/ ,p,('¿,r.¿,/,latf/ 112

Histo[LL And ConterlnporarvLONDON, ONTARTO ð OCrbBrn 1995

ARK INVËNT ORT:

STUDY TEAM

Sylvia l. Behr, Project Co-ordinator,Landscape Architect & Historian.,Alison Hannay,Architect.Michael Pascoe,Horticulturist & Arborist.Dana R. Poulton & MarkD. R. Poulton & AssociatesP. Kim Pratr,Sociologist & Architect.

D. Borland,lnc., Archaeologists,

Historic and Contemporarv

ACKNOWLE.DGEMENTS

A number of institutions and agencies were consulted during the course of this study.These included documentary sources and knowledgable infoimants in London, Toronto,Hamilton, Ottawa, Cornwall and philadelphia.

Several different inst¡tutions, agencies and individuals were consulted in London andvicínity. These were as follows; the Regional Room of D.B.Weldon Library, Universityof Western Ontario (John Lutman, Director and staff); the Serge Sauer l¡ap l-ibrary,University of Western ontario; the Department of History, Uniùersity of Wàsternontario ( Dr. Gerald Killian, professor, and Dr. Fred Armstrong, prófessorEmeritus); the Department of Anthropology, uníversity of wesærn ontario (Dr.Michael Spence, Professor); the London Róom, centrai Library, London publicLibraries (Glen Curnoe, Curâtor, and staff); the Planning Department of the City ofLondon (Mark Gladysz, Heritage pranner; Malcolme Holne and Jim wilson,Archaeologists/Planners); the Parks and Recreation Department (William Coxhead,Director, Andrew McPherson, Michael Reagan and staffi; the tjrban ForestryDepartment, City of London ( Michelle Horne); the Museum of the Royal CanådianRegiment; the London Museum of Archaeology ( Dr. Roben pearce, sfaffArchaeologíst); the London and Regional Arrand Historical Museum (Lynne DiStefano,,Chief Curator); Archaeological Services lnc. (Robert pihl); Historica ResearchLírnited (christopher Andraea); and the Heritage Branch, Ministry of culture,Tourism and Recreation (Neal Ferris, Regional Àrchaeologist/Heiitage etannér).

sources consulted south-western ontario included: the Archaeological sítes Database ofthe Ministry of Cufture, Tourism and Recreatíon (Penny young, Àrchaeological DataCo-ordinator); the Survey Records office of the Minisiry of Ñatural Resolrces (AllanDay, Archivist); the Archives of Ontario (Christine Boúrolias, Reference Archivist,Special Collectíons); Humber College ( l4n pruce, Teacher and Training Consultantj;the City of Etobicoke (Mary O'Rourke, Tree-lnspector); the Civic Garden Centre, NorthYork (Ann Marie van Nest, Horticulturist); the university of Guelph Archives,university of Guelph; the staff of the Library at the Royai Botanicaf Gardens, úamilton.

Sources Consulted in ottawa included: Public Archives of Canada, photo Collection; theNational Map Collection and Manuscripts Section, Public Archives of Canada(Marrc

Bisaillon, Curator); and the Historical Directorate of the Department of Defence; MaryFaught, Landscape Architect.

sources contacted in the united states of America included: Mr. John Mcllhenry, parkHistorian in the Planning and Research Department at Fairmount park, phitadãlphia,Pennsylvania; the Fairmount park Historical Association.

Finally, useful information and comments for further research were provided by thestaff of the Canadian Parks Service, Federal Department of Canadian Heritage,cornwall, most notably Dennis carter-Edwards, Head, Historical Sites Teañr.

Our thanks and gratitude is extended to all of the above and all others, without whomthis study could not have been completed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.3. vlcroRlA PARK : rHE MID-PERIoD -1 e 1 z-woRLD WAR z2.3,1. PARK CONTEXT

SECTION 1 .g ?s.2. PARK HtsroRy

TNTRODUCTTON AND APPROACH ?.3.3. PARK HORTTCULTURE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.3.4. PARK FEATURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE

2.7-.5. PARK USES AND USERS

SECT|ON.Z.O 2.4 VICTORIA PARK: LArE PERIOD - w.w. 2-1980

BACKGROUND ?.4.1. PARK CONTEXT

?..1 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENT]AL OF THE PARK SITE 2'4'2' PARK HISTORY

PERtoD t: PREHtSToRtc ro HtSToRtC NATIvE 2'4'3' PARK HORTICULTURE

pERtoD 2: pRE-MlLtTARy NTNETEENTH CENTURY 2.4.4. PARK FEATURES AND TNFRASTRUCTURE

PERtoD 3: BRtrtSH cARRtsoN (1) 7'4'5' PARK usES AND USERS

PERIOD 4: INTER-MILITARY INTERVAL

pERtOD 5: BR¡T¡SH cARRtSoN (z) z's'VlcToRlA PARK: CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 1980+

PERIoD 6: POST MILITARY INTERVAL ?'5'1' PARK CONTEXT

pERtoD z: VtcroRtA PARK ?'5'z' omitted

2.5.3. PARK HORTICULTURE

z,z vtcroRlA PARK : THE EARLy pERtoD-l820- 1g'tz 2's'4' PARK FEATURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE

2.?.1. PARK CONTEXT 2.5.5. PARK USES AND USERS

2.2,2. PARK HISTORY 2,5.6. SAFETY AND SECURITY

2.?.,3. PARK HORTICULTURE

2.?.,4. PARK FEATURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE SECTION 3 .O

2.2.5, PARK USES AND USERS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDICES

4.1 . SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

A.2. HISTORICALLY DOCUMENTED FACILITIES OF FRAMED

INFANTRY BARRACKS

4.3. TREE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

4.4. TREE INVENTORY KËY PLAN

4.5. TREE INVENTORY LIST

4.6. CALCULATIONS FOR USER NUMBERS

4.7. CALENDAR OF EVENTS FOR VICTORIA PARK 1995

4.8. TABLE OF PARK AREAS AND USES 1 995

A.9. PLAN OF SITE USES

A.I O. SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES H. MILLER AND WILLIAM E. SAUNDERS

BIBLTOGRAPHY

BOOKS

PERIODICALS

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

MAPS AND PLANS

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

sqcrloN 1 INTRODUCT|ON: vigtoria Fark

INTRODUCTION

Victoria Park is a 18+ acre park located to thenortheast of London's downtown. The park is bounded byDufferin Avenue on the south, Central Avenue on thenorth, Wellington Street to the east and Clarence Streetto the west. Victoria park occupies a portion of theoriginal site of the 32nd British regiment garrison andcricket grounds. lt was gifted to the city in 1gT4 by anOrder-in-Council as a lmperial land grant whichspecified that the lands were to be used for public parkpurposes. The park was first designed and developed inthe late 1870s. Designed as a public park for passiverecreational activities, the park has been in continuoususe for better than 1 1T years.

THE BEGINNING.S OF THE PROJECT

DIRECTIVE FROM LONDON CITY COUNCIL:

'On April 5, I994, municipal council resolved that onthe recommendation of L.AC.A.C. that the parks andRecreation Department be requested to investigate aconservation strategy for Victoria park to insure thatthe Park's historic design integrity be preserved andthat the Department be advised that L.A.C.A.C. isprepared to assist with thís undertaking.'

The project was initiated by the parks Department ¡nearly 1995 with the generous support of the Endowmentfor Heritage Fund. The purpose of this study was tocollect and compile an illustrated history of the park'sdevelopment and review its current condition.

The following is a summary of the terms of referencethat were provided by the parks Department for theVictoria Park lnventory and Condition Report:

1 ) To collect, assemble and organize datadocumenting the chronological evolutionof the park, its elements and its context.

2) To develop a current ¡nventory andassessment of conditions of elements(trees, features, structures, paths,signage, etc.) in the park.

ïo initiate an inventory of park users,programming and uses.

Develop a bibliographic source listidentifying the recorded and publishedmateríals including records, mapping,and photographs pertaining to the park.

3)

4)

PLANN|NG APPROACIt

This study was started in June 1995. lt was anticipatedthat the inventory would serve as a backgiounddocument and be used to identify opportunities andconstra¡nts in the master planning phase of the park. Tobest document the historic development of the parklandthe following planning approach was used:

Historical Data Collection-

- development of archeological inventory

- identification and collection of historicalreference material for the park frompublic record sources.

- produce a photographíc survey of parkcontext.

- compile a calendar of special eventsscheduled for the park in t gg5.

- investigate the safety. a¡d securityrecords identified by the London políceForce

Bibliographic Dara

development of the inventory will becompiled into a single file and identifiedby name, condition and location.

Contemporary Data Collectíon-

- inventory the state and condition of all trees inJune 1 995.

- revisit the park later in the season to assesschanges in condition.

Reporting Format-

- initial data, findings and observations werepresented to the TechnicalGroup for a CorporateBuilt Heritage Strategy in July 1995. Theircomments were retumed to the team in August.

- the repoft was extended to include a series ofconclusions and recommendations on thedirection of the Comm¡ttee. These should serve asinformed observations by the study team.

B

a) Sources found and used for the

WE L L /NGTON

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Charles Miller's 1878 proposal for Victoria Park

1881 Fire lnsurance Plan Verifying the implementation ofCharles Mille/s plan in Victoria Park. Courtesy, Regional RoomCollection, D.B.Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario.

1991 - OBM Map - Contemporary plan of the paths. Courtesy ofCity of London, Parks Department.

Figure S-1: ANALYSISDEVELOPMENT OF THEVICTORIA PARK.

OF THE PROGRESSIVELAYOUT OF PATHS IN

1928 Ontario Survey - lllustrating the late 1880s addition ofdiagonal paths. Courtesy Serge Sauer Map Collection, D.B.WeldonLibrary, University of Western Ontario.

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EXECUTIVE SI]MMARY

Victoria Park is London's oldest park and the premierpark in Downtown London. lt is widely appreciated forits heritage, scenic beauty, and recreational facilities.ln its context, the park is significant to theneighbourhood and as a landmark regionally.

The lush green image of Victoria park defies the agingand slow changes that are tak¡ng place. These changeJthreaten the very qualities that make this park soattractive and important to the core of London. Therelentless pressures of visitor and service vehicletraffic, concentrated during the festivals and specialevents which happen every spring, summer and earfyw¡nter, are wearing on this aged landscape. The financesand special management resources required to maintainthis unique park under these pressures have felt theeffects of fiscal restraint. The physical fabric of thepark is wearing out and the decline/loss of its visual andscenic qualities are becoming increasingly evident.

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o INCREASING DEMANDS

With its central location, the bandshell and otherfacilities, the demand for staging special events ín thepark grows every year. The infrastructure (electrical,water and waste servicing, seating, paving, landscaperestoration, etc.) required to service these events mustexpand to âccommodate demand. Seventy percent of theseevents are concentrated into a four month period; thesame period that is critical for plant growth anddevelopment.

As well, over the past two decades, there has been agrowing demand for the park to serve as a neighbourhoodpark, initiated by the revitalization of its residentialand commercial neighbours.

The park's carrying capacity must be defined and aprogramme of uses developed for it.

r LANDSCAPE DEGRADATION

Less than 50%o of the park is covered with mature orolder trees, and of those remaining more than half aresuffering from the effects of soil compaction, pests anddisease, inadequate moisture, nutrient depletion,physical damage and the need for timely maintenance/management. The younger trees also show signs of

stress,. particularly those in the centre of the park andaround the bandshell.

The 'special' status that the park historically received(as was evident in its furnishings, plantingi, paving,maintenance) has diminished since the 19S0s. ltsfurnishings have become utjlitarian, not reflective ofthe prestige the park once enjoyed.

. REDEFINING ITS ROLE

The original intention of the park was to attractLondoners and provide them with a pleasant, scenicstroll combined with a variety of visual attractions(fountains, pools, plantings, urns, etc.). Over time, thepark has become a venue for civic monuments. Thesehave reconfigured the layout and purpose of the park,changing it from a passive recreational green space to acivic open space.

ïwo-thirds of the anticípated visitor numbers to thepark are assumed to be attending for the purposes of aspecial event. Contemporary programrning for the parkpromotes using the park for special events rather thanfor daily use. This is not conducive to the long-termstewardship of this small urban park.

r HERITAGE RESOURCE

The important contr¡bution landscapes (man-made and

1928 Ontario Survey - lllustrating thearound lhe park's perimeter and thepaths, leaving the interior spaces free of

concentration of plantingallees along the interiortrees.

Charles Miller's 1B7B plan proposal.

Figure S-2: ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRESSIVEDEVELOPMENT OF PLANTINç

" lN VICTORIA

PARK.

1991 planting plan illustrating that the per¡meter has becomeincreasingly open and less defined, with lhe interior plantingincreasingly random.

natural) make to local areas and communities has beenrecognízed in provincial legislation. The province'sinterests have been addressed in the Comprehensive Setof Policy Statements under Section 3 of the RevisedPlanning Act, Policies B-1 3 and B-14 address theconservation of landscapes. The proposed new OntarioHeritage Act provides further legislative support to theconservation (to protect and preserve) of culturalheritage resources, specifically, landscapes.

ln the history of London and the Region few landscapescould be regarded as having greater importance thanVíctoria Park. lt is unique for its design and purpose inLondon's park system. The park has good potentÍaltoprovide interpretative, scenic and recreationalopportunities that would rehabilitate its heritage andallow it to resume its original role as a passive publicpark. ActÍons ere necessary to preserve the park fromfufther loss of its heritage resources.

Compiling the inventory and analyzing the condition ofthe park presents an opportunity to address many of theenvironmental problems, site utilization issues andlong-term management requirements. The followingproposals have been developed to serve as a guideline forfur-ther planning for Victoria park by the C¡ty ofLondon.

c SIA KEHOLDERS IDENTIFIED ANDINVOLVED

- lndividuals and groups with a specific interest(s) inthe park need to make a commitment to protect thepark's resources and rehabil¡tate ¡t for futuregenerations.

. USE AND USER STUDY

- A study to clearly detail the use(s) and user(s) of thepark. This information should be compiled with the dataon carrying capacity of the site and compatibilityassessed. The outcome would provide a strategy forevents programming in the park.

- Uses and events that are related to or compatibfe withthe design and layout of a passive park should beidentified. lncompatíble uses, those requiring servicesor large areas of pavement should be considered for

relocation.

- A Site User Selectíon Policy should be developed. Thispolicy should protect the integrity of the site and reducemaintenance costs by controlling the number and type ofevents in the park.

o THE 'GREEN AND LUSH-AIESS, OF THEPARK BE PRESERVED, REHABILITATEDAND ENHANCED.

- A method of environmental impact monitoring andreview should be implemented, specifically for the oldertrees.

- Significant groupings of older trees should beprotected and preserued.

- A tree feeding, rescue and repair programme should beimplemented.

- Maintenance equipment, such as the irrigation andaeration systems, need to be renewed.

- New techniques of relieving soil compaction andamendment should be implemented.

- Site maintenance cost should be reviewed with regardto site use/user impact. Consideration should be given toimplementing a user fee which would defray the cost of

10

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Figure S-3: ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTIONOF TREES IN VICTORIA PARK.

Light Toned Zone: showing areas with the greatest concentralion(more than 50%) of large caliper trees in the park.Dark Toned Zone: showing lhe lowest concentration (less than25%) ot large caliper trees in the park.

long-term site rehabilitation.- A strategy for new planting is needed. lt should reflectthe historic planting patterns in the park. Recent plantadditions to the park should be reviewed for theirappropriateness of species and placement in an over-allscheme.

o THE SPECIAL HERITAGE CHARACTER oFTHE PARK SHOULD BE REHABILITATEDAND ENHANCED.

- A significant percentage of the original pathways(carriage way alignments), spatial configurations, andtree plantings are still found in the park. These shouldbe identified and perhaps restored.

-Artifacts, furnishings, activities and settings whichare special to the character of the park should beintegrated to a plan.

- lmages, information and programming which isconsistent with the park's history, function and contextshould be promoted. r a

- The long-term role of monuments in the park shouldbe reviewed. An alternate civic open space(s), as asett¡ng(s) for civic monurnents should be identified.

I THAT REGULAR, DAILY PARK USE BEPROMOTED.

- ln keeping with the historic intention of the park as apublic place, any additional elements, attractions andprogramming should encourage its use throughout theseasons and not depend on special events.

- That the promotion of recreational opportunity forthe daily park user has secondary benefits for the parksuch as surveillance and security.

- The park offers a unique opportunity to promotetourism in the Downtown, any development for thispurpose should be carefully assessed with the site'senvironmenta I capacíty.

rM P l_EgE NTATTO N

To arrest the slow and incremental deterioration ofVictoria Park's landscape immediate action is needed.There needs to be immediate recognition and assistancefor the older trees and grassed areas which are in stress.Apart from monitoring, this will require the services oftree and soil/turf specialists. They should recommendshort-term measures required to stabilize andrejuvenate the landscape. The findings of thesespecialists will also serve to develop site managementguidefines for the future.

The results of a detailed user study combined with thefindings of the specialists will assist in developing a SiteUser Selection Polícy. The intent of this policy is toprotect the environmental integrity of the site. Thispolicy should focus on preserving the park for optimumuse by the daily user.

The detailed proposals for the rehabilitation andenhancement of the park will result from the MasterPlanning phase of this project. The longevity of VictoriaPark has resulted from its ability to adapt and remainrelevant to its users/visitors. Charles Miller's originaldesign continues to serve the visitor to Victoria park. Afew examples of how the park may be rehabititated andenhanced may include:

1). The original carriage way be restored to its

11

Figure S-4: ANALYSIS OF LANDSCApEFEATURES IN VICTORIA PARK BY DATE/ERAOF INTRODUCTION

1 - I gZe-t 90? - Bandstan'd #l2 - 1879-1 938 - Three-tiereed Fountain (#1)

3 - 1879- today - Three Guns by Sir John Carling

4 - 1890 - 193? - Lilypond

5 - 1B9O - 19? - 'Wishing Well' Fountain

6 - 1913 - today - Boer War Memorial

7 - 1905 - 19?7? - Bandstand #2

8 - 1932 - today - Cenotaph by t.O.D.E.

9 - 1939 - 1964? - llluminated Fountain (#Z)

10 - 1950 - 1989 - Bandshell #1 by Kiwanis Ctub

1 1 - 1950 - today - 'Holy Roller' Tank

12 - 1991 - Bandshell #? by Kiwanis Club

13 - 1991 - Kiwanis Sculpture

14 - 1994 - Women's Monument

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originel width and in this way serve the demandsof specialevents vendors to set up whileprotecting and presewing the roots of trees fromvehicle impacts.

2). The re-introduction of special focalelements (such as fountains, plantings,artifacts, etc.) at the intersections of pathswould provide the daily visitor or tourist withthe enticement needed to draw them to the park.

3). The development of a planting strategy thatrespected the traditional planting of the parkwould preserve the 'green-ness' and 'oasis -like'character of the park while screening out thecity.

Victoria Park has served London for more than 1 17years. lt has been enjoyed by many and made Londonersproud of their city,

Here we have the opportunity to pass something on tofuture generations. A heritage which reflects London'spast and serves to build its future. Landqcapes, in manyrespects, are constantly evolving. Victoria Park isfacing a number of site issues, but with a timely andconcerted effort its continued enjoyment can be ensured.

12

SEçTION 2,0 HISTORy : , Victoria park and tt,s

-D_evelopment

t3

SECTION, 2.q Vicroria park andIts Deve lo nme nt

Backoround

The park was initiated as a project by members ofLondon's City Council in l B71 and has developed underthe dire.ction and guidance of a great number of peoplesince then. lt has not developed in a linear mannerrather, it serves a testimonial to the fashions andfinances of various eras. For the purposes of this studyits development has been broken down into five periodsi

Section 2."t the Archaeological potential of thePark Site;

Section 2.2 the Ëarly period, 1BZ0-1912;Section 2.3 the Mid-period, 191Z - World

War 2;Section 2.4 the Late period, World War 2 -

1 980;Section 2.5 the Contemporary period, 1gg0 -

today,

The last four períods will be reviewed iti rJgarO to theircontext, history, horticulture, features andinfrastructure, uses and users. ln this manner changes,additions and deletions to the park can identifiedãndexplained.

Only a thorough archaeological survey of Victoria parkcould provide an inventory of its archaeologicalresources. However, currently available informationsuggests that the park has the potential to containsignificant Native and Euro-Canadian archaeologicalremains from a range of time periods. The data stronglysuggest that there will be extensive, well preservãdarchaeologicaf remains, especially pertaining to theBritish garrison and the historic developmenl of thepark. The sequence of historic fand use indicates that thepark may contain archaeological remains associated withsome or all of seven sequential periods. These are asfollows.

site has been registered as AfHh-239 under theBorden system (the national registry). AfHh-239 was discovered by accident in the summer of1995 when an individual noticed a prehistoricartifact ät the base of a tree ín the park (seeFigure titled Location of prehistoricArchaeological Remains). The artifact ¡s anunfinished biface. tt is of Kettle point chert. Thespecimen does not represent a formal diagnostictool, and can only be dated within a general timespan.

o Technically this site is classed as an isolated findspot. lt is almost certain that this find pertainsto a more substantial site, such as a camp. Onlydetaíled field investigatíon would confirm this.

TNFERRED ARCHAEOLOGTCAL PoTENTIAL

Natural topography and other factors indicatethet the park has a moderate degree of potentialfor Native archaeological remains.Characteristics of the land such as it being welldrained table land, its proximity to CarlingCreek and the river, and the presence of pinestands (Hilts 1977) just to the east of the parkin the early nineteenth century indicate potentialfor the following types of sites: hunting camps,kill sites, burials, etc.

Over a century of archaeological investigations havebeen carried out in and around the C¡ty of London. Theresults demonstrate that this area was the scene of moreor less continuous human occupation.

coNFtRMEp ARCHAEOLOGTCAL REMATNS

r There is one conf irmed prehistoric Nativearchaeological site within Victoria park. This

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CENTURY SETTLEMENT (T 793.1 837

The Víctoria Park property was part of a parceltransferred from the Crown to the East MiddlesexAgricultural Society. Following the Rebellion of t B3Z,it was transferred to the Military in exchange for otherproperty in town (Seaborn 1944:144).

CONFIRMED ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

r There are no confirmed archaeological remainswithin the park relat¡ng to a Euro-Canadianpresence prior to the establishment of themilitary garrison.

o lt seems unlikely that the East MiddlesexAgricultural Society ever made any use of theproperty. Research indicates that anyone presentprior to 1838 would have been a squatter.

r There is a moderate degree of pqte¡tial for earlyEuro-Canadian archaeological remains on thôsite. This is suggested by the proximíty of thesite to the original Town of London, the earlyroad network, and the frequency of sguatters inthis early period of settlement.

PERtOp 3- BRtTtSH_ GARRTSON ( 1)(1838 - 1853 A.p.l

This l6 year period spans the initial occupation of theBritish garrison in l B38 to the withdrawal of thetroops in 1853.

The 15 acres of the Víctoria park property formed thesouthwest portion of the Z3 acre military reserve. lnthe 1839 plan (Eyre 1B3g), the Victoría parkproperty is identífied as the site of "lnfantry Barracks"while the site of the Log Barracks is referred to as "Hutsfor do:". No map shows any building on the Victoria parkproperty until af ter the Framed Barracks wasconstructed, built prior to 1943 (Craig 1ga6).

CONFIRMED ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

o Documented archaeological remains attributed tothis period are limited to a deposit which wasdesignated Area B (situated to the west side of theband shell). This was one of the three depositsidentified during the course of the 1 9gOarchaeological monitoring of the new band shellconstruction by Archaeologícal Services lnc.(ASl). Area B was interpreted as householdrefuse dating to the period of 1g45-t gZ0, andspeculated to be associated with the officers'guarters or cookhouse. (ASt 1991:Zg).

TNFERRED ARCHAEOLOçICAL POTENT|AL

Research indicates that an extensive militaryconstruction and occupat¡on took place in theVictoria Park property in the period 1g3g to1853. Documentary evidence offers a firm basisfor identifying the archaeological potential forthe area which contained the Framed Barrackscompound in the northern 6eo/o of the parkproperty. Features in the Framed Barrackswould probably have left substantial belowground remains. See Figure A-5.

The potential survival of these remains dependsnot only on thêir depth and nature, but also onwhether or not their locations correspond withlater disturbance, such as construction.

The 1990 study (ASt 1991) served to hightightthe possible presence of archaeological remaJnsrelating to the British garrison. Comparisonswith the data accumulated in thís study suggestthat the location of the garríson

-builãings

inferred by the 199O study were displaced fromtheir true locations by a distance ofapproximately 15-20 meters. The net effect ísto dístance the potential archaeological remainsof the hospital compfex from the aÍea ofdisturbance associated with the 1 950 and 1g90band shell construction.

15

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(18q3-1861 A.D.)

This period spans nine years, from the withdrawal of heBritish troops to Europe in l 853 in anticipation of theCrimean War, to the return of the garrison in 1g61.Figure A-2 illustrates the property during this period.Mapping shows the major garrison nuitOings stillstanding. Armstrong (19g6:100) records that theFramed Barracks were used in 1g55 as a refugee campfor 70o ex-slaves from the united states. ¡¡orã deta¡re'dresearch is required particularly in reference to theearly history of the City and the part it played as aterminus for the Underground Railroad.

Map A-2 (Best t BS6 a) represents the earliestevidence of a proposal to develop any part of theproperty as a public park.

o No confirmed archaeological remains specific tothis period have been identified.

INFERREDARCHAEOLOGICALPOTENTIAL "

o There may be some potential for archaeologicalremains relating to the use of the buildingsand/or property by civilían squatters in tñeyears between the two military occupat¡ons.

PERIOD 5: BRlftSH GARRTSON (2)(1861-1869 A.p.)

ln 1861, unrest arising from the American Civil Warlead to the transfer of 10,000 lmperial Troops toCanada; 2000 troops were assigned to the LondonGarrison (Armstrong 1966; Miller i 992). The Framedlnfantry Barracks were reoccupíed and derelictbuildings were repaired. The second occupation of thegarrison lasted nine years, until the troops were finallywithdrawn in May, 1869.

Contemporary mapping show a number of changes,additions and deletions to the Framed Barracks Oulingthis period (Figure A-3) (Hassard t B67).Thesãchanges included the addition of cess pools, drains(possibly constructed in the l B40's but not shown onearlier maps), a magazine, a new ward building andoffice building.

An 1862 plan shows proposed construction f or1863/64 (Lockhart 1B6Z) including a separetecompound with an infants school, a library, schoolmistress quarters, etc. Later plans suggest that thesefacilities were not built.

The Drill Ground/Cricket Field in the south end of theVictoria Park property was for regimental games.(Armstrong 1986).

coNFtRMEp ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMATNS

tNFERREp ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

The deposit in Area B is relevant to this period.Otherwise, there are no confirmed archaeologicalremains relating to this period,

A comparison of period to modern mappingsuggests that, excepting the north and westsections of the stockade, the remains of thisreoccupation have not been impacted to any greatdegree. Therefore, the park has a high degrée ofpotential for archaeological remains pertainingto the second period of the military garrison.

16

(r 869_1877 A.p.)

ln 1871, a double row of maples was planted around theold Drill/Cricket ground as a riding promenade. Singletrees of this planting are still visible, together wìth:to!9 boundary markers (Unterman Mcpñaíl Cuming1992).

By 1873, the main building in the Framed Barracks hadburned (Armstrong I 986).

o The stone boundary marker and the survivingtrees dating from the 1gZ1 planting may beregarded as remnant/líving artifacts of the firstpost-mil¡tary period.

¡ Activities in the park property in the periodwould have been unlikely to leavÊ archaeoiogícalremains. There is a low degree óf

"potentiai for

archaeological remains dating from this period.

CONFIRMED ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

There are no confirmed archaeological remains relatingto the use of the property as Victoria park,

lnferred Archaeological potential

The inferred potent¡al is moderate to high for severalfeatures dating from the tBZg-1912 period (seeFigure A-6). These would include the carriage ways andpathways, the 1879 drinking fountain, segments of the1888 walkway additions, 1890 lilypond, the northernfountain, and the second bandstand.

o The archaeological potential for the period of1912-1945 is relatively high for selectedfeatures, notably the heated changing rooms.

o The potential for archaeological remains fromthe period of 194S-1980 is negligible. Theexception is the potential for remains of theoriginal carriage way which was f urthernarrowed in i951 when it was closed.

17

Figure L- 1 : Charles H. Miller's 1 878proposal for Victoria Park, London. The layoutis suggestive of English parkland design withits drives and tree lined walks. Theintersection of paths and drives are notatedwith ornaments such as special flower beds,fountains, a Bandstand, etc. The perimeter ofthe park is defined by the 1871 double rowplanting of maples. The railing proposalsillustrated at the bottom of the photographwere suggested to separate the municipalstreet traffic from the park. The location ofthe original plan is unknown, a copy is heldby (courtesy of) the Regional RoomCollection, D.B. Weldon Library, Universityof Western Ontario.

sEcTtoN 2.2. THE EAßLY PERtOp -1870 - 191e

?.,2.1. Park Context

At the time of its dedication, the area surroundingVictoria Park was occupied by remnant mititarystructures and grounds, and the early stages ofurbanization. London's City Directory of 1BB1 listed thefollowing land uses surrounding the park:

Central Avenue-Fairgrounds, initiated for the1861 Exhibition. Later it became aBaseball grounds.

Wellington Street-Military buildings, includingthe Drill Shed, ammunitions store andMilitía office. The Victoria Hotel occupiedthe southeast corner of Dufferin andWellington.The Wood Market occupied alarge portion of the block betweenPrincess and Dufferin.

Dufferin Ayenue-This was the'fíist edge toreceive residential development. ThePresbyterian Church built in 1960occupied the southeast corner.

Clarence Street- lnstitutional buildings such asthe Bishop's Palace and St. peter'sSeparate School were constructed in thef irst decade, 1872- 1 B8Z along thisblock. The Christian Scientists Churchwas identified north of princess on theearly maps.

By the mid 1880's, land along Central Avenueand Wellington Street became available and wassubdivided into fashionable building lots. Most ofthe houses in this area were architecturallydesigned and faced onto the park. This area wasbuilt out by the first decade of the 1900's.

ln I895, the First Methodist Church wasconstructed on the southeast corner ofWellington and Dufferin.

Richmond Street was a thriving commercialstrip and by the mid-l890's a street car linewas constructed on Central, along the northernedge of the Park.

At the intersection of Richmond Street andCentral Avenue, Graydon park, a small triangleof land with a fountain/ statue, demarcated thenorth west entrance of the park.

S,ECTION 2.2.2, Park Hisrorv (1820-1912)

ln this, the first phase, the park was designed as awhole. lts structure or'idea' (as envísioned by C. Millerand still evident today) was representet¡ve of Victoriantaste in design and horticulture. The political will tohave the park realized was due to the efforts of somemembers of the City Council and certain privatecitizens, who at times worked independently of popularopinion. The chronology of the park's development inthis period is outlined below:

r Efforts to secure the military lands for thepurposes of a park was initiated in 1BZ1 by Ald.James Egan. By 1873 the promise of a park forLondon was attained by an Order,in-Council forthe lmperial Ordnance Lands. Though the deed forthe land was not received until 1826, efforts toconvert the area into a park had begun and theproperty had been cleared of some of its militarybuildings. lmprovements included the laying outof gravel paths, the planting of trees and buildingof a bandstand. These improvements wereestablished within the frame of a double row oftrees (mostly maple)planted in 1821 as a ridingpromenade around the perimeter of the lands.

o Over the next two years (1A76/27) the lack of

18

Figure L-2: An interpretative sketch ofVictoria Park in the 1890s, illustrating thata great part of Miller's proposal wasimplemented. Courtesy, Regíonal RoomCollection, D.B.Weldon Library, Universityof Western Ontario.

Ir

rrllr¡ì s.¡it ti vilLr! \'tra1ilil.\ 1,,\Íti, t¡t())t tilt11. Jfti1.il()tìts1. t ilt I(,tt.

consequential progress in the development of thepark brought calls to Council to have a 'properset of plans be drawn up for the park', Var¡óuslocal individuals made offers but no actions wéretaken until March 1B7g when Mr. Wm. Saundersstood before Council and stated that;"He had actedto the best of his ability in accordance with thedesire of the Committee, and that aftercorresponding with five gentlemen in the UnitedStates, three of them had recommended Mr.Miller (Mr. Charles Miller - see appendices), ofPhiladelphia, the gentleman who had laid oui theCentenn¡al grounds, He was the best landscapegardener in America, and his expenses were only$100. He offered, if Council could not afford tãspend $100 for the purposes of procuring a goodplan, to present them with that amouñt." Theplan was prepared and presented to the parkCommittee in June l g7g and Miller's plan wasaccepted.

lmprovements of the l g70's included the layoutand gravelling of drives and paths, the planiingof 331 trees, TZ shrubs, _ f lowers, th¿employment of a full time garderier/caretaker(Mr.

_James Grant) and a pãrt-time assistant,the installation of three military guns - fromthe Crimean war (donated by Hon-. Jãhn Carling),a three tier iron fountain topped with a cupid,and a drinking fountain.

By the end of the century the park had becomewell established as 'a jewel' of the city. lt hadprofited from ongoing improvements which hadincluded; electric lights in l gBZ; additionalplanting of both native and exotic trees andshrubs, and extensive flower beds; a lilypond in1890; additional pathways, bisecting ihe parkfrom north to south; a greenhouse; sitefurnishings such as benches, ornamental vases,urns, and perimeter fences.

lmprovements to the park up until the mid_1880's seemed to have respected Miller's plan.Thereafter, and with the departure of Wm.Saunders from the city to head the First FederalExperimental Farm ¡n Ottawa, new directionswere taken in the park which deviate from theoriginaf plan. They are evident in the addition ofthe bisecting parhs and the lilypond.

By the turn of the century London had mult¡pl¡edthe number of its parks many-fold (Victoria,Queens, Graydon, Springbank, ...). Council sawthe need to create a parks Supervisor positionand awarded it to J,S. pearce in 1903. pearcewes very active in the horticultural managementof the parks. ln Victoria park he purèued apolicy of diversifying plant species. Hesupervised the replacement of the originalbandstand with a new one situated further ñorth

in the park, During this period the vision focusedon passive recreation.

19

Figure L-3: The lílypond in the early1900s with custom designed 'Vicloria Park'light standards and benches. Courtesy, TheLondon Room, London Public Library.

(1870 -1912)

ln its early phases the beautification of the park washeavíly promoted with the planting. Though e*äct ptanilists of the day have not been locateOl primary ãnJsecondary sources offer a good indication of tne þart'iplantings.

o Early photographs (pre_ Miller's plan) showthe concentration of tree planting (mosttydeciduous) to be along drives anO fatÈrs. rnéannual beds, designed in high Victorian style,featured varieties of tendèr plants (casier,geranium, salvia, etc.)

o Miller's plan suggested that the park should bedeveloped using the double row of existingmaples as frame . To the interior the of the edgãthe areas should be heavily planted with-amixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. lnnodal areas, the intersections of paths and drivesornamental trees under-planted with shrubswere arranged in beds. The drive.and paths wereto be outlined with trees, síngly and in groups.The small areas around speciai ieatures ñ.r"'tobe highlight with beds of annuals and perennials.The centre of the park was to remaín open andgrassy. Miller's plan was presented to the City as

a concept and never detailed to outline specifics.

Early maps and illustrations of the park showthat the spirit of the plan was followbd. Today,remnants of the early plantings indicate thátboth native and exot¡c trees wãre planted. Thenative species (maple, oak,elm, etc.) were usedalong the outer edge, while rare and exoticspecies (european linden, norway maplevarieties, beech, sycamore, spruce,

-buckeye)

were used in the interior of the park. Eãrlyspecies selections may well have been directeáby Dr. Wm. Saunders (a well knownhorticulturist, plant grower and breeder) in hiswork_of supporting the park. Later articles byJ-S. Pearce verify Saunder's desire to beautifithe park with species diversity.

lnfrastructure

From its inception the park was seen es an oasis, theHon. John Carling descríbed it as; "... a breathing spacefor the citizens, where they and their childrãn

'ruyassemble and breathe purer air." (London Free press,December 19,187S) Early improvements to the parúincluded ornamental features and furniture,

o The first bandstand in the park was sited andconstructed before Miller's plan for the park wasprepared. With Miller,s plan, public interest andadditional fundíng a three-tiered fountain wasplaced in south end the park (1g29). JohnCarling donated three field guns, one British andtwo Russian, to the park which he had broughtfrom Sevastopol. They were mounted ¡n th!¡rpresent locatíon. A lilypond was added in the1890's just north of the fountain. A greenhouseand hot beds were ínstalled along the westernedge of the park. Early photographs and accountsshow that the park was decorated with urns andvases, several manufactured by the Dennis SteelCo.. By the turn of the century the originalbandstand had deteriorated and a ne* one-wa,installed further north in the park.

o From its early development the park was

20

Figure L-4: A group photo of the LondonBicycle Club, circa. 1900, gathered in frontof the first bandstand in Victoria Park.Courtesy, The London Room, London PublicLibrary.

serviced with water and electricity. ln thebeginníng the water was brought to the treeswith the aid of a windmill pump, then a waterline was established to bring water from theriver, and finally the park wal connected to thecity's system. As early as 1ggO, the park wasbeing serviced by electric lamps. ln 1gg2, thegreat electric light up of the park attracted seventhousand people.

SECTION _?.2.S. park Uses andUsers (1870 -1912)

Before the land was dedicated for park purposes the sitehad been used for regimental games aná on occasionopened to the public. From its inception the park waspromoted as a gathering place and a venue foi passíverecreation.

r With the bandstand in the park, the Councilestablished a fund for free weekly concerts andencouraged local bands. Organizatíons obtainedpermission from Council to hold concerts andcharged for them. The Salvation Army heldSunday afternoon services in the park foi manyyears.

o The layout of the park with its drive and pathspromoted the recreations of walking and driving(horse and buggy, and later on cãr¡. nn eart!application to Council from the local bicycle cluúto use the park was refuse and then latei grantedon the condition that they strictly adhere tó speedregulations.

.. From early on there were concerns forvandalism and vagrancy in the park. Recordsshow that a policing budget was established andby-laws regulating appropriate behaviour in and

around the park.Councilof the day.

These were passed by the

21

l-ondon Lifc Insr-rrancc Ruildins. Londo,r. Ont.-29.

Figure L-5: The London Life lnsuranceBuilding shortly after completion, circa.1929, showing the south-east corner of thepark before the Cenotaph was installed.Courtesy, The London Room, London PublicLibrary.

ln this period the park reached a level of maturity. Bythis time the park layout was well established, theplanting had matured and the city had embraced the park

as an important feature of its downtown.

1 91 2 - World War ?

Over the previous 40 years the north, east andsouth edge of the park had become almostexclusively surrounded by residences. ln thismid-period the north and east edges of the parkremained relatively unchanged, The ðityDirectory of l91Z fisted - W.E. Saunders, C.H.lvey, Geo. Gibbons, F.A. McCormick, T.G.Whiskard, T.G. Meredith, R.C. Struthers, Hon. T.Coffey, M.Masuret, J.W. Little as familiesresiding along the park. | ç

On the southern edge the Gibbons and anotherproperty were sold off to make room for theLondon Life Building. Designed by J.M. Moore &Co., it was opened in 1 gZT. By 1940 the last ofthe residences along the souihern edge of the

park were lost and by this time the BellExchange had been established on the southwestcorner of Clarence and Dufferin.

On the west side of the park little changed exceptthat a gas station was established on the northcorner, intersecting with Richmond Street.Notable was that on Ríchmond Street gaps in thecommercial and retail strip were appearing.

- w.w. 2)

ln this period each new Superintendent of parks changedthe park by allowing new elements or facilities to beadded. Yet the integrity of the park's original design wasmaintained.

ln 1912 the responsibility for Victoria park,along with all other parks in the city, shiftedfrom Council's Standing Committee on parks tothe Public Utíl¡ties Commíssion. ln 1913 theCommissíon employed Wm. Dilger of Detroit tosurvey all parkland and suggest a strategy forlong term improvements to them.

The thinking of the day (early 1900) in regardto parks was that they were best improvei itthey offered citizens the opportunity for activerecreation. Sports and recreation built betterand more moral citizens. The design of VictoríaPark lim¡ted the opportunity to implementsports facilities

Over this period park Superintendents included;J.S. Pearce, E.E.Graham, and W.E. toster. Thepublic's percept¡on of Victoria park seemed tochange with the formalization of the parksDepartment; with responsibÍlity for the parks

22

-72'-¿,fi,çþGo.{= ,-.-i"-'þuã-//*i

Figure L-6: One of the first skating rinks in Victoria Park,1914, then located in the centre of the park. The (second)bandstand was tarped and served as a change room and concession.Courlesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.Weldon Library,University of Western Ontario.

Figure L-7: A photo from the first illustrated '1914 P.U.C.Annual Report showing the horlicultural emphasis of the parkparticularly around focal points such as the fountain. Courtesy,Regional Room Collection, D.B.Weldon Library, University ofWestern Ontario.

removed from Council Committee and citizensthere seemed to be less directed sponsorship ofVictoria Park. By the mid-1920's diminishingbudgets and political will restr¡cted thãrealization of capital improvements in VictoriaPark.

This period is marked by the loss of ornament inthe park. The bandstand, ornamental fence, thethree-tier fountain, and the greenhouse wereremoved. The entrances to the 'drive' in the parkwere narrowed permitting only pedestrianaccess.

( 1 91 z-W.W. 2)

The maturing tree canopy of the park forced the parksdepartment to undertake a new managernent regime, Thehorticultural emphasis was taken ott of trejplantingand placed on the 'show' aspect of the annual planting.

o For the first decade (of this period) theemphasis was placed on the development offlower and shrub beds. Newly ¡ntroduced speciesof roses, peonies and irises were extensivelyplanted in the park.

o By the 1920's the tree canopy had matured somuch that it was detrimentally affecting theunder-plantings of shrubs and annuals. Bedswere moved and established in better locations.Some trees were removed due to crowding anddamaç.

Under the directorship of E.E. Graham and W.E.Foster the park emphasized the annual plantingsand elaborate hdding out schemes ( 1 93'| -1 463perennials and 38,090 annuals planted in thepark). The large beds would Çover Z0 x 60 feet,often designed under a theme, e.g.'Confederation,,'Convention City', 'City's Coat oiArms', etc.. Newplanting schemes were introduced to the park by

Ted Foster included a rockery and mixedperennial borders. These changes were receivedby the public with mixed reviews. By the I g30'sbudget restraint was evident and plantings werereduced.

23

Flowor G¿rdo1, Vrciol¡a Prrk, Lûndor. Ontarro, C¡n¡d¡, -.t9l;r-orvritr fIltrs. \'rt't'rlttr l).rRli,

Figure L-8: Ornamental planting in Victoria park in the 1920s.The works-yard was located just to the north of this planting,where the bandshell is today. Photo from the p.U.C. AnnualReports, courtesy of the Regional Room Collection, D.B.WeldonLibrary, University of Western Ontario.

la

Figure L.9: Victoriaannual plantings in thisCollection, D.B.Weldon

Park became renowned for its thematicperiod. Postcard, courtesy, Regional RoomLibrary, University of Western Ontario.

!i .'

t, ì-

Þ'r,ri.\n

Figu re L-1 0: Victoria Park, circa 1 9OS, when the firstbandstand had been removed (ils replacement located furthernorth in the park). The drive through the park continued to be apopular excursion. Courtesy, Regional Room Collection,D.B.Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario.

l¡

Figure L-11: The Boer War Memorial, 1913, located on thesite of the original bandstand. Courtesy, Regional Room Collection,D.B.Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario.

Thís period of park development was marked by newrecreetional facilities, private ¡nterest groups fundingcivic monuments and the loss of original features in thãpark.

r With the removal of the original bandstand and anew one being sited to the north, the centre of thepark was left open. tn 1912 this position wasredefíned with a memorial sponsored by theveterans of the Boer War. They hadcommissioned it from Montreal sculptor GeorgeW, H¡ll. tt was unveiled by the Ouke ãfConnaught. This marked the replacement of thepark's ornamental features with monuments.After W.W.1 (circa. 1923) four field guns wereplaced in the park. On November 10, 'l934, theCenotaph was dedicated. lt was a replica of thecenotaph that Sir. Edwin Lutyens had designed forthe Whitehall in London, England. This one wascommíssioned by the |.O.D.E. and dedicated to

cloakroom. Skating in the park became animmediate success, and further enhanced whenlighting was added. By 1918 ¡t was necessary tobuilt two ice rinks, one dedicated to hockey. eyI91 7 two double grass tennis courts were added,one at either end of the park. ln ,l926

summerrecreation was further expanded with theaddition of miniature golf .

By the 1920's a great number of the park'soriginal elernents such as iron benches, urns,fencing had been removed due to age and conditionand were replaced with contemporary concreteones; other elements, like the urns justdisappeared. By 1939 the original three-tieredfountain was removed and replaced with a singlelevel illuminated one.

By i 91 5 the park was connected to themunicipal water system, This permitted twodrinking fountains and public lavatories to bebuilt in the park. tn 1916 the lighting ín thepark was increased with the addition ofornamentalgooseneck lamps at the entrances.

The park changed to include both sports and passiverecreat¡on.

o The tradition of free concerts in the parkcontinued well into the 1920's (even with thebandstand removed). Due to budget and materialrestraints the bandstand was not replaced untilthe 1950's.

o With sports such as skating, tennis, golf, achildren games program, etc., introduced into thepark, the Parks Department began to generateíncome from concessions and equipment rentalsin the park.

r With the narrowing of the entrances to the parkin 1926 vehicular traffic was restricted in thepark. This acted to pull the western edge into thepark and redefine the park's volume,

,THE GLORIOUS DEAD''. lç

An outcome of the Wm. Dilger study of VictoriaPark was its first skating rink, built in 1g14. ltwas located just to the north of the middle of thepark. The bandstand was tarped and used as a

25

Rc t+o 131

SCENE IN VICÍORIA PARK, I.ONDON, CANADA

Figure L-12t The mid-period of the park,s developmentincluded additions sueh as the illuminated fountain. courtesy,Regional Room collection, D.B.weldon Library, university ofWestern Ontario.

Conotaph, London, Ontar¡o. 35.

Figure L'l3: The cenotaph was introduced into victoria park inthe 1930s. Courtesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.WeldonLibrary, University of Western Ontario.

tN9

ke lqo

woRlp wAR 4 - 1g8O

2- 1980)

-

ln this period the context of the park changes mostradically. The stabre, affruent residential,/ins-titutionarneighbourhood disappeared and new land uses includingparking lots are established around the park.

o ln the 1950's the construction of the FirstBaptist Church on Clarence just north ofPrincess, displaced shops and houses onRichmond Sreet. This change was furthercomplicated by the church oriàntating its mainentrance onto a small green space to the north ofthe building rather than to the park or a street.The demolition of the Christian Scientists Churchpermitted the reconstruction of St. peter'sseparare school in 1g55. This building also didnot 'address' the park. lt displaced princessAvenue to establish a playgrouad,north of theschool. A new street was established as anextension ts Kent Street. This renovatíon markedthe loss of an established axial relationshíp ofthe park to its surroundings.

o ln the 1950's the First presbyterian Church,

located opposite the southern edge of the park,was demolished. The space was taken by LondonLife to accommodate an underground vault andsurface parking,

By the late I950's the residential characteralong the north and eastern edge of the park wasnotably impacted by the conversion of the largehouses to offices, (ie. insurance, municipalservices, provincial court services) andapartments (not owner occupied).

ln the I 960's the construction of CentennialHall, Reg Cooper Square and the new City Hall,completed in 1921, impacted the park. This rowof development necess¡tated the demolition of allresidences along Wellington from Dufferin toWolfe Street and the closure of princess Avenueto the east of the park. This terminated anothertraditional axial relationship of the park andredefined Princess Avenue as service lane toCentennial Hall, causing it to lose much of itsgrandeur. Reg Cooper Square, frorn its elevatedposition failed to facilitate a flow of activitybetween itself and the park. Like the buildingestablished along the west edge of the park, thénew City Hall established its entrance toDufferin Avenue and failed to 'address, the park.

Later changes such as the restriction of traffic

north on Clarence street, the introduction ofparking along Clarence and Kent streets and theconversion of St. peter's Separate Schoolplayground to a parking lot further change thecontext of the park.

?.6

'+.,\|,J*,.. ì'-rúi

-f t;-í,11 l /'

/

aLi,I

.TT )

d-^*

'-'r':*$Í-1Í'i:*' .

Figure L-14: The park expanded its program in the 1960s and70s focusing on seniors. Facilities like the shuffreboard courtswere heavily used in the early days, not so much today. photo byRon Nelson, courtesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.WeldonLibrary, University of Western Ontario.

l¡

Figure L-15; The additions of Centennialalong Wellington Road dramatically changedaround the park. Courtesy, M. Hannay.

Hall and City Hallthe neighbourhood

This period marked the centenniar of the park. The rastdecorative ornaments were removed and fhe rore of thepark was redefined as a civic open space.

o After almost a twenty year delay a newBandshell, donated by the Kiwanis Õlub, wasopened in June of i 950. Sorrily missed, thisnew facility accommodated larger concerts for aneven larger London. Sited where the service yardand tool shed had once been, its need foradditionalseating was accommodated by paving alarge adjacent area, interrupting the .rtåOl¡snãOpattern of paths and spaces in the park andreorienting the focus of the park to the westerlyedge rather than the centre of the park. {

c By 1963, the 1930 fountain was deemedirreparable and was removed. ln 1951, the lastof the original drives were narrowed and thepark was further closed off to any vehiculartraffíc. Several of the smaller pæhs,originallyfocused on ornaments or decorative pta;tingiwere removed and sodded over.

o The emphasis on sports,/recreatíon in the parkdiminished in this period. Facilities ,u.Ë ,.

shuffleboard, seniors centre, etc. were added.The City did not implement the study whichrecommended that a children's playground beintegrated into the park. Generally, the park wasleft free from development and was promoted forcivic events.

(w.w. 2 _ 1980)

By this period most of the original plantings in the parkhad surpassed their prime and were declinìng and manyof them were removed. Budget restraints, pressures foran expanding park system, and rising maintenance costsfurther contributed to limiting the pãrk's development.

r Due to the age and the ravages of ice storrns,large portions the 1gT1 planting of maplesaround the perimeter of the park were removed.These removals further reduced the definition ofthe edge of the park.To modify the effect of theseremovals portíons were repfaced with species(eg. Tilia, euercus, etc.) dissimilar to theoriginal. Disease, such as Dutch Elm disease,assisted in further eliminating mature treesfrom the interior of the park.

o Traditional plant selections were exchanged fornew disease resistant species. New plantiñgs hadto be arranged outside of the canopy óf tneexisting trees to ensure proper growth anddevelopment. The 'Winter Wonderland' programset incentives to plant more evergreens in tfrePark.

o Concerns for safety and vagrancy in the park

27

Figure L-16: The first Bandshell in Victoria Park,construction in 1950. lt was warmly welcomed bybecause they had been for more than 20 years withoutmusic in the park. Courtesy, Regional RoomD.B.Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario.

still underLondoners

a venue forCollection,

Figure L-17= ln updating theincreasingly utilitarian. Courtesy,

park, its furnishings becameM. Hannay, 1995.

I nfrastructure w-w.2-1980resulted in the last of the shrub planting beingremoved. The trad¡tion of annual plantings wascontinued, colourful and showy, although reducedin size and scale for financial and securityreasons.

sEeIloN ?..4.4. Park Features and

By the end of this period all the original features in thepark except for the guns donated by Carling had beenremoved. The Bandshell and Holy Roller tank wereintroduced to the park.

o With the removal of the fountain, etc., and thechange in planting schemes, the concept(essential to Miller's original design for thepark) of having features or ornaments at theintersection points of the park's pathway systemdisappeared.

o Both the Bandshell (sponsored by the KwanisCIub of London) and the Holy Roller Tank(donated by the 7th Hussars Regiment) wereintroduced to the park in June 1950.

o Site furnishings originally specifically designedfor the park, such as benches, lights, fountains,receptacles, etc., were replaced with genericpark furnishings. Demands on the park forspecial events reinforced the need for itsfurnishings to be utilitarian. Drinking fountainswere removed from the park for securityreasons.

Thís period in the park's history marked an increase anddiversification of use and users. The park moved from aperiod of declining use and dísfavour (late 1 g6O/early-míd 1970's) to a pos¡tion of public prominenceparticularly linked with special events in the park.

o The park of the ,l950s was generally being used

for walks, picnics, f ree concerts, etc.. ltsprogram was expanded in 1958 when the cityinitiated a ' Winter Wonderland' of lights anddecorations in the park for the Christmas season.

o The decline of residences around the park in the1960s and 70s resulted in the loss of unofficialsurveillance of the park. This combined with anincrease in urbanization of the downtown, the useand reputation of the park began to fail. The parkbecame associated with illicite activit¡es(vagrancy, prostitution, drugs, etc.),particularly in after hours. The number of parkusers declined. ln an attempt to rejuvenate thepark a program of special events was organized;events such as the Home County Folk Festivaldrew the public back into the park and assisted inrestoring a favourable profile to the park.

2B

(w.w. z - 1980)

Figure L-18: The edges of the park retain the greatestproportion of older trees, whereas the interior has more recentplantings. Courtesy, M. Hannay, 1995.

Figure L-19: The older trees are deteriorating as is evidentfrom conditions such as twig dieback and cavities.Courtesy, M. Hannay, 1995.

SECTION ?.5 Tle ContemporarPerÍod - 1980 - present dav

Victoria Park is appreciated and held in high regard bymany Londoners. The park has had relatively littledevelopment in the last fifteen years. A proposal toredesign the park, in conjunction with the constructionof the new Bandshell, in the late 19gO's was met wíthpublic resistance and therefore not implemented. Acontinuing and increasing program of special events inthe park has drawn new attention it, but has also raisedconcerns for its future.

There have been few changes to the physicalsurroundings of the park since 1980. Most notably hasbeen the gentrification of the northern edge of the parkand the resurgence of commercial activity alongRichmond Street. These changes have contributed torenewed use and activity in the park. r ¡

o The 'urban renewal', lvest properties undertookthroughout the 1980s affected most of the largeresidences facing onto the park along Central andWellington, as well as establishing a successful

commercial corner at Central, Clarence andRichmond Street. These changes have returned astable residential and vibrant commercial edge tothe park.

The re-establishment of commercial uses(shops and restaurants/bars) along RichmondStreet have acted to extend park hours andtherefore increased surveillance and security.The full effect of this has been lessened by theland uses along Clarence Street adjacent to thepark (institutional and services uses) whichcreate a dead zone in off-peak hours,

SECTION 2.5.2. Park Horticulrure

As part of this study an extensive review of the trees ínthe park and their condition has been completed. The treeinventory done in 1988 has been updated and enteredonto a computerized mapping system. The results arefound in the appendices of this report. The culturalpract¡ces of the park have been noted and aresummarized below.

There are 30 species of trees in the park. Theyrânge in estimated age from 5 to 1ZS years old.It ¡s difficult to accurately gauge the age of trees(without direct intervention such as coresampling) because as park usage increases thegrowth rate of trees decreases, due to stress.

ïhe Forestry Division of the Parks Departmentis responsible f or the pf anting, care andmaintenance of all trees in Victoria park. This isdone as required and not on a particular schedute.At present there is a moratorium on planting inthe park, pending the outcome of the developmentof a master plan for the park, No pesticides areused on the trees. As well, there is no fertilizingprogram for the trees. Pruning, etc. is done asrequired and the trees are checked regularly.

29

Figure L-22Figure L.20

Figure L-21

Figure L-20, L-21, L-22-. The new bandshell was open in1991. More recent additions to the park, such as the Kiwanissculpture and the Women's Monument, have been focused aroundthe bandshell. Courtesy, M. Hânriay, 199S.

Most of the recent planting in the park has beenmemorial tree dedicat¡ons. The selection andplacement of these has generally been left up tothe Forestry Division of the parks Department.The department tries to select hardwood andmore unusual tree species. The memorial treesmay or may not be plaqued. Their placement inthe park has been random since there has been nomaster plan to set a planting approach for thepark.

There are approxiamately 310 trees in the parktoday, 50%o of the stand is native the other 50%ois exotic. 6Qo/o of the exotic specíes featured inthe park are norway maples and associatedvarieties of that species. There are no shrub bedsin the park today. The parks departmentmaintains 19 show beds with g,000 annuals, inaddition to bulbs and seasonal pfants arranged intwo displays, spring and summer.

The mature trees, particularly maple and thosein excess of 100 years old, seem to suffer fromcavities. These are most likely

"a ¡esult of the

removal of large limbs.The size and condition ofthese cavities is impossible to assess withoutextensive examínation.

Many trees ín the park, old and new, showevidence of stress; ie. formation of small yellow

leaves, twig dieback and the thinning of thecrown. Some of the evergreens, Colorado BlueSpruce and Austrian pine suffer from Sprucecanker and Diplodia Tip Blíght respectively.

The Parks Department has initiated anaggressive turf management program. lt ¡sstructured on an lntegrated pest ManagementSystem in which the grass is maintained at afength of 2-1/2" at all times of the year. lt iscut every five working days, fertilized fourtimes a year, core aerated (1 -3 inch depth)after every large event in the park (6 -Z timesa year), and over seeded as required. Nopesticides are used in the park. Management ofthe park is limited by;

a ) damage and severe soilcompaction created byheavy equipment/trucks driving off of the pathiand across the grass to set up for the variousspecial events (tents, lights, etc.);

b ) the inability to use the deep soil aeratorwhich penetrates 1B inches into the soíl because

lhe service lines, specifically the irrigationlines, which maze through the park and woluld bedamaged by the use of the deep aerator;

c) an old and inefficient irrigation system.

ln f rast ru ct u re (t odav )

ln the last fifteen years the park has receÍved a newbandshell and two new monuments. The use of the parkhas distinctly increased particularly in the realm ofspecial events. To accommodate these event services havebeen upgraded; such as electrical (with its post outletsscattered throughout the park), trash (wíth up to fiveBFI-bins and innumerable oil drum receptacles in thepark during the summer weekends), etc.

o The design of the new Bandshell was awarded toLondon architect paul Skinner Ltd. ln 'l991.After an extens¡ve public process a newBandshell was opened, lt was almost double thesize of the original facility, providing office andconcession space, lavatories and cloakrooms, allclad in brick, stone, concrete block, frosted glassand metal shell.

o ln conjunction with the opening of the newbandshell, the Kiwanis Memorial Monumentsculpted by Sam Radoff of London, was unveiled.This embellished, stainless steel monument waslocated just south of the Bandshell. ln December1 994 just to the north of the Bandshell theWomen's Memorial was dedicated. lt wascommissioned by London's Committee for the

30

Figure L'2 , L'2;: speciar events in the park attract rargecrowds of people who expect certain services, eg. food vendors,displays, band machines, etc. Ail of this activity requires aconsiderable amount of secondary seruices and equipment to set upand clean up. Courtesy, M. Hannay, 19gS.

Prevention of Violence Against Women andsculpted by U.W.O. art student Leigh Rainey. Themonument is comprised of two black graniteslabs whích have been sandblasted and inscribed.

With these most recent additions the parkcontâ¡ns five monuments, the Carfing field gunsand the bandshell. The individual monumentshave been reviewed for condition. The caps on thebases of the field guns are showing weatheringand the bases of the centre and the northern gunare cracked through and will need to beaddressed. The Boer War Memorial has recentlybeen restored after vandalism caused damage tothe bronze figures. The monument appears to bein reasonably good condition whereas the curbingand some of the granite on the base are in poorcondition. The limestone cenotaph is found in goodcondition but the materials on the base aredeteriorating. The site for the Holy Roller Tankat the north end of the park has recently been areredesigned to no longer allow visitors to climb onthe tank. The base has been landscaped, fencedoff, and the area l¡t. Maintena¡ce staff in thepark indicate that all monuments irì the park aresubject to vandalism, particularly often beingdefaced with spray paint. Of all the monuments,the Holy Roller Tank is vandalized the most often.

SECTIO,N 2.5..5. Park Uses aFd User.s

Between fifty and sixty formal events make use ofVictoria Park and environs, annually. Descriptions ofevents and recorded details vary according to sources;and number vary annually due to sponsorship, weatherand intent (one time events). lnformation about eventsfor this study has been gathered from the London poljceDepartment (Traffic Unit), the London parksDepartment (Programs), the London City Hall (RiskManagement Office); attempts to receive information inregard to criminal activities in the park have beenunsuccessful but will be pursued further. lnformalevents which take place ín the park have not beenaddressed.

Police (Traffic Unit) records are not complete for t ggSand only extend back to 1gg2. Details and thecompleteness of records decrease as they go back intime. Police records list only parades and eventsrequiring the¡r supervision or escort, etc. Some of theevents are associated with the park because they eitherbegin or end at a particular park site. The Traffic Unitidentifies Victoria Park as a special events site even ifthe activities occur outside the park boundaries.

The Parks Department records for 1995 are based onactivities from previous years, However, files are

stored and were inaccessíble at the time of this study.The Parks records exclude parades and events that occuron the park's periphery; ie. services including thecenotaph, parades, marches, walks, runs, etc, which usethe streets surrounding the park (e.g. u.w.o.Homecoming Parade, lnternational Women,s Day March,Portugal Day Parade); and some events which startand/or finish at the park.

r d list of annual park uses and their location isattached in the appendices.

o Events using the whole s¡te generally arecombined activities (e.9. Winterfest, Countdown,Festival of Lights and skating; and Canada Day,Big Band Festival and the BX 93 Concert). Artsand musÍc activities ( e.g. Home County Festival,Children's testival) which last several days, aweek or more draw the largest number ofvisitors tci the park.

o Athletic or sporting evenß (e.g. three-on-threebasketball, road hockey) and the Rib Fest areseveral day events which draw several thousandpeople and use the park, Bandshell area andadjacent streets.

o ïhe Bandshell and its pad have, by far, thegreatest use of any site in the park. The totalnumber of events scheduled to use this site is

31

forty-two. The local streets, Reg Cooper Squareand Centennial Hall parking lot are the sites oftwenty'f¡ve events, The cenotaph is the site forsix events and the Women's Monument has threeevents and Holy Roller Tank has one event.

A user policy for types of permitted andrestricted use has been developed by the parksdepartment.

SECTTON 2.s.6 $AFETY AND SçCUR|TY

Statistics províded by police can only give a general ideaabout crime, safety and security issues in Victoria park.

Police reports record all calls of incidents includingnon-criminal and non by-law offenses (eg. lost andfound art¡cles) and calls to police about suspectedcrimes do not necessarily involve the breaking of lawsor prosecutable offenses. Furthermore, incidents likesuspected drug abuse, minor public nuisance orvandalism encountered by Parks and Recreation staff aregenerally not reported to police.

Reports to police also include events outside the park,Statistics do not specify t¡mes or areas where suspectedproblems take place. Finally, the method of reportingand record keeping of incident calls has increased overthe years (eg. 3 reports in 1 ggg; 1 3 in 1 gg0; 13 in1991; 50 in 1992;79 in 1993; and 106 in 199a);therefore, comparison of reported cases from year toyear would be inappropriate.

Approximately one third (35) of all calls in 1994 werereported as "cold": events which may have happenedlong before they were called in; incidents which hadceased; calls of trouble where no evidence exÍsted; etc.

The largest number of reports traditionally happenduring the summer months of June, July and August

(48 in 1993; 46 in 1 994). Generally, because ofsmall numbers of calls at any specific time it is difficultor impossible to estebl¡sh any statistical relationshipsbetween reported incidents and events held in the park.The following is a summary of calls to the policere:Victoria Park for 1994:

Items lost or found near the park - 1Z

Traffic, driving or parking offenses - Z

Assistance or advice to the public (ambulancecalls, check on the welfare of a person, fire) -10

Crimes against property (security alarms, theft,robbery, property damage) - 16

Crimes against persons (assault, sexual assault,indecent âcts, attempted suicíde) - I 1

Noise complaints - 9

Disturbances/ personal threat (suspiciouspersons or activity, drunk or liquor, familyarguments, nuisances) - 32

Miscellaneous of f enses (escaped custody,possession of a weapon, Mental Health Act) - 4

32

Figure L-25: Earfy postcard view, circa. 1900, of victoriaPark. The 'Drive' is actually a view of the 'ride' around theperimeter of the park which had been planted in 1g71 withmaples. courtesy of the London Room, central Library, LondonPublic Library.

Ñ$#i),il¡:l

It is impossible to place any distinct interpretation onthis data. ln reviewing the information, discounting all'cold calls', traffic offenses, lost and found reports, andcalls for assistance, the total number of calls classifiedin all other categories for 1gg4 is 53; ?Z of these callswere filed in the summer months (June, July andAugust) of 1 994,

ln conclusion, rumours about crime in Victoria parklikely outweígh official reports. Crime appears to followseasonal patterns. Some would argue that íncreasingnumber of events and users, on the one hand inhibítcrime and, on the other, increase the number of calls toofficials about suspected incidents.

33

SECTION 3.0 CONCLUSI9NS: Victoria park itqlnvento-rv and CoLdition

34

Various festivals are held annually in the park.Figure C-l: A postcard view of the 'Winter Wonderland'.Courtesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.Weldon Library,University of Western Ontario.

l¡

Figure C-2:Hannay.

A 1995 summer festival event. Courtesy of M.

sEÇrroN 3.0 coNCLUsloNS

The purpose of the inventory study has been to develop a

detailed understanding of the historic development of thepark, to identify some of the issues which physicallyimpact the park and to provide an outline ofrecommendations from the findings.

Victoria Park, from its conception, has continuallyevolved in its role and relationship to London. ltsdevelopment must be seen in conjunction to the historyof design, society and its conventions, and the c¡ty'sfiscal and management considerations of various periods.To date the park has been idealized as a pleasure ground,â venue for horticultural and artistic expression, arecreational facilíty and most recently a civic space forspeciâlevents. Changes to it have been gradual; like thechanges of trees and plantings, ornaments tomonuments, circulation to traffic systems, specific togeneric furnishings, bandstand to band shell. yet itretains its image as the traditionalpark, attributable tothe fact that its organization and spatial volumes havenot radically changed over time. People crcntinue toperceive the park as an oasis, the green lung of the city;where trees guide visitors along the paths and throughthe spaces, its tree canopy protects and encloses it fromthe city and views suggest a pastoral landscape.

The most obvious changes to park have been in itscontext, the loss of residences and connector streetssuch as Princess Avenue, and in its visitor pattern.Where people used to distribute themselves aroundvarious features and points of interest throughout thepark, today, most activities are concentrated around theBand shell.

Victoria Park is an ¡mportant component of London,particulärly its Downtown. However, evidence showsthat the park was conceived and laid out as a passiveurban park and its current use has raised questions andconcerns about its carrying capacity and heritageconservation. As it has been suggested by L.A.C.A.C. andthe Parks and Recreation Department, and initiated by adirective from City Council in 1994, it is offundamental importance to develop a balanced strategyfor the long term use and management of the park whichhas a clear understanding of its physical limits andessential character.

The study has identified the following issues as beingimportant to consider in the development of a MasterPlan for the park.

DEMANDS ON THE PARK

Parks throughout London are classified as to theirpurpose and facilities within the system. Victoria parkby virtue of its age, location, facilities, reputation andprogramming defies any single classification; it meetsthe criteria of many types of parks. tt fulf¡ls a multitudeof purposes:

. lt is a neighbourhood park for the local residentswho regularly visit, use and offer it unofficialsurveillance.

o lt is a unique, scenic oasis which draws visitorsfrom all parts of London and thereby could beclassified as a district park.

c lt's image as being in the 'centre' of the city,accessible, associated with the Downtown andCity Hall, equipped with facilíties like the BandShell, supporr it as the ideal place for stagingcivic events such as Countdown London, CanadaDay, and free concerts; this classifies it as acity-wide park.

o Park programming such as the Home CountyFestival, Basketball and Road Hockeyïournaments, the Children's Festival, etc., drawvisitors not just from London but from muchfarther away, in this manner it functions much

35

as a regional park facility would.

So, this leaves no single label for or definition ofVictorÍa Park. lt ís unique; a park offering much andresponding to many demands.

The lists of events with estimated attendance (inAppendix 4.6.) provides some indication of the park,suses and users but the development of a compreiiensived,ocument is beyond the scope of this study. tienerally,the park is used by two user groups:

a) the casual or everyday user - issomeone visiting the park wanting to walk, sit,enjoy scenery, feed squirrels, jog, panicipate ¡ninformal sports/games, picnic, sõcialize, àtc.The time and length of their visit is loose orunstructured and enjoyment of the park may notnecessarily involve other members of the þublic.

b) the event visitor/participant - issomeone visiting the park wanting to participatein or observe a specific event in ifre park. Theirvisiting tíme is coordinated with qhe"event.

The casual park user is generally not focused to anyspecific area, rather their activity is spread throujhoutthe park often occurring on paths, benóhes and tabJ-es,away from street edges and possibly in open, sunnyareas. The visitor of a scheduled park event tends fo

concentrate in areas of the park. Lists in the Appendicesidentify the general areas of concentration by üse(rs).Rough calculations wourd indicate that z0o/o oi scheduíedevents use the whole park while more than Z0% usepark facilities around the Band Shell.

Different events use the park in different ways. Anumber of scheduled events (particularly thoseattract¡ng large numbers of visitors) incorporatetemporary facilities into the park such as tents, soundsystems, kiosks, services (mobile-ATMs, toilets, wastebins). These facilities tend to be installed adjacent to thepath system, on the grass and under the trees. Theseinstallations are done by a variety of vehicles andequipment and it is recognized that there is some impactCIn the health and condition of the park. Guidelines jreprovided by the parks and Recreation Department anddifferent user,/event groups employ a varíety ofstrategíes in setting up theír facilities. ln addition tothis, groups such as the Home County Festival (thegroyp with the longest history of private special eventuse) have developed a set of strict self imposedguidelines which limits vehicles and equipment on thesite.

A calendar of park events for 19g5 are found in theAppendices. ln the four months, from May 1st -September 1st, in approximately 50 days, more than7Oa/o of the scheduled park events take piace. Thoughexact visitor numbers ere not available, using the

formula. developed for generar park visitor calcurations,it would be conservative to estimate that between 60 _

7oo/o of the park's annuar visitors come during that samefour month period. This period of intense parÍ usecoincides with a critical period of plant growth,specifically when plants are deveroping reserