexibility to allocate funds according to risk vul-nerabilities and to address the most urgent state and localneeds in all hazard mitigation, preparedness, response, andrecovery.

Complete program information, along with eligibilityrequirements and instructions about how to apply, may befound at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/ODPApplication. pdf.

from: Disaster Research 388, May 7, 2003

Congratulations on the Grant Award, Costas! Costas B. Synolakis, Department of Civil Engineering,University of Southern California, has received a $36,000grant from the National Science Foundation for the project, "Reconnaissance Survey of the September 9, 2002, Papua-New Guinea Earthquake and Tsunami."


This funding will support a reconnaissance survey ofthe earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck Papua-New Guinea in 2002. The tsunami reportedly killed onlytwo people, in comparison to the 1998 tsunami that killed2,200 people, although the 2002 quake was a stronger tem-blor and its epicenter was located at approximately the samedistance from the impacted coastline as the 1998 event.Researchers will explore why the 2002 tsunami had a lesserimpact than the 1998 event. They hope to obtain knowledgerelevant to the western coast of the United States, whereoffshore earthquakes of similar magnitude are possible.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 4, p. 19

PPW Calls for All-Hazards Warning System The United States lacks a warning system for naturaland human-caused disasters that uses standard terminologyand protocols. Developing such a system would help thepublic to better understand and respond to all types ofthreats, according to a report issued by the Partnership forPublic Warning (PPW), a group of experts in disaster warn-ing and disaster information (see the Natural Hazards Ob-server, Vol. XXVI, no. 4, p. 9).

The public currently receives warnings through ahodpepodge of systems controlled by various levels of gov-ernment. Alerts are triggered by different levels of threatand use different, sometimes confusing names. PPW be-lieves the public would be better served by a uniform all-hazards public warning system that would: ––take into consideration current research about humanresponse to warnings that challenges common beliefs thatwarnings generate panic and that false warnings greatlydiminish the tendency of people to heed future warnings; ––incorporate training for both emergency managers and thepopulations at risk; ––use standardized terminology such as “watch” and “warn-ing”; and employ a standard protocol for issuing warnings.

PPW hopes to develop a strategy for a national warningsystem that would use technology to distribute warnings viatelevision, radio, pagers, cell phones, the Internet, and otherdevices. The group also hopes the new Dept. of HomelandSecurity will be given the task of developing the system.

The report, Developing a Unified All-Hazard WarningSystem (PPW Report 2002-02, 2002, 47 p., free), is on thePPW web site: http://www.partnershipforpublicwarning.org/ppw/docs/11_25_2002reportpdf.

For more information about this effort, contact the Part-nership for Public Warning, Mail Stop N655, 7515 ColshireDrive, McLean, VA 22102-7508; (703) 883-2745; e-mail:[email protected]: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 4, p. 5

EMAP to Look at AccreditationAcross the country, state and local emergency managers

and emergency management programs play a crucial andvital role in preparedness. They are often the sole entitiesresponsible for planning and coordinating disaster mitiga-

tion and recovery. State-level emergency response personnelwork to create safer communities and reduce disaster-relat-ed losses to residents, businesses, and key infrastructure.However, agency titles and responsibilities vary greatlyfrom state to state, as do their administrative structures andwhere they are housed. Aside from professional organiza-tions and affiliations, there are no consistent standards orprocesses with which emergency management agencies candemonstrate compliance in their work.

In recognition of this and the important work occurringat the state level, a dozen national organizations joined to-gether in 1997 to create an accreditation process for state-level emergency management programs–the EmergencyManagement Accreditation Program (EMAP). Organiza-tions that collaborated on creating the EMAP standard in-clude the National Emergency Management Association,International Association of Emergency Managers, FederalEmergency Management Agency, U.S. Department ofTransportation, Association of State Floodplain Managers,Institute for Business and Home Safety, International As-sociation of Fire Chiefs, National Association of Counties,National Association of Development Organizations, Na-tional Conference of State Legislatures, National GovernorsAssociation, National League of Cities, and the U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency.

EMAP provides a voluntary accreditation process forstate, territorial, and local programs that are responsible forpreparing for and responding to disasters, with the goal offostering improved and consistent emergency managementprogram capabilities. Adopting EMAP standards willstrengthen community capabilities in responding to all typesof hazards, from tornadoes and earthquakes to school vio-lence and bioterrorism. States that are applying for accredi-tation conduct a self-assessment that includes gathering in-ternal documentation. An EMAP team then visits the juris-diction to take a more in-depth look at individual protocolsand practice.

EMAP has joined with the Federal Emergency Man-agement Agency (FEMA) to conduct a baseline assessmentof all state and territorial emergency management programsthat will include a self assessment, on-site assessment, andfeedback on the accreditation process and benefits. Trainingmodules and information about the EMAP standard areavailable from Emily DeMers, EMAP, P.O. Box 11910,Lexington, KY 40578; (859) 244-8210; e-mail: [email protected]; http://www.emaponline.org.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 5, May 2003, p. 12also available online: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/mayo03/toc.htm

USGS–Providing Science and Monitoring to ProtectCommunities, an invited comment [abridged], by CharlesG. Groat, Director, USGS

The Earth is a life-giving yet lethally dangerous planetwhose power we ignore at our peril. Science provides toolsto recognize nature's forces, to understand its processes, andto reduce its hazards. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),


through its scientific research, monitoring, analysis, andinformation-sharing activities, works with partners acrossthe nation and around the world to reduce the toll of humansuffering and loss caused by natural disasters.

Each natural hazard presents a unique set of challenges.USGS hazards programs have evolved in different ways, inresponse to the needs to our partners and our society, aswell as to scientific and technological advances.

Coastal HazardsThe USGS provides information to help understand and

predict coastal erosion and other storm effects on the shore-line and to identify and evaluate offshore earthquake, tsuna-mi, and landslide hazards. In cooperation with the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Na-tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),we are compiling baseline data that will lead to a national

assessment of coastal change resulting from storms, erosion,and sea-level rise. Scientists are completing a series of mapsof coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise for the nation's At-lantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Coastal scientistsare also mapping active submarine faults in southern Cali-fornia and the Caribbean. This information complementsprevious assessments of offshore geologic hazards and pro-vides data for models to estimate the hazards posed byearthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. We are also workingclosely with NOAA to reduce losses from tsunamis throughanalyses of tsunami deposits and offshore earthquakesource characterizations. To learn more about our efforts inthe coastal realm, visit our web page: http://marine.usgs.gov

Originally published in Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 4, p. 2-4. The full article is at

http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/maro03/maro03b.htm)

DID COLUMBUS EXPERIENCE A ROGUE WAVE OR A TSUNAMI?

Given:In the oceans these waves [tsunamis] cannot be detec-

ted as they are often over 100 miles in length and lessthan a metre in height, travelling at tremendous speed,reaching 300 to 500 knots. On entering shallow water thewaves become shorter and higher. On coasts where thereis a long fetch of shallow water with oceanic depthsimmediately to seaward, and in V-shaped harbour mouths,the waves can reach disastrous proportions. Waves havinga height of 20 m from crest to trough have been reported.

from: www.navis.gr/meteo/ tsunamis.htmAugust 1, 1498:

"Forty-eight hours later the fleet rounded the [south]-western tip of Trinidad and sailed into what is today theGulf of Paría. The ships had hardly taken up a northerlybearing when Columbus heard a fearsome roaring frombehind. He turned to see a rogue wave–possibly createdby volcanic activity or a tectonic shift–a wall of water ashigh as the ships and approaching faster than they couldescape. The Admiral later said he could feel the fear thething created in him long after it reached the fleet andlifted the vessels, hoisting them higher than anything he'd

ever experienced and then dropping them into its hugetrough."

from: Columbus in the Americas, by William Least Heat-Moon. John Wiley & Sons, 2002, page 142


A MAP OF RECOVERY: A SURVEY OF THE STAGES MOST DISASTER SURVIVORS ENDURE by Dr. Susanna M. Hoffman (reprinted with permission)

phone/fax (970) 728-1004; email: [email protected]

Introductory Note:For the purpose of the 15 minute time limit, I am only

dealing with the perspective of disaster survivors here, notthat of aid agencies, governments, or issues prior to disastersuch as vulnerability, or after such as mitigation. In short, Iam covering nowhere near the whole disaster scenario. Alsoin the interest of time, I have also deleted most case materi-als. I am simply dealing with the process disaster survivorsgo through.

A great deal more people survive catastrophes than arekilled by them.

When the dust settles or the water recedes, the survi-vors are left in pieces. A world that was solid has turned torubble. A milieu that functioned has broken down. As well,a set of meanings and explanations that offered sense hasdissolved into as much debris as have the streets and build-ings.

People's recovery in the aftermath of disaster consti-tutes the second side of a major catastrophe next to the phy-sical side: the social domain. For those who survive it is atime of devastation, despair, fragmentation. It is, quite re-markably, also a time of cohesion, unity, and purpose. Agreat deal of research has taken place among people whohave survived major calamities. The locales and misfortuneshave been extremely diverse. Yet, among the assortment ofregion and catastrophe, certain regularities continue toemerge. Clearly, for those suspended between havoc andwholeness, process ensues. Its steps are many and complex,and while all disasters are different, all local, and all nu-anced by the details of place and customs, many aspects ofdisaster response appear as predictable as crawling, stand-ing, walking.

What follows is a model of disaster recovery in termsof the survivors. The model I draw is idealized. By drawinga model, I mean not at all to trivialize the catastrophe or suf-ferings of anyone involved in a disaster. Being a survivormyself, I would not do that. But for a more holistic under-standing of disaster's effects on human communities, I be-lieve a synthesis of the commonalities of recovery can proveextremely useful.

I break the mechanisms of recovery into three stages.The first, or primary stage, is the events taking place duringor immediately after a catastrophic event occurs.

Primary Stage Beginning almost immediately after a major catastro-

phe, be it natural, technological, or even terrorism, there fol-lows a period, usually quite short, when victims are pro-pelled into a circumstance of extreme individualization.Social groups and social fabric have disintegrated and sur-vivors find themselves on their own. Given the social natureof human life, this constitutes an abnormal, disconcerting

situation for the victims. One anthropologist called it "beingleft naked and alone in a terrifying wilderness of ruins."This primary individualization marks the beginnings of whatwill become for the victims a state of "marginalilty," or"liminality," a condition where they will have little socio-cultural context and accordingly little identity. They havebeen cast into a transition, and though uninvited, it willmark them throughout the process of recovery, and possiblyforever.

Despite the initial individualization, two behaviors arisealmost immediately that are highly communal in nature andthat sow the seeds of a unity and emotional climate to come.Victims find themselves implementing the most basic codeof behavior code, or morality, of human life. They save oneanother, and they save one another despite whatever theirpre-disaster differences were: race, religions, class, gender,or ethnicity. (In Santorini in the 1956 earthquake, for exam-ple, they told me, "We even saved Catholics.") As well,over the next hours and days victims aid one another. Theyprovide one another with food and clothing, and they take inthe lost.

Thus in rapid succession, survivors go through a trinityof profound emotional experiences, life over death, survivalover possession, and individuation turning into mutual aid.And as a result, they begin to develop a deep sense of unitywith one another and they begin to merge into a group.

They also become psychologically "swept away." Somehave called it "euphoria," though I object to the implicationof happiness in the word. Nonetheless they begin to feeldifferent, detached from other people, which furthers theirsense of "marginality." They have also defeated danger, theshock of which imparts a peculiar, often remorseful, senseof specialness, and also guilt.

In abrupt disasters the individualization, the mutual aidand rescue quickly follow the event. In longer developingdisasters, such as drought or the effects of long term pollu-tion, these actions tend to occur upon the discovery of dam-age. In either case, the initial responses spark two other fac-tors that continue to characterize the survivors. The primaryand often most important help victims receive derives fromamong themselves despite what outside aid might comelater, and the initial reactions touch off among disaster vic-tims a sense of purpose, almost a higher purpose, which isalmost always voiced with the motto "We will rebuild."

The survivors embark on what now becomes a commonship, they as a group over any single person. They fosterwhat in due course grows into a double action, a drive forrecovery coupled with a sense of merit--they deserve toregain what they had. This sentiment sometimes evolvesinto righteousness and sometimes martyrdom.

At first survivors feel linked to the community aroundthem, to those persons nearby who did not suffer loss. They


are often life savers and aid givers, too. They play a part inrecovery that continues in counterpoint with those who borethe actual damage, but this first goodwill with those aroundwill later fall apart.

Meanwhile, in perception, the pieces of glass in thekaleidoscope that was the victims' world view begin a shiftfrom the former pattern into a new one. If denial of risk wasin place, it has dissolved. They now recognize their vulnera-bility. As a result, their perspective become permanentlyaltered, never to recapture completely the design that theyhad before. Secondary Stage

As the pitch of crisis wanes leaving the extent of devas-tation clear, a second, more prolonged phase of disaster re-covery replaces the first. I call what happens now a "nexus"for in this stage the events are as interlinked as sequential.The stage further incorporates occurrences both internal andexternal to the survivor group.

The onset of the second stage of disaster recoverycould be defined as starting when the individualized surviv-ors truly merge into a union and, at least for a while, a unity.Survivors come to the realization that they are the casualtiesof the disaster, and on this terrible foundation they collect.

In one of the first actions, they develop a new defini-tion of themselves. That definition is at once inclusive andexclusive. Some certain amount of loss, a dead relative, thecomplete destruction of their habitat, defines who is and isnot a "real" victim of the calamity. (In the Oakland Fire-storm I survived, it was whether a person lost their wholehouse, not part of a house. With the survivors of 9/11 inNew York, it is those who lost a person, not those who weremerely injured, though many injured are still hospitalized).

Among the first steps, all disaster victims also rapidly--and I mean rapidly--launch rites and ceremonies. Almostinevitably these take place right on the grounds of the de-vastation. With the ceremonies the victims acknowledge theevent, give vent to grief, and deal with spiritual questions–such as "why us?" The ceremonies give ownership of thedisaster to the victims and perhaps also operate as a vehicleto enable necessary change.

Victims start to gather. Gathering, in fact, becomes atheme. With or without the provision of formal shelters, sur-vivors almost always cluster in a certain place. Unfortunate-ly, when housing is needed, they are almost always housedcollectively as well, in survivor camps, and this adds to theirmarginality. Many times the physical separation is reiforcedpermanently when later housing built for them places themen masse in "survivor ghettos." Such ghettos keep survivorsmarked as different, and far too commonly later turn intowretched slums. (This is how Kai Erikson described it.).

`Survivors now become engulfed in practices and im-mersed in a litany of concerns related to their circumstance.They blanket themselves in a coating of new alliances andinitiate a sub-society within the larger order. Step by steptheir exclusion evolves into estrangement. What once de-

fined stranger and friend snakes into new boundaries. Sur-vivors not only begin to see themselves as a distinct groupfrom the community surrounding them, they begin to seethemselves as adversarial to it. It is, in fact, animosity to-ward the outside community that adds the final fix to disas-ter victims' cohesion. They are joined against the outsideworld. The line demarcating the unity and contention isoften two-fold. On the one hand, survivors develop resent-ment to those who suffered no loss. On the other hand, dis-aster victims inevitably seize upon a particular entity or par-ticular group they come to view as "the enemy." The per-ceived enemy is almost always whatever agency brings themrestitution: the government or whatever group is the mainaid agency.

Likewise, for whatever reason, those outside the survi-vor group, now become critical of the victims as well. Theyquestion whether perhaps the victims brought the disasteron themselves. If aid arrives, the outsiders start to call thesurvivors "greedy" and become jealous of it, despite the factthat they themselves suffered no loss. They expect the survi-vors "to get over it" and view them as perpetual whiners.The survivors view the outsiders as having no sensitivity tohow much they lost or the tribulations they are suffering.Those who didn’t suffer loss also often exploit the victims.They raise rents and prices. Agents and agencies also losesympathy for the victims, despite the fact that the survivors'loss may yet be uncompensated, and begin to name them (as a group) as difficult, demanding, or ungrateful. Inanthropology we call this process "segmentary opposition,"people separating into adversarial groups along lines of acertain loyalty, and it follows disasters like mushroomsfollow rain.

At this point what occurs is a series of events that nei-ther survivor, agency, nor neighbor is prepared for. A near-to-full bag of the tricks that convey hostility arise, includingname calling, denigration, social isolation, resistance--allthe devious devices of segmentary opposition--drops downto divide and dehumanize the survivors and the outsiders.Survivors come to view the agents dealing with them as de-privational and duplicitous, the surrounding community asevil and vice versa. Indeed, agents and outsider now oftendo obstruct victims and sometimes cheat them. They findways to deny claims. In turn, victims begin to cheat aid giv-ers. They claim losses they didn’t have. Each perceivesthemselves as the good against the bad. Such actions act asa method that rids one of obligation. And that is what oc-curs. Between outside community, aid giver, and disastervictim, any feelings of obligation disappear.

Meanwhile, yet other occurrences transpire among alldisaster survivor groups. New leaders almost always rise upand new political agendas emerge. In New York, forexample, the widows of the deceased, led by one particularwoman, rebelled against mayor Guilliani. Almost every-where, victim action groups form. Sometimes the leadersthat arise from a catastrophe become permanent politicalfigures, more often they fade away in time. Sometimes the


political causes that spring up disappear, such as the anar-chist movement that rose after the Chicago fire. Other timesthey gather force and turn into national movements, such aswith Peru’s Shining Path.

Meanwhile disaster survivors pass from the sort of vic-tims who were injured to the sort who are prey. Exploitersarrive in every disaster scene. They range from an out-of-town influx of carpenters and contractors to financial crooksand scam artists. And where homes are destroyed, the shopsthat supply people with everything from concrete to bedsheets have a hay day.

At the same time, internal to the ostensibly unified dis-aster group, another set of processes unfolds. For variousreasons, the survivor group begins to split apart. Usually thepoint of fission occurs when outside aid or resettlementarise: how much money has each collected? Was it thesame, and who gets what house? Aspects of inequality andallegiance in the society prior to the disaster come back in toplay.

All along in contemporary disasters the external partiesthat arrive also enmesh the recovery process. Externalauthorities carry everything from food to rules on their relieftrays. When their precepts diverge from survivors' tradi-tions, they depress the recovery process. Furthermore, exter-nal relief often conflicts or interferes with survivors' selfhelp. Self help relies on the ability to mobilize resources,and outside agencies often disrupt this.

All the while, once goods start to flow, every economicprinciple in the textbook--true and false scarcity, formal andinformal markets, employment opportunity and competitionfor clientele, crops up. The combination of economic poten-tial and political control invariably produces a tremendousstruggle for hegemony. No euphoria now, the recovery turnsraveled, strife ridden, debilitating, and very often stalemat-ed. Moreover, a scuffle over framing trails every aspect ofdisjunction. Disaster is a social construction in which not allconcerned paint the event, or even what constitutes a calam-ity, similarly. Frequently victims, neighbor, agent, govern-ment, and media entertain different pictures of the catastro-phe, whether it happened, who did it harm, and whether ithas passed.

In the meantime, while reconstructing a new socialworld, overwrought survivors experience a backlash of oldcultural themes. Codes, roles, and expectations decades,even millennia old, sweep down despite whatever modernchanges may have transpired in survivors' lives. Old relig-ious beliefs and strictures return, as do old family rules.Male elders, mothers-in-law, head scarves and moral rulespour in. And old gender codes, what men and women canand can’t do, reappear--until survivors are left as confusedin understanding as they are in rubble. Third Stage

No sharp line indicates when the third stage, the pas-sage to closure, occurs in recovery from disaster. Someview closure as coming when victims return to the physicalsite of the calamity once more, but in technological disasterwith its spoiled earth, that sort of end does not take place. Ingeneral victims have achieved some sort of settlement inplace, desirable or not. By and large aid has left, and liveshave fixture.

With this, a gradual dissolution of the prior unity takesplace and the unifying purpose, to rebuild, is often aban-doned. Except for occasional anniversary observance, cere-monies revert to their old form. The economics that grewout of the disaster gel into permanent systems. Survivorsgradually emerge from their "liminality" and become mem-bers of normal society again.

While sometimes calamity is a bridge to great change,other times it is only a "a wrinkle in time" after which littleseems to have altered. If little else, the event usually spursincreased political awareness. Sometimes a calamity resultsin reinforced authority of a certain people over others. Oc-casionally in zones of chronic disaster people clearly makeadjustments to better handle their environments, sometimesnot. However, survivors almost always see their inner livesas different. While the animosities they developed often lin-ger and they may have acquired a new view of hazards theyrisk, usually the rapture survivors they drew from a thesense of unity, community and purpose they experiencedglides into a new inner sense of self. They have overcomethe worst of times and the best of times, and one way oranother, they have come out whole.

TSUNAMI LESSONS, PLANS, AND DEMONSTRATIONSIf you are giving a public lecture or classroom talk, you might find one of these lessons helpful.

http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/dynamicearth/http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/tidalwave/http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/gen_act/disaster/monster.htmlhttp://education.ssc.nasa.gov/fad/detail.asp?offset=60&LessonID=83http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-3615.htmlhttp://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/education/teach_guide/tsunami.htmlhttp://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/core/plans/esys/seismic.html


ON THE LINEALL-HAZARDS PLANNING–WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

by Lloyd Bokman, Ohio Emergency Management Agency, Columbus, Ohio originally published in Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 4, p. 10-11

http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/maro03/maro03f.htm

The Department of Homeland Security has incorporat-ed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) asone of its foundational building blocks (see the NaturalHazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 3, p. 5). This shift hasmany people in the emergency management field concernedabout the future of all-hazards planning, and worried thatplanning for non-terrorist related hazards and events will beneglected or overlooked by the new department. It is fearedthat all-hazards plans will become one-hazard plans, with asole emphasis on terrorism.

This concern arises from past experiences with the“stovepipe” approach of creating stand-alone plans tailoredfor specific hazards. This classic approach consisted ofareas of specialized planning that functioned without recog-nizing or taking into account the cross-cutting nature ofemergency response and preparedness, such as communica-tions systems, command issues, and control. Proponents ofstand-alone plans, however, countered that emergency plan-ning had to account for unique differences among types ofhazards and their responses. They argued that a generic “all-hazards” approach was too broad and not able to adequatelyaddress the crucial differences between responding to anearthquake and a nuclear accident.

With time, these competing perspectives have mergedto create the current all-hazards concept of emergency plan-ning that addresses concerns expressed by both points ofview. This perspective is widely in use today. All-Hazards Approach and Terrorism

If an all-hazards approach is the answer, then why areso many concerned about its accepted use for emergencymanagement in this age of terrorism? Many emergencymanagers believe that the approach’s utility and generic as-pects will be lost on those who are new to the field or thosewhose overriding concern is terrorism. Conversely, manyterrorism specialists are concerned that the planning andpreparedness challenges of terrorism, as a unique hazardevent, will be overlooked.

Essentially, we have returned to the debate between thetwo paradigms of the emergency planning spectrum. Thisartificial rift again demonstrates misconceptions about acomprehensive and responsive all-hazards approach and itsapplicability to emergency planning and management.

Legislative RootsThe concept of all-hazards planning was originally put

forth by FEMA in its Civil Preparedness Guides (CPG), inparticular CPG 1-8, Guide for the Development of State andLocal Emergency Operations Plans (EOP). CPG 1-8 wasupdated in 1996 by the Guide for All-Hazard Emergency

Operations Planning, State and Local Guide 101. Bothpublications acknowledge the flexibility inherent in disasterand hazards planning, and the need to combine hazardspecific activities with a core approach that encompassesresponses that are appropriate to all hazards.

Chapter 5 of CPG 1-8 states, “To be logical, a planningprocess must address each hazard that threatens the jurisdic-tion. It is important, therefore, that the hazards identificationprocess be completed at the beginning of the planning pro-cess. Generic planning, as reflected in the functional annex-es, does not ignore hazards; it addresses all of them collec-ively. It is inevitable, however, that the unique characteris-ics of various hazards will not be adequately covered in theannexes.” Hazard-specific appendices fulfill this role.

The SLG 101 states that the functional approach shouldavoid duplication of the planning effort for every hazardand every task, by dividing the emergency operating plan(EOP) into four levels of specificity (basic plan, functionalannexes, hazard-specific appendices, and standard operatingprocedures); serve in hazardous situations by organizing theEOP around performance of generic functions; and empha-size hazards that pose the greatest risk to a jurisdiction,through the use of hazard-specific appendices.

As appropriate, the plan should quantify the risk area,geography, and demographic considerations that apply toeach hazard.

Further, as planning philosophies, neither a one hazard,specialty planning approach nor a generic, one-size-fits-allapproach of strict functional planning is recommended. Atrue all-hazards approach, therefore, contains a solid foun-dation that provides for the scope of functions and activitiesthat need to be addressed in all incidents.

Hazard analyses examine unique but interrelated haz-ards to provide a framework for comprehensive, thorough,and all-hazards analysis, whether the incident is natural,chemical, biological, or nuclear. The FEMA document,Understanding Your Risks, Identifying Hazards and Estim-ating Losses (386-2), along with Community VulnerabilityAssessment Tool (available on CD-ROM), illustrate thispoint well. These documents were originally published formitigation activities, but since all hazard analysis shouldconsider mitigation opportunities, they are certainly applic-able. If mitigation is not feasible, we must be prepared torespond. The Guide for All-Hazard Emergency OperationsPlanning underscores this when it states, “Hazard analysisis the basis for both mitigation efforts and EOPs.”

Planning and Resource Allocation To be carried out correctly, this approach takes a great

deal of work over a long period of time. At the local level, if


an emergency management agency is understaffed, it is dif-ficult for a planning team to acquire the necessary expertiseto conduct a comprehensive hazard analysis and create haz-ard-specific plans. Larger metropolitan areas may have ade-quate resources to support specialized planners, but eventhen, most municipalities do not allocate sufficient resour-ces.

In these cases, it is possible that state or federal plan-ners could provide the needed expertise to assist local plan-ners with the technicalities of hazard specific planning. Thisis analogous to the medical field, when a general practition-er consults with an appropriate specialist for help with aparticular diagnosis or treatment that may be outside thepractitioner’s scope of practice.

However it is implemented, FEMA has issued addition-al planning guidance that incorporates terrorism planninginto a hazard-specific section of an EOP. In conjunctionwith the guide, these documents provide a complete frame-work in which both response and management extremes areblended together, balanced, and incorporated into a single,working unit.

What Now?The Department of Homeland Security, with FEMA as

a major structural component, would be short-sighted toignore existing documents developed from lessons learned

in real life incidents that have been used by so many peoplefor so many years.

This is especially true for the core all-hazards aspectsof emergency planning. However, as the FEMA documentsstate, we must not ignore the hazard-specific aspects of thecurrent practice of emergency planning. To truly have an allhazards plan, we must plan for all-hazards.

ReferencesU.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1990, Guide for the

development of state and local emergency operations plans: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1 v.

U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1996, Guide forall-hazard emergency operations planning: U.S. FederalEmergency Management Agency State and Local Guide 101,1 v.

U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2001, Understand-ing your risks–Identifying hazards and estimating losses: U.S.Federal Emergency Management Agency State and LocalMitigation Planning How-to-Guides FEMA 386-2,1 v.(Accessed June 3, 2003 at http://www.fema.gov/fima/ planningtoc3.shtm)

U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1999,Community vulnerability assessment tool–New HanoverCounty, North Carolina, case study: U. S. National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center NOAA/CSC/99044-CD, 1 compact disc. (Accessed June 3,2003 at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS3892)

CONFERENCES/TRAINING

June 18-19, 3003; July 23-24, 2003Emergency Preparedness in a Changed World. Spon-

sor: ABS Consulting. Two locations: Washington, DC:June 18-19, 2003; and Long Beach, California: July 23-24, 2003. This meeting will provide participants with thestrategic resources to prepare for, and recover from, anyemergency or disaster through creating organization-wideemergency management plans. Complete information isavailable from ABS Consulting, 4 Research Place, Suite200, Rockville, MD 20850; (301) 921-2345; http://www.govinst.com. from: Disaster Research 388, May 7, 2003

June 24, 2003"How To Create A Business Continuity Plan...That

Works!" is an intensive, one-day workshop to be held inSeattle on June 24 and Irvine, CA on June 26. It was de-veloped by Judy Bell, author of the first book on businesscontinuity for the private sector, Disaster Survival Plan-ning: A Practical Guide for Businesses.

In addition to addressing all of the fundamental ele-ments of disaster response and business continuity plan-ning, the session features video interviews of BusinessContinuity Managers who relate their experiences in cre-ating effective plans. The videos expose attendees to bestpractices in a very compact program. Those interviewedinclude representatives from Toyota, Macy's, CalPERS,

and California State Franchise Tax Board. DRII-certified practitioners will receive 8 continuing

education credits for attending this session. Discounts areavailable to multiple attendees from a single organizationand for members of certain professional associations.Here is the workshop schedule:- Seattle June 24 - San Francisco July 17- Irvine, CA June 26 - Denver August 19- Atlanta July 8 - Sacramento August 21- Chicago July 10

For detailed workshop information or to registeronline, see www.disaster-survival.com/workshop.html orcall (800) 601-4899.

from: [email protected] (e-mail on 5-20-03)

June 30-July 11, 2003Tsunamis: Their Science, Engineering, and Hazard

Mitigation. Sponsor: Sapporo, Japan: IUGG2003 Regis-tration Office Japan Marine Science and TechnologyCenter (JAMSTEC), 02-15, Natsushima-cho Yokosuka237-0061 Japan; -mail: [email protected];http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/iugg/index.html.


November 11-13, 2003Contingency Planning and Management Conference


East. Sponsor: Contingency Planning and Management(CPM). Washington, D.C. This conference is gearedtoward those who work with developing, maintaining, andimplementing business continuity plans. Educationalsessions, disaster simulation exercises, and networkingopportunities are included. Complete details are availablefrom CPM, 84 Park Avenue, Flemington, NJ 08822;(908) 788-0343; http://www.contingencyplanningexpo.com. from: Disaster Research 388, May 7, 2003

EMAP Assessor TrainingThe Emergency Management Accreditation Program

(EMAP) was designed to foster consistent emergencymanagement program performance capabilities as well as

create a meaningful, voluntary accreditation process forstate, territorial, and local disaster response programs.

EMAP is currently recruiting and training state andlocal assessors. Experienced emergency management staff(state or local, current or former) who meet specific quali-fications are eligible to participate in training.

EMAP offers assessor training throughout the year.The training prepares participants to serve as on-siteassessors as part of the assessment/accreditation process.For information and a registration form, contact NicoleMorgan, EMAP, P.O. Box 11910, Lexington, KY 40578-1910; (859) 244-8242; http://www.emaponline.org.

from: Disaster Research 386, April 4, 2003

ACADEMIC PROGRAMS FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTfrom: Contingency Planning & Management, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 23

Associate DegreesDelaware Technical Community College:www.dtcc.edu Georgia State University: www.gsu.eduUniversity of Jacksonville: iep.jsu.eduRed Rocks Community College: www.ccconline.orgScott Community College: www.eicc.org/ecatThomas Edison State College: www.tesc.eduUniversity of Richmond: www.richmond.edu

Bachelors DegreesCoventry University: www.coventry.ac.ukGeorgia State University: www.gsu.eduUniversity of Jacksonville: iep.jsu.eduThomas Edison State College: www.tesc.eduUniversity of North Texas: www.scs.unt.edu/depts/

eadpUniversity of Richmond: www.richmond.edu

Post-Graduate ProgramsGeorgia State University: www.gsu.eduUniversity of Jacksonville: iep.jsu.eduTexas A & M University: hrrc.tamu.eduUniversity of British Columbia: www.chs.ubc.caUniversity of West Virginia: www.wvu.eduWestern Washington University:www.wce.wwu.edu/

emergencymgmt

Certificate ProgramsCoventry University: www.coventry.ac.ukGeorgia State University: www.gsu.eduUniversity of Jacksonville: iep.jsu.eduKwantlen University College: www.kwantlen.bc.ca/

pscmRed Rocks Community College: www.ccconline.orgTexas A & M University: hrrc.tamu.eduUniversity of Richmond: www.richmond.eduUniversity of Wisconsin: dmc.engr.wisc.edu

University of West Virginia: www.wvu.eduWestern Washington University: www.wce.wwu.edu/

emergencymgmt

Professional Certification ProgramsBusiness Continuity Institute: www.thebci.orgDisaster Recovery Institute International: www.drii.orgInternational Association of Emergency Managers:

www.iaem.org

Professional Training ProgramsDisaster Recovery Institute International: www.drii.orgInstitute for Business Continuity Training: www.ibct.

comInternational Association of Emergency Managers:

www.iaem.orgMIS Training Institute: www.misti.comStrohl Systems: www.strohlsystems.comSurvive: www.survive.com

Research CentersUniversity of Delaware Disaster Resource Center:

www.udel.edu/DRC/about.htmlMillersville University Disaster Research Group:

muweb.millersville.edu/~DRG/info.htmlUniversity of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center:

dmc.engr.wisc.edu

Others:Institute for Hazards Mitigation Planning and

Research–College of Architecture and UrbanPlanning: http://depts.washington.edu/mitigate/courses.htm


WEBSITES

http://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/csdl/op/nowcoast.htm The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association's

National Ocean Service (NOS) recently launched a web sitethat provides real-time coastal observations and forecastsfor major U.S. estuaries and seaports, the Great Lakes andthe coast. The map-based web portal called "nowCOAST"provides spatially-referenced links to real-time informationfrom meteorological, oceanographic, and river observingnetworks.


http://www.pep.bc.ca/hrva/hazard.html The province of British Columbia, Canada, has producedan on-line, dynamic hazard, risk, and vulnerability assess-ment tool that may be of interest to communities wishing toconduct a risk assessment.

http://www.fema.gov/library/bizindex.shtm The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

has a section on its web site devoted to business continuityplanning that is designed as a step-by-step approach toemergency planning, response, and recovery for all types ofcompanies.

http://www.crowdingtherim.org Human populations are expanding and economies are

intertwining across international borders in ways that we donot yet fully understand. This web site promotes internation-al, cross-sector discussions to better understand and preparefor the potential reverberating effects of hazards in the Paci-fic Rim region.

http://www.disasterhelp.gov This site, part of the "disaster management initiative,"

is intended to serve as a one-stop information portal aboutdisaster preparedness and response.

http://www.opm.gov/emergency/ The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has

created a variety of emergency preparedness brochures toinform government officials, media and the general publicof OPM response and operations during a crisis or emergen-cy. A select list of resources is included as well.

http://www.who.int/disasters (Click on Newsletter at thebottom of the page.)

Emergency Preparedness and Response Highlights, aperiodic electronic newsletter published by WHO's Depart-ment of Emergency and Humanitarian Action is availableonline. To be notified by e-mail when a new issue is up onthe site, write to [email protected].

from: Disasters Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas, issue no. 91, April 2003, p. 3

http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/highlights2003.htmISDR Highlights, a forum to share ideas and major de-

velopments in the field of disaster reduction, increase publicawareness, and expand risk reduction networks is publishedbimonthly by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduc-

tion. from: Disasters Preparedness and Mitigation in theAmericas,issue no. 91, April 2003, p. 3

http://www.hazardmaps.gov/atlas.phpHazardMaps.gov–The Multi-Hazard Mapping Initia-

tive, Multi-Hazard Atlas website allows you to find maps bystate, county, congressional district, national grid coordi-nates, latitude/longitude, or zip code. The site includes mapsfor earthquakes, floods, hail storms, land subsidence, land-slides, tornadoes, tropical cyclones, tsunami, volcanic haz-ards, windstorms and world events. Maps may be custom-ized and multiple layers selected.

This ancient building has clearly sustained significantdamage. While there is no conclusive evidence that thedamage was caused by tsunamis, more study is needed.


PUBLICATIONS

The 1755 Lisbon EarthquakeThis 2001 article by David K. Chester (Progress in

Physical Geography, v. 25, no. 3, pages 363-383) deservesmention. It is a good follow-up to the Dyne article publishedin TsuInfo Alert (v. 2, no. 4, August 2000). Any TsuInfoAlert participant can request a copy (see page 2 for instruc-tions).

"Abstract: Affecting an area of ca. 800 000 km2 andkilling up to 100 000 people, the Lisbon earthquake of 1755is probably the greatest seismic disaster to have struck wes-tern Europe. The shock waves of the earthquake placed atemporary brake on the emerging rationalism of the Europe-an Enlightenment and attempts to explain the disaster interms of human sinfulness coloured many contemporaryaccounts. Notwithstanding these difficulties, through care-ful archival research it has proved possible to obtain rela-tively value-free accounts of most aspects of the earthquakeand to use these not only to model the physical characteris-tics of and damage caused by the earthquake, but also toconsider the implications for present day hazard assessmentand urban planning. This paper reviews the progress thathas been made in: identifying source and faulting mechan-isms; the processes involved in the generation and impact oftsunamis; damage caused to different types of building andthe use being made of historical earthquakes of differentsizes–of which the 1755 event is the largest–in definingfuture scenarios for Lisbon and other areas of Iberia."

Emergency Preparedness and Response Highlights EPRH is a periodic electronic newsletter published by

WHO's Department of Emergency and Humanitarian Actionis available online at http://www.who.int/disasters (Click onNewsletter at the bottom of the page.) To be notified by e-mail when a new issue is up on the site, write to [email protected]. from: Disasters Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas, issue no. 91, April 2003, p. 3

ISDR HighlightsIH is a forum to share ideas and major developments in

the field of disaster reduction, increase public awareness,and expand risk reduction networks is published bimonthlyby the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/highlights2003.htm

from: Disasters Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas, issue no. 91, April 2003, p. 3

Are You Ready? A Guide to Citizen Preparedness The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)recently announced the availability of a publication to helpindividuals prepare themselves and their families for disas-ters. Are You Ready? A Guide to Citizen Preparedness(publication no. H-34, 2003, 112 p.) brings together facts ondisaster survival techniques, disaster-specific information,and how to prepare for and respond to natural and human-

made disasters. Are You Ready? provides step-by-step outlines on pre-paring a disaster supply kit, emergency planning for peoplewith disabilities, locating and evacuating to a shelter, andcontingency planning for family pets. Human-caused threatsfrom hazardous materials and terrorism are discussed indetail. The guide also describes ways citizens can become in-volved with efforts to safeguard their neighborhoods andcommunities through FEMA's Citizen Corps initiative andits Community Emergency Response Team training pro-gram. Printed copies of Are You Ready? are free and availablefrom the FEMA Publications Distribution Center, P.O. Box2013, Jessup, MD 20794-2012; (800) 480-2520; fax (301)362-5335. The document can also be downloaded fromhttp://www.fema.gov/areyouready. Information aboutFEMA’s Citizen Corps program can be found on-line athttp://www.citizencorps.gov.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 4, p. 6

Canadian Natural Hazards AssessmentThe March 2003 edition of Natural Hazards, the Jour-

nal of the International Society for the Prevention and Miti-gation of Natural Hazards (v. 28, no. 2-3) is devoted to anassessment of natural hazards and disasters in Canada. Arti-cles include: "Disaster Management and Community Plan-ning, and Public Participation: How to Achieve SustainableHazard Mitigation," by Laurie Pearce; "The Contribution ofPhilosophy to Hazards Assessment and Decision Making,"by I. L. Stefanovic; "A General Framework for Mitigation-Oriented Planning Assessments of Mobile Telecommunica-tions Lifelines," by P. S. Anderson and G. A. Gow; "Seis-mic Hazard Mitigation for Buildings," by Simon Foo andAlan Davenport, and many more.

Information about the journal, including subscriptioninformation, is available at http://www.kluweronline.com/ issn/0921-030X. from: Disaster Research 386, April 4, 2003

The Sphere Newsletter

The Sphere Newsletter publishes a quarterly e-mailnews bulletin with information related to project activities.The Sphere Project aims to improve the quality of assistanceprovided to people affected by disasters and to enhance ac-countability of the humanitarian system in disaster response.The project has developed a Humanitarian Charter and a setof universal minimum standards in core areas of humanitari-an assistance. To subscribe, write to [email protected] "subscribe sphere-newsletter-english" in the subjectfield. from: Disasters Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas, issue no. 91, April 2003, p. 3


Best Practices in Natural Hazards Planning andMitigation. 2003. 57 p. Free. The report is available on-line from theColorado Department of Local Affairs: http://www.dola.state.co.us/smartgrowth.

This state-level report features an array of land useplanning practices, strategies, and resources for addressingdevelopment in areas subject to natural hazards, includingwildfire, flooding, swelling or expansive soils, avalanches,and landslides. Contact information for each jurisdiction isalso included. Planning practices range from overlay zoningdistricts and defensible space requirements for developmentin the wildland/urban interface to regulatory and permittingprocesses that limit development in floodplain areas. Thereport also includes a section detailing local governmentdrought policies and programs.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 5, May 2003, p. 16-17.

Comprehensive Emergency Management for Local Govern-ments: Demystifying Emergency Planning.

James A. Gordon. 2002. 212 pp. $89.00. Copies can bepurchased from Rothstein Associates, (202) 740-7444 or(888) 768-4783; e-mail: [email protected]; http://www.rothstein.com.This guide was written for staff in small tomid-sized local governments who are preparing for naturaland human-caused emergencies. It includes an introductorychapter on the nature of local government emergency plan-ning and a final chapter of tips on "putting it all together."Also included are detailed chapters on each of the fourphases of comprehensive emergency management!mitiga-tion, preparedness, response, and recovery.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 5, May 2003, p. 16-17.

Why Can’t We Talk? Working Together to Bridge theCommunications Gap to Save Lives!A Guide for PublicOfficials

2003. 104 p. Free. Available electronically from theDepartment of Justice AGILE program at http://www.agileprogram.org/ntfi/ntfi_guide.pdf. This publication,written by the National Task Force on Interoperability, wasdeveloped as a result of the ongoing dialogue among stateand local decision makers and public safety officials to ad-dress why many public officials working in the same juris-diction cannot easily communicate. This inability is a threatto public safety and often results in the loss of lives and pro-perty. A task force comprised of 18 national associationsrepresenting a wide array of interests collaborated on thisguide.

from: Natural Hazards Observer, v. XXVII, no. 5, May 2003, p. 17

Communicating in a Crisis: Risk CommunicationGuidelines for Public Officials

SMA 02-3641. 2002. 96 p. Free. Copies may be ob-tained from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser-vices Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admin-istration, Mental Health Services Clearinghouse, (800) 789-2647; http://www.riskcommunication.samhsa.gov/RiskComm.pdf.

Sound and thoughtful communication can help publicofficials to prevent ineffective, fear-driven, and potentiallydamaging public responses to serious crises. This primerwas written with the goal of providing a resource for publicofficials about the basic tenets of effective communication,with a special focus on the media. There are steps that pub-lic officials can take in advance of any incident to betterprepare communities, risk managers, elected officials, pub-lic health officials, and others to respond to the managementchallenges of crises and disasters.


Orientation Manual for First Responders on the Evacuationof People with Disabilities.

FA-235. 2002. 31 p. Free. Copies can be requestedfrom the Publications Center, United States Fire Adminis-tration, 16825 South Seton Avenue, Emmitsburg, MD21717; (800) 561-3356 or (301) 447-1000; fax: (301) 447-1052; http://www.usfa.fema.gov.

The first section of this manual provides guidance ondealing with the disabled in emergency situations, such asidentifying those with special needs and disabilities in thecommunity and including them in emergency preparednessplanning. The remainder of the manual contains informationon types of impairment and rescue techniques involvingwheel chairs, evacuation devices, and carrying techniques.


How the Smart Family Survived a TsunamiThis 16-page booklet was prepared by the Washington

Military Department Emergency Management Division andauthored by Laurie Dent-Cleveland, in 2002. It is rated Ele-mentary Edition K-6. Apparently it is available in print fromlocal emergency management offices. The booklet is alsoavailable online at http://emd.wa.gov/5-ppt/trng/pubed/02-campaign/smart/smart-idx.htm or for a pdf copy: http://emd.wa.gov/5-ppt/trng/pubed/02-campaign/smart/smart-book.pdf.

"This booklet will help children prepare for disasters.Knowledge is power, and knowing what to expect and whatto do will increase their confidence when disasters occur."(Back cover)


NEW TSUNAMI MITIGATION MATERIALS ADDED TO THE LIBRARYApril 1 to May 30, 2003

AlaskaArmes, C. J., 1996, Comparison of Holocene tsunami and modern

storm-overwash deposits, northern Bristol Bay, southwesternAlaska [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstractswith Programs, v. 28, no. 3, p. 35.

Barrett, P. J., 1966, Effects of the 1964 Alaskan earthquake onsome shallow-water sediments in Prince William Sound,southeast Alaska: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 36,no. 4, p. 992-1006.

Barrett, P. J., 1971, Effects on some shallow-water sediments inPrince William Sound. In National Research Council Com-mittee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquakeof 1964--Geology; Part A: National Academy of Sciences, p.250-264.

Chance, Genie, 1966, The year of decision and action. In Hansen,W. R.; Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earthquake March27, 1964--Field investigations and reconstruction effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p. 90-105.

Coulter, H. W.; Migliaccio, R. R., 1971, Effects at Valdez. In Na-tional Research Council Committee on the Alaska Earth-quake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; PartA: National Academy of Sciences, p. 359-394.

Coulter, He. W.; Migliaccio, R. R., 1966, Effects of the earthquakeof March 27, 1964 at Valdez, Alaska: U.S. Geological SurveyProfessional Paper 542-C, 36 p., 3 plates.

Eckel, E. B., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964,on air and water transport, communications, and utilities sys-tems in south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profes-sional Paper 545-B, 27 p.

Eckel, E. B., 1970, The Alaska earthquake March 27, 1964--Les-sons and conclusions: U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 546, 57 p.

Eckel, E. B., 1971, Effects on air and water transport, communica-tions, and utilities systems. In National Research CouncilCommittee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earth-quake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Academy of Sci-ences, p. 705-731.

Eckel, E. B., 1971, Lessons and conclusions. In National ResearchCouncil Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The greatAlaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Aca-demy of Sciences, p. 747-792.

Eckel, E. B.; Schaem, W. E., 1966, The work of the Scientific andEngineering Task Force--Earth science applied to policy de-cisions in early relief and reconstruction. In Hansen, W. R.;Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earthquake March 27,1964--Field investigations and reconstruction effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p. 46-67.

George, Warren; Lyle, R. E., 1966, Reconstruction by the Corps ofEngineers--Methods and accomplishments. In Hansen, W. R.;Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earthquake March 27,1964--Field investigations and reconstruction effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p. 81-89.

Grantz, Arthur; Plafker, George; Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1964,Alaska's Good Friday earthquake, March 27, 1964--A prelim-

inary geologic investigation: U.S. Geological Survey Circular491, 35 p.

Hansen, W. R., 1966, Investigations by the Geological Survey. InHansen, W. R.; Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earth-quake March 27, 1964--Field investigations and reconstruc-tion effort: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p.38-45.

Hansen, W. R.; Eckel, E. B., 1966, A summary description of theAlaska earthquake--Its setting and effects. In Hansen, W. R.;Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earthquake March 27,1964--Field investigations and reconstruc-tion effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p. 1-37.

Hansen, W. R.; Eckel, E. B.; Schaem, W. E.; Lyle, R. E.; George,Warren; Chance, Genie, 1966, The Alaska earthquake March27, 1964--Field investigations and reconstruction effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, 111 p.

Hoyer, M. C., 1971, The Puget Peak avalanche, Alaska: Geologi-cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 5, p. 1267-1284.

Hoyer, M. C., 1971, The Puget Peak avalanche [abstract]. In Na-tional Research Council Committee on the Alaska Earth-quake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; PartA: National Academy of Sciences, p. 285.

Johnson, J. M.; Satake, Kenji, 1993, Estimate of source parametersfor the 1938 Alaska earthquake from tsunami waveforms [ab-stract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 64, no. 1, p. 13.

Johnson, J. M.; Satake, Kenji, 1993, Slip distribution of the 1964Alaska earthquake from inversion of tsunami waveforms [ab-stract]: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transactions), v.74, no. 43, Supplement, p. 95.

Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1965, Effects of the earthquake of March27, 1964 at Whittier, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profes-sional Paper 542-B, 21 p., 3 plates.

Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1968, Effects of the earthquake of March27, 1964, on the Alaska highway system: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 545-C, 66 p.

Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1971, Effects at Whittier. In NationalResearch Council Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, Thegreat Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: NationalAcademy of Sciences, p. 439-460.

Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1971, Effects on the Alaska highway sys-tem. In National Research Council Committee on the AlaskaEarthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology;Part A: National Academy of Sciences, p. 641-704.

Kachadoorian, Reuben; Plafker, George, 1967, Effects of theearthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiakand nearby islands: U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 542-F, 41 p., 1 plate.

Kachadoorian, Reuben; Plafker, George, 1971, Effects on the com-munities of Kodiak and nearby islands. In National ResearchCouncil Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The greatAlaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Acad-emy of Sciences, p. 539-540.

Kuhn, G. G.; Shepard, F. P., 1997, The tsunami of April 1, 1946--A photographic look at an event that changed the course of

Note: These, and all our tsunami materials, are included in our on-line catalog athttp://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/ger/washbib.htm


marine geology [abstract]: Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 24.

Lemke, R. W., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964,at Seward, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper542-E, 43 p., 2 plates.

Lemke, R. W., 1971, Effects at Seward. In National ResearchCouncil Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The greatAlaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Acad-emy of Sciences, p. 395-438.

Lyle, R. E.; George, Warren, 1966, Activities of the Corps of En-gineers--Cleanup and early reconstruction. In Hansen, W. R.;Eckel, E. B.; and others, The Alaska earthquake March 27,1964--Field investigations and reconstruction effort: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 541, p. 70-80.

Mader, C. L., 1997, Modeling the 1994 Skagway tsunami [ab-stract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro-grams, v. 29, no. 5, p. 26.

McCulloch, D. S., 1966, Slide-induced waves, seiching, andground fracturing caused by the earthquake of March 27,1964 at Kenai Lake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profes-sional Paper 543-A, 41 p., 2 plates.

McCulloch, D. S., 1971, Slide-induced waves, seiching, andground fracturing at Kenai Lake [abstract]. In National Re-search Council Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, Thegreat Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: NationalAcademy of Sciences, p. 279.

McCulloch, D. S.; Bonilla, M. G., 1970, Effects of the earthquakeof March 27, 1964, on The Alaska Railroad: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 545-D, 161 p., 4 plates.

McCulloch, D. S.; Bonilla, Manuel G., 1971, Effects on The Alas-ka Railroad. In National Research Council Committee on theAlaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Academy of Sciences, p. 543-640.

McGarr, Arthur; Vorhis, R. C., 1968, Seismic seiches from theMarch 1964 Alaska earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Pro-fessional Paper 544-E, 43 p., 1 plate.

Okal, E. A.; Lopez, A. M.; Synolakis, C. E., 2003, The 1946 Aleu-tian "tsunami earthquake" revisited [abstract]: SeismologicalResearch Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 217.

Plafker, George; Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1966, Geologic effects ofthe March 1964 earthquake and associated seismic sea waveson Kodiak and nearby islands, Alaska: U.S. Geological Sur-vey Professional Paper 543-D, 46 p.

Plafker, George; Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1971, Geologic effects onthe Kodiak Island area. In National Research Council Com-mittee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquakeof 1964--Geology; Part A: National Academy of Sciences, p.177-226.

Plafker, George; Kachadoorian, Reuben; Eckel, E. B.; Mayo, L.R.,1971, Effects on various communities. In National ResearchCouncil Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The greatAlaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Acad-emy of Sciences, p. 489-538.

Plafker, George; Kachadoorian, Reuben; Eckel, E. B.; Mayo, L.R.,1971, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on variouscommunities: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper542-G, 50 p., 2 plates.

Reimnitz, Erk; Marshall, N. F., 1965, Effects of the Alaska earth-quake and tsunami on recent deltaic sediments: Journal ofGeophysical Research, v. 70, no. 10, p. 2363-2376.

Reimnitz, Erk; Marshall, N. F., 1971, Effects of the earthquake andtsunami on recent deltaic sediments. In National ResearchCouncil Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great

Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Acad-emy of Sciences, p. 265-278.

Shepard, F. P.; Macdonald, G. A.; Cox, D. C., 1950, The tsunamiof April 1, 1946: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bulle-tin, v. 5, no. 6, p. 391-528.

Stanley, K. W., 1968, Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March27, 1964 on shore processes and beach morphology: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 543-J, 21 p.

Stanley, K. W., 1971, Effects on shore processes and beach mor-phology. In National Research Council Committee on theAlaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: National Academy of Sciences, p. 229-249.

Van Dorn, W. G., 1964, Source mechanism of the tsunami ofMarch 28, 1964 in Alaska. In Proceedings of the Ninth Con-ference on Coastal Engineering: American Society of CivilEngineers, p. 166-190.

Waller, R. M., 1966, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964in the Homer area, Alaska; with a section on Beach changeson Homer spit, by K. W. Stanley: U.S. Geological SurveyProfessional Paper 542-D, 28 p., 1 plate.

Waller, R. M., 1966, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquakeon the hydrology of south-central Alaska: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 544-A,28 p.

Waller, R. M., 1971, Effects in the Homer area. In National Re-search Council Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, Thegreat Alaska earthquake of 1964--Geology; Part A: NationalAcademy of Sciences, p. 461-479.

Waythomas, C. F., 1996, Volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustinevolcano, Alaska--Fact or fiction [abstract]: Geological Societyof America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 7, p. A-410.

Waythomas, C. F., 1997, Debris-avalanche-initiated tsunamis atAugustine volcano, Alaska, reexamined [abstract]: GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p.73.

CaliforniaBorrero, J. C.; Legg, M. R.; Synolakis, C. E., 2003, A comparison

of near-shore tsunami sources offshore of Los Angeles andOrange Counties in southern California [abstract]: Seismolog-ical Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 221.

Huffman, M. E., 1973, Sonoma County coastal geology for plan-ning: California Geology, v. 26, no. 10, p. 242-244.

Huffman, M. E.; Armstrong, C. F., 1975, Geology for planning inSonoma County, California [abstract]: Association of Engin-eering Geologists, 18th Annual Meeting, Program, p. 29.

Hawaii Bryan, W. B.; Ludwig, K. R.; Moore, J. G., 1997, Ages of clasts in

Pleistocene wave deposits, Lanai, Hawaii [abstract]: Geologi-cal Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5,p. 6.

Cox, D. C., 1979, Local tsunamis in Hawaii--Implications for haz-ard zoning: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics HIG-79-5, 46 p.(Accessed May 28, 2003 at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/Library/Tsunami_Refs.html)

Fryer, G. J., 1997, Landslides triggered by storm waves and tsuna-mis triggered by landslides--Unrecognized coastal hazards inHawai'i [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstractswith Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 14.

Johnson, C. E.; Koyanagi, R. Y., 1987, Earthquake hazards of Ha-waii--Evaluation, monitoring, and risk assessment [abstract]:Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro-grams, v.19, no. 6, p. 392.


Jones, A. T., 1992, Comment and reply on "Catastrophic waveerosion on the southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of theLanai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?"--[Comment]: Geology, v. 20, no.12, p. 1150-1151.

Keating, B. H., 1997, Are the coastal gravels on Lanai tsunamideposits? [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstractswith Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 22.

Kellogg, J. N.; Chadwick, W. W., Jr., 1987, Neotectonic study ofthe Hilina fault system, Kilauea, Hawaii [abstract]: GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p.394.

Kuhn, G. G.; Shepard, F. P., 1997, The tsunami of April 1, 1946--A photographic look at an event that changed the course ofmarine geology [abstract]: Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 24.

McMurtry, G. M.; Herrero-Bervera, Emilio; Resig, J.; Cremer, M.;Sherman, Clark; Smith, J. R., 1997, Stratigraphic investiga-tions of the Alika giant Hawaiian submarine landslide--Impli-cations for the origin of paleo-tsunamis [abstract]: GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs,v.29,no. 5, p. 53.

Moore, A. L., 1997, Landward fining in tsunami-deposited gravelson Molokai, Hawaii [abstract]: Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 53.

Muir Wood, R., 1989, The November 7th 1837 earthquake insouthern Chile [abstract]: Seismological Research Letters, v.60, no. 1, p. 8.

Rubin, K. H.; Fletcher, C. H., III, 1997, What do ages of coralclasts in high-energy sedimentary deposits tell us about theage of the deposit--An example from Lanai, Hawai'i [ab-stract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro-grams, v. 29, no. 5, p. 61.

Segall, Paul; Owen, S.; Freymueller, J.; Arnadottir, T.; Miklius,Asta; Denlinger, R. P., 1993, Rapid aseismic fault slip be-neath Kilauea volcano [abstract]: Geological Society ofAmerica Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 6, p. A-243.

Shepard, F. P.; Macdonald, G. A.; Cox, D. C., 1950, The tsunamiof April 1, 1946: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bulle-tin, v. 5, no. 6, p. 391-528.

Yanagi, B. S., 2003, Local tsunami warning response exercize con-ducted in Hawai'i: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 6.

Young, R. W.; Bryant, E. A., 1992, Catastrophic wave erosion onthe southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of the Lanai tsu-namis ca. 105 ka?: Geology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 199-202.

Young, R. W.; Bryant, E. A., 1992, Comment and reply on "Catas-trophic wave erosion on the southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of the Lanai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?"--Reply: Geology,v. 20, no. 12, p. 1151.

NevadaWarme, J. E.; Kuehner, H.-C.; Oberbeck, V. R., 1997, Carbonate

platform landslide and multiple tsunami triggered by asteroidor comet impact, Devonian, Nevada [abstract]: GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs, v.29,no.5, p. 73.

Oregon Darienzo, M. E.; Peterson, C. D., 1995, Magnitude and frequency

of subduction-zone earthquakes along the northern Oregoncoast in the past 3,000 years: Oregon Geology, v. 57, no. 1, p.3-12.

Kelsey, H. M.; Witter, R. C.; Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, 1996, Re-cord of plate boundary earthquakes near Cape Blanco, southcoastal Oregon [abstract]: Geological Society of America Ab-stracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 5, p. 80.

Atlantic Ocean and Atlantic continental shelf (includingNew York, New Jersey, and Virginia)

Friedman, G. M., 1997, Bolide impact and tsunami terminating theCambrian--Evidence from iridium anomaly, carbon and stron-tium isotopes, and the presence of brecciolas derived fromcollapse of platform margin [abstract]: Geological Society ofAmerica Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 6, p. A-80-A-81.

Gusiakov, V. K., 2003, Historical Tsunami Database for the Atlan-tic, 60 B.C.-A.D. 2001 [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 219. (Note: database is at http://tsun.sscc.ru/htdbatl/)

McHugh, C. M. G.; Paterson, Tara; Snyder, S. W.; Miller, K. G.,1997, Dynamics of Chesapeake Bay impact revealed by upperEocene ejecta deposition on the New Jersey continental mar-gin [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts withPrograms, v. 29, no. 6, p. A-79.

Poag, C. W., 1997, Breccia by the bowlful--The clastic fill of sub-marine impact craters [abstract]: Geological Society of Amer-ica Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 6, p. A-79.

Tsunami Society Media Committee (Curtis, G. D.; Murty, T. S.;Kong, L. S. L.; Pararas-Carayannis, George; Mader, C. L.),2003, The Tsunami Society issues position paper on mega-tsunami hazard: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 4.

AustraliaJones, A. T., 1992, Comment and reply on "Catastrophic wave ero-

sion on the southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of the La-nai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?"--[Comment]: Geology, v. 20, no.12, p. 1150-1151.

Young, R. W.; Bryant, E. A., 1992, Catastrophic wave erosion onthe southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of the Lanai tsu-namis ca. 105 ka?: Geology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 199-202.

Young, R. W.; Bryant, E. A., 1992, Comment and reply on "Catas-trophic wave erosion on the southeastern coast of Australia--Impact of the Lanai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?"--Reply: Geology,v. 20, no. 12, p. 1151,

CanadaBent, A. L., 1994, A double couple source mechanism for the 1929

Grand Banks earthquake [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 65, no. 1, p. 67.

Chile, Peru, and EcuadorArreaga Vargas, Patricia, 2003, Tsunami maps developed for Es-

meraldas, Ecuador: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 1, 8.Karakouzian, Moses; Candia, M. A.; Wyman, R. V.; Watkins, M.

D.; Hudyma, Nick, 1997, Geology of Lima, Peru: Environ-mental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 3, no. 1, p. 55-121.

Lorca, E. E.; Nuñez, Rodrigo, 2003, Chile national tsunami warn-ing system: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 2-4.

Muir Wood, R., 1989, The November 7th 1837 earthquake insouthern Chile [abstract]: Seismological Research Letters, v.60, no. 1, p. 8.

GreeceMcCoy, F. W., 1997, Tsunami deposits on Santorini (Thera) Is-

land, Greece, from the Minoan, late Bronze Age eruption ofThera volcano [abstract]: Geological Society of America Ab-stracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 28.

IndiaOrtiz, Modesto; Bilham, Roger, 2003, Source area and rupture

parameters of the 31 December 1881 Mw = 7.9 Car Nicobar


earthquake estimated from tsunamis recorded in the Bay ofBengal: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B4,2215, DOI:10.1029/2002JB001941, p. ESE 11-1 - 11-16.

JapanBukowski, R. W.; Scawthorn, Charles, 1995, Fire. In Chung, R.

M., editor, Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake and tsunami ofJuly 12, 1993 reconnaissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v.11, Supplement A (Publication 95-01), p. 33-40.

Chung, R. M., 1995, Introduction. In Chung, R. M., editor, Hok-kaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake and tsunami of July 12, 1993reconnaissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, SupplementA (Publication 95-01), p. 1-7.

Chung, R. M., editor, 1995, Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake andtsunami of July 12, 1993 reconnaissance report: EarthquakeSpectra, v. 11, Supplement A (Publication 95-01), 166 p.

Geist, E. L.; Hirata, Kenji; Satake, Kenji; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Ya-maki, Shigeru, 2003, Reconciling source areas determinedfrom aftershock and tsunami data--The M 8.1 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake along the Kuril subduction zone [abstract]:Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 221.

Hirata, Kenji; Geist, E. L.; Satake, Kenji; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Ya-maki, Shigeru, 2003, Slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1) along the Kuril Trench deduced fromtsunami waveform inversion: Journal of Geophysical Re-search, v. 108, no. B4, 2196, DOI:10.1029/2002JB001976, p.ESE 6-1 - 6-15.

Kroeger, G. C.; Simazaki, Kunihiko; Geller, R. J., 1987, Sourceprocess of the June 10, 1975 Nemuro-Oki tsunami earthquake[abstravct]: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transactions),v. 68, no. 44, p. 1352.

Lo, R. C., 1995, Restoration and recovery. In Chung, R. M., edi-tor, Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake and tsunami of July 12,1993 reconnaissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, Sup-plement A (Publication 95-01), p. 149-163.

Preuss, Jane, 1995, Societal issues. In Chung, R. M., editor, Hok-kaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake and tsunami of July 12, 1993reconnaissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, SupplementA (Publication 95-01), p. 135-148.

Scawthorn, Charles; Yanev, Peter I.; Youd, T. Leslie, 1995, Struc-tural aspects. In Chung, R. M., editor, Hokkaido-Nansei-Okiearthquake and tsunami of July 12, 1993 reconnaissance re-port: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, Supplement A (Publication95-01), p. 95-117.

Yanev, P. I.; Scawthorn, Charles; Youd, T. Le.; Chung, R. M.,1995, Lifeline effects. In Chung, R. M., editor, Hokkaido--Nansei-Oki earthquake and tsunami of July 12, 1993 recon-naissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, Supplement A(Publication 95-01), p. 119-133.

Mexico and NicaraguaAdatte, Thierry; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Keller, Gerta, 1993, Min-

eralogical and sedimentological data of near K/T boundary inNE Mexico are imcompatible with a tsunami event [abstract]:Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.25, no. 6, p. A-297.

Strauch, W., 2003, The Nicaraguan Tsunami Warning System [ab-stract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 239.

Pacific Ocean and Pacific Islands (including Guam,Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu)

Borrero, J. C.; Synolakis, C. E.; Okal, E. A., 2003, Detailed mod-eling of the 9 September 2002 tsunami near Wewak, Papua

New Guinea and comparison to the 1998 Aitape tsunami [ab-stract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 239.

Chen, J. K.; Taylor, F. W.; Edwards, R. L.; Cheng, Hai; Burr, G.S., 1995, Recent emerged reef terraces of the Yenkahe resur-gent block, Tanna, Vanuatu--Implications for volcanic, land-slide and tsunami hazards; Journal of Geology, v. 103, no. 5,p. 577-590.

Comartin, C. D., editor, 1995, Guam earthquake of August 8, 1993reconnaissance report: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, SupplementB (Publication 95-02), 175 p.

Plafker, George, 1997, Catastrophic tsunami generated by submar-ine slides and backarc thrusting during the 1992 earthquakeon eastern Flores I., Indonesia [abstract]: Geological Societyof America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 57.

Puerto Rico and the Caribbean (Note: includes reportsabout the tsunamis caused by the Chicxulub impact at theTertiary-Cretaceous border)

Asencio, Eugenio, 2003, 100 years of seismological investigationin Puerto Rico [abstract]: Seismological Research Letters, v.74, no. 2, p. 197.

HuerfanoMoreno,V.A.; Mercado,Aurelio,2003, Local microseis-micity analysis in support of tsunami flood mapping in PuertoRico [abstract]:SeismologicalResearchLetters,v.74,no2,p.239.

McCann, W. R., 2003, Possible methods for estimating the poten-tial of tsunami earthquakes and earthquake-induced landslidetsunamis [abstract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no.2, p. 219.

Moya, J.-C.; McCann, W. R., 1996, Tsunami deposits in northwes-tern Puerto Rico--Evidence of earthquake hazards associatedwith rapid extension in Mona Passage [abstract]: GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 7, p.A-283.

Olsson, R. K.; Liu, C., 1993, Erosional bedding plane markings onthe top of the Prairie Bluff Chalk at Millers Ferry, Alabama--Evidence for a terminal Cretaceous tsunami event [abstract]:Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.25, no. 6, p. A-330.

Prentice, C. S.; Mann, Paul; Tuttle, M. P.; Dyer-Williams, Kath-leen; Peña, L. R., 1997, An overview of paleoseismic studiesand seismic hazard analysis in the Caribbean region [ab-stract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro-grams, v. 29, no. 6, p. A-72.

Rampino, M. R., 1997, Tsunami deposits(?), wave deposits, andballistic ejecta in the Caribbean region from the Chicxulubimpact structure (65 MYR ago) [abstract]: Geological Societyof America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 58.

Taggart, B. E.; Lundberg, Joyce; Carew, J. L.; Mylroie, J. E., 1993,Holocene reef-rock boulders on Isla de Mona, Puerto Ricotransported by a hurricane or seismic sea wave [abstract]:Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.25, no. 6, p. A-61.

Von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C. G.; Huerfano, V. A.; Whitmore, P.M., 2003, Emergent tsunami warning system for Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Young, S. R., 2003, Volcanogenic tsunamis in the Caribbean Ba-sin--A challenge for traditional warning systems [abstract]:Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 219-220.

Zahibo, Narcisse; Pelinovsky, E. N.; Yalciner, A. C.; Kurkin, A.A.; Kozelkov, Andrey; Zaitsev, Andrey, 2003, The 1867 tsu-nami at the Virgin Islands--Observations and simulations [ab-stract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.


Tsunami ModelingComer, R. P., 1979, Tsunami height and earthquake magnitude--

Theoretical basis of an empirical relation [abstract]: Eos(American Geophysical Union Transactions), v. 60, no. 46, p.874.

González, F. I.; Titov, V. V.; Mofjeld, H. O.; Newman, J. C.; Ven-turato, A. J.; Eble, M. C.; Dantsker, A., 2003, Far-field tsuna-mi forecast guidance tools [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Mader, C. L., 1973, Numerical simulation of tsunamis: Hawaii In-stitute of Geophysics HIG-73-3, 1 v. (Accessed May 28, 2003at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/Library/Tsunami_Refs.html)

Raichlen, Fredric, 1997, The response of harbors and bays to tsu-namis [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstractswith Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 57-58.

Satake, Kenji, 1997, Generation and modeling of seismic and non-seismic tsunamis [abstract]: Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 5, p. 62.

Spielvogel, E. R.; Spielvogel, L. Q., 1973, Speed of the solitarywave: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics HIG-73-2, 11 p. (Ac-cessed May 28, 2003 at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/Library/Tsunami_Refs.html)

Tsunami Research (General)Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline; Fox, C. G.; Duennebier, F. K.,

2003, Use of hydrophones for the detection of submarinelandslides [abstract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74,no. 2, p. 220-221.

Cox, D. C., 1964, Tsunami forecasting: Hawaii Institute of Geo-physics HIG-64-15, 22 p. (Accessed May 28, 2003 at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/Library/Tsunami_Refs.html)

Preisendorfer, R. W., 1971, Recent tsunami theory: Hawaii Insti-tute of Geophysics HIG-71-15, 55 p. (Accessed May 28, 2003at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/Library/Tsunami_Refs.html)

Woods, M. T.; Okal, E. A., 1987, The effect of bathymetric focus-ing on the high-sea amplitude of teleseismic tsunamis [ab-stract]: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transactions), v.68, no. 44, p. 1373.

Tsunami Warning SystemsBurton, G. D., 1987, Tsunamis--Occurrence, monitoring, and

warning systems [abstract]: Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 363.

Furumoto, A. S.; Blackford, M. E., 1997, Criteria to discern atsunami earthquake during a tsunami watch [abstract]: Geo-logical Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29,no. 5, p. 14.

González, F. I.; Titov, V. V.; Mofjeld, H. O.; Newman, J. C.; Ven-turato, A. J.; Eble, M. C.; Dantsker, A., 2003, Far-field tsuna-mi forecast guidance tools [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Hirshorn, B. F.; Whitmore, P. M.; Tsuboi, Seiji, 2003, Rapiddetermination of Mw from broadband P waveforms [abstract]:Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 239.

Lorca, E. E.; Nuñez, Rodrigo, 2003, Chile national tsunami warn-ing system: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 2-4.

McCreery, C. S., 2003, New procedures and criteria for tsunamiwarnings in the Pacific [abstract]: Seismological ResearchLetters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Strauch, W., 2003, The Nicaraguan Tsunami Warning System [ab-stract]: Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 239.

Von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C. G.; Huerfano, V. A.; Whitmore, P.M., 2003, Emergent tsunami warning system for Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands [abstract]: Seismological Research Let-ters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Weinstein, S. A.; Okal, E. A., 2003, Estimated energy-to-momentratios computed routinely at PTWC--Toward a routine discri-minant for tsunami earthquakes [abstract]: Seismological Re-search Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 220.

Yanagi, B. S., 2003, Local tsunami warning response exercize con-ducted in Hawai'i: Tsunami Newsletter, v. 35, no. 2, p. 6.

Young, S. R., 2003, Volcanogenic tsunamis in the CaribbeanBasin--A challenge for traditional warning systems [abstract]:Seismological Research Letters, v. 74, no. 2, p. 219-220.

VIDEO RESERVATIONS

Place a check mark (T) beside the video(s) you want to reserve; write the date of the program behind the title.Mail to TsuInfo Alert Video Reservations, Lee Walkling, Division of Geology and Earth Resources Library, PO Box 47007,Olympia, WA 98504-7007; or email [email protected]

___ Tsunami Chasers. Beyond Productions for theDiscovery Channel. 52 minutes.

___Earthquake…Drop, Cover & Hold; Washington Emer-gency Management Division. 1998. 5 min.

___Tsunami Evacuation PSA; DIS Interactive Technologiesfor WA Emergency Management Division. 2000. 30seconds.

___Cascadia: The Hidden Fire–An Earthquake SurvivalGuide; Global Net Productions, 2001. 9.5 minutes. Apromo for a documentary about the Cascadiasubduction zone and the preparedness its existencedemands of Alaska, Oregon and Washington states.Includes mention of tsunamis. (The full documentary isscheduled for broadcasting on a PBS station in April2002.)

___Not Business as Usual: Emergency Planning for SmallBusinesses, sponsored by CREW (Cascadia RegionalEarth-quake Workgroup), 2001. 10 min. Discussesdisaster prepar-edness and business continuity.Although it was made for Utah, the multi-hazard issuesremain valid for everyone. Web-sites are included at theend of the video for further informa-tion and for thesource of a manual for emergency prepared-ness forbusinesses.

___Adventures of Disaster Dudes (14 min.)Preparedness for pre-teens

___The Alaska Earthquake, 1964 (20 min.)Includes data on the tsunamis generated by that event

___Cannon Beach Fire District Community WarningSystem (COWS) (21 min.) Explains why Cannon


Beach chose their particular system___Disasters are Preventable (22 min.)

Ways to reduce losses from various kinds of disastersthrough preparedness and prevention.

___Disaster Mitigation Campaign (15 min.) American Red Cross; 2000 TV spots. Hurricanes, highwinds, floods, earthquakes

___Forum: Earthquakes & Tsunamis (2 hrs.)CVTV-23, Vancouver, WA (January 24, 2000). 2lectures: Brian Atwater describes the detective workand sources of information about the Jan. 1700Cascadia earthquake and tsunami; Walter C. Dudleytalks about Hawaiian tsunamis and the development ofwarning systems.

___Killer Wave: Power of the Tsunami (60 min.)National Geographic video.

___Mitigation: Making Families and Communities Safer(13 min.) American Red Cross

___Numerical Model Aonae Tsunami–7-12-93 (animationby Dr. Vasily Titov) and Tsunami Early Warning byGlenn Farley, KING 5 News (The Glenn Farley portioncannot be rebroadcast.)

___The Prediction Problem (58 min.)Episode 3 of the PBS series "Fire on the Rim."Explores earthquakes and tsunamis around the PacificRim

___Protecting Our Kids from Disasters (15 min.) Gives good instructions to help parents and volunteersmake effective but low-cost, non-structural changes tochild care facilities, in preparation for natural disasters.The Institute provides a booklet to use with the video.Does NOT address problems specifically caused bytsunamis.

___The Quake Hunters (45 min.)A good mystery story, explaining how a 300-year oldCascadia earthquake was finally dated by findingrecords in Japan about a rogue tsunami in January 1700

___Raging Planet; Tidal Wave (50 min.) Produced for theDiscovery Channel in 1997, this video shows aJapanese city that builds walls against tsunamis, talkswith scientists about tsunami prediction, and hasincredible survival stories.

___Raging Sea: KGMB-TV Tsunami Special. (23.5 min.)Aired 4-17-99, discussing tsunami preparedness inHawaii.

___The Restless Planet (60 min.) An episode of "SavageEarth" series. About earthquakes, with examples fromJapan, Mexico, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake inCalifornia.

___Tsunami and Earthquake Video (60 min.)Includes "Tsunami: How Occur, How Protect,""Learning from Earthquakes," and "Computer modelingof alternative source scenarios."

___ Tsunami: Killer Wave, Born of Fire (10 min.)

NOAA/PMEL. Features tsunami destruction and fireson Oku-shiri Island, Japan; good graphics,explanations, and safety information. Narrated by Dr.Eddie Bernard, (with Japanese subtitles).

___Tsunami: Surviving the Killer Waves (13 min.)Two versions, one with breaks inserted for discussiontime.

___Tsunami Warning (17 min.)San Mateo (California) Operational Area Office ofEmergency Services. This is a good public serviceprogram, specifically made for San Mateo County.Citizens are told what to do in cases of tsunami watchesor tsunami warnings, with specific inundation zonesidentified for the expected 20-foot tall tsuna-mi. Anevacuation checklist is provided, as well as locations ofsafe evacuation sites. This video gives the impressionthat all tsunamis are teletsunamis (generated at a sourcemore than 1000 km from the coastline) which thereforeprovide time for warnings. Locally-generated tsunamisare not discussed.

___USGS Earthquake Videotapes "Pacific Northwest"USGS Open-File Report 94-179-E

___Understanding Volcanic Hazards (25 min.) Includes information about volcano-induced tsunamisand landslides.

___The Wave: a Japanese Folktale (9 min.) Animated filmto help start discussions of tsunami preparedness forchildren.

___Waves of Destruction (60 min.) An episode of the"Savage Earth" series. Tsunamis around the PacificRim.

___Who Wants to be Disaster Smart? (9 min.)Washington Military Department/EmergencyManagement Division. 2000. A game show format,along the lines of Who Wants to be a Millionaire?, forteens. Questions cover a range of different hazards.

___The Wild Sea: Enjoy It...Safely (7 min.)Produced by the Ocean Shores (Washington)Interpretive Center, this video deals with beach safety,including tsunamis.

Check the title(s) you would like and indicate the dateof your program. The video(s) will be mailed one weekbefore the program date.

Name: Organization:

Mailing address:

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DIRECTORIES: NATIONAL TSUNAMI HAZARD MITIGATION PROGRAM STEERING GROUP

FEDERALEddie Bernard, NOAA/PMEL, Chairman,National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Pro. 7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349(206) 526-6800; Fax (206) 526-6815email: [email protected]

Frank González, NOAA/PMEL7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349(206) 526-6803; Fax (206) 526-6485email: [email protected]

Richard PrzywartyNOAA/NWS, Alaska Region222 W. 7th Ave. #23Anchorage, AK 99513-7575907-271-5136; fax 907-271-3711 email: Richard.Przywarty@ noaa.gov

Jeff LaDouce, NOAA/NWSPacific Guardian Center737 Bishop St., Suite 2200Honolulu, HI 96813-3213(808) 532-6416; Fax (808) 532-5569email: [email protected]

Chris Jonientz-Trisler, FEMA, RegionX130 228th Street SWBothell, WA 98021-9796(425) 487-4645; Fax (425) 487-4613email: [email protected]

Michael Hornick, FEMA, Region IX1111 Broadway, Suite 1200Oakland, CA 94607(510) 627-7260; Fax (510) 627-7147email: [email protected]

David OppenheimerU.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road, MS 977Menlo Park, CA 94025(650) 329-4792; Fax: (650) 329-4732email: [email protected]

Craig Weaver, U.S. Geological SurveyBox 351650, Univ. of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195-1650(206) 553-0627; Fax (206) 553-8350email:[email protected]

ALASKARoger HansenGeophysical Institute, University of AlaskaP.O. Box 757320, 903 Koyukuk DriveFairbanks, AK 99775-7320

(907) 474-5533; Fax (907) 474-5618email: [email protected]

Rodney Combellick (Alt.)Alaska Dept. of Natural ResourcesDiv. of Geological & Geophysical SurveyFairbanks, AK 99708Ph: 907-451-5007; fax: [email protected]

R. Scott SimmonsAlaska Division of Emergency Svcs.P.O. Box 5750Suite B-210, Bldg. 49000Fort Richardson, AK 99505-5750Ph: 907-428-7016; fax: 907-428-7009scott_simmons@ak-prepared. com

Ervin Petty (Alt.)Alaska Division of Emergency Svcs.P.O. Box 5750Suite B-210, Bldg. 49000Fort Richardson, AK 99505-5750Ph: 907-428-7015; fax:: 907-428-7009ervin_petty@ak-prepared. com

CALIFORNIARichard Eisner, FAIA; CISN & EarthquakeGovernor's Office of Emergency Services724 Mandana BoulevardOakland, CA 94610-2421(510) 465-4887; fax (510) 663-5339email: [email protected]

James Davis, State GeologistCalifornia Geological SurveyDept. of Conservation801 K Street, MS 12-30Sacramento, CA 95814-3531Ph: 916-445-1923; fax: [email protected]

HAWAIIBrian Yanagi, Earthquake Program Man.Civil Defense Division3949 Diamond Head RoadHonolulu, HI 96816-4495(808) 733-4300, ext.552; Fax (808)737-8197email: [email protected]

Dr. Laura S. L. Kong, DirectorInternational Tsunami Information Center737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200Honolulu, Hi 96813-3213email: [email protected]

Glenn Bauer, State GeologistDept. of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Water Resource Management

P.O. Box 621Kalanimoku Bldg. Rm 130, 1151 Punchbowl St.Honolulu, HI 96809 Ph: 808-587-0263; fax: [email protected]

Sterling Yong, State Floodplain CoordinatorDept. of Land and Natural ResourcesEngineering DivisionP.O. Box 621Kalanimoku Bldg. Rm 130, 1151 Punchbowl St.Honolulu, HI 96809 Ph: 808-587-0248FAX: 808-587-0283e-mail: [email protected]

OREGONMark DarienzoOregon Emergency Management595 Cottage Street NESalem, OR 97310(503) 378-2911, ext. 237; Fax (503)588-1378email: [email protected]

George PriestOregon Dept. of Geology & Mineral Ind. 800 NE Oregon Street #28 Portland, OR 97232503-731-4100, Ext. 225; fax 503-731-4066email: [email protected] C. Allan (Alt.)

Oregon Dept. of Geology & Mineral IndustriesCoastal Program OfficeCoastal Field Office313 S.W. 2nd, Suite DNewport, OR 97365 Ph: 541-574-6658; fax: [email protected]

WASHINGTON

George CrawfordWashington State Military Dept.Emergency Management DivisionCamp Murray, WA 98430-5122 Ph: 253-512-7067; fax: [email protected]

Tim WalshDivision of Geology and Earth ResourcesP.O. Box 47007Olympia, WA 98504-7007(360) 902-1432; Fax (360) 902-1785email: [email protected]

(continued, p.23 )


Infrequently Asked Questionscompiled by Lee Walkling

Which Italian tsunami made the MAJOR TSUNAMIS list? (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/majortsunamischart.pdf)

The Messina earthquake/tsunami, December 28, 1908. It damaged the east coast of Sicily and the toe of Italy. 58,000quake and tsunami victims died. For eyewitness accounts, go to http://www.arduini.net/tales/tales15a.htm. For a newsaccount, go to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ rescue/peopleevents/pandeAMEX99.html

Street of ruins in Messina. The pen and ink drawing was probably a copy of an older image or photograph. Photographer/Artist unknown; December 28,1908, Messina, Italy; Magnitude 7.5

Source Note: Gorshkov, G. P. Zemletriaseniia. Moscow: Voennoe izdatel'stvo, 1947from: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/images/servlet/EqiisDetail?slide=KZ513

University of California; Kozak Collection: Slide Number KZ513© 1996-2003 the Regents of the University of California and the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering

What Mediterranean country has the highest rate ofvolcanic-related tsunami events?

"Tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions are muchless frequent than tsunamis produced by submarine earth-quakes. In the Mediterranean Sea only 2 percent of the ob-served tsunamis were caused by volcanoes according to arecent study by Soloviev (1990). In Italy the percentage ofevents related to volcanic activity is distinctly higher than inany other country of the Mediterranean, which is expectedsince most of the European active volcanoes and volcanicareas may be found in southern Italy. Of the 21 cases ofwhich some information is available, 11 were observed inthe Campania coasts and are related to Vesuvius activity, 7are due to volcanic activity in the Aeolian Islands some 50km northwest of the Messina Straits, while the others are

related to Etna and to volcanic activity in the Sicily Chan-nel."

from: Tinti, Stefano; Saraceno, A., 1993, Tsunamis related to volcanicactivity in Italy. In Tinti, Stefano, editor, Tsunamis in the World–Fifteenth

International Tsunami Symposium, 1991: Kluwer Academic PublishersAdvances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 1, p. 43.

What caused the 1908 Messina earthquake andtsunami?

"The focus of the earthquake was located under the bot-tom of the Strait of Messina; its magnitude was 7. Geodeticmeasurements before and after the earthquake showed thatit resulted from a graben, like half a meter, subsidence ofthe Strait of Messina. The mechanism of the focus of theearthquake is generally in agreement with this conclusion.The earthquake damaged 2 of the 7 telephone cables that


connected continental Italy and Sicily along the bottom ofthe Strait of Messina. The entire Calabrian coast of the straitsuffered, more or less, from large rockfalls and landslides.

Preceding shocks of the earthquake occurred as farback as in 1905 and 1907 but did not cause great destruc-tion. The December 28 earthquake fully destroyed Messinain Sicily with a population of 150,000, Reggio di Calabriaand practically all other settlements along both coasts of thestrait.…Over 80,000 people, including almost 60,000 inhab-itants of Messina, were killed under the debris of buildingsthat had stood close to each other and that crashed down; asa rule these buildings were constructed of stone with the useof poor mortar, they had heavy roofs and ornaments, i.e.,were constructed against all recommendations for aseismicengineering made by a special commission after the catas-trophic Calabrian 1783 earthquake. There were too manyvictims for an earthquake of magnitude 7.

The tsunami began almost immediately after the earth-quake was finished. According to other data, there was atime interval of approximately 10 min between the earth-quake and the tsunami. According to eyewitnesses, the phe-nomenon started with a lowering of the level of the seawater, which resulted in part of the sea-bottom adjacent tothe shore becoming dry; the bottom was uncovered for near-ly 200m in some places. Then, suddenly, the waves began toapproach, the first of three of them were the strongest. Avery strong noise resembling the noise of a storm or ofwaves knocking against rocks preceded the tsunami."

from: Soloviev, S. L.; Solovieva, O. N.; Go, C. N.; Kim, K. S.;Schchetnikov, N. A., 2000, Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea 2000 B.C.-

2000 A.D.: Kluwer Academic Publishers Advances in Natural andTechnological Hazards Research 13, p. 125, 127.

What name has been given to the effect of shorelinewater being sucked out to sea, preceding sometsunamis?

Dr. Hal Mofjeld ([email protected]) answers:There are several terms that are used to describe this

phenomenon. Which one to use depends on the circumstan-ces (e.g., whether the tsunami is in a bay) and on personalpreference. The terms 'negative wave', 'drawdown' and'withdrawal' are most often used to describe this type ofinitial onset. Less formal are the terms 'waterline receding'and 'bay emptying'.

The underlying reason for this effect is that both off-shore landslides and subduction zone earthquakes create anegative wave on the shoreward side of the bottom defor-mation. This negative wave propagates to shore and pro-duces the drawdown.

from: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/Faq/x009_drawdown

Which type of tsunami is the most destructive?Dr. Hal Mofjeld responds:For reasons that are not completely understood, tsunamis

are more destructive when the initial wave is negative.from: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/Faq/x009_drawdown

Why are we telling you about Italian tsunamis?Because TsuInfo Alert co-editor Connie Manson will

spend a month wandering around Italy and we wanted toremind her to watch out for maremotos!

STATE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICES

Alaska Division of Emergency ServicesDept. of Military & Veterans AffairsP.O. Box 5750Fort Richardson, AK 99505-5750(907) 428-7039; Fax (907) 428-7009http://www.ak-prepared.com/

California Office of Emergency ServicesP. O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047(916) 845-8911, Fax (916) 845-89l0http://www.oes.ca.gov/

Hawaii State Civil DefenseDept. of Defense3949 Diamond Head RoadHonolulu, HI 96816-4495(808) 734-2161; Fax (808)733-4287E-Mail: [email protected] http://iao.pdc.org

Oregon Division of Emergency Management595 Cottage Street, NESalem, OR 97310(503) 378-2911 ext 225, Fax (503) 588-1378http://www.osp.state.or.us/oem/oem.htm

Washington State Military Dept.Emergency Management DivisionCamp Murray, WA 98430-5122(253) 512-7067, Fax (253) 512-7207http://www.wa.gov/mil/wsem/

Provincial Emergency Program455 Boleskin RoadVictoria, BC V8Z 1E7British Columbia, Canada(250) 952-4913Fax (250) 952-4888 http//www.pep.bc.ca

Keeping a careful watch for tsunamis in the Grand Canal, Venice...

LibraryDepartment of Natural ResourcesDivision of Geology and Earth ResourcesP.O. Box 47007Olympia, WA 98504-7007

contents volume 5, number 3, june 2003

Documents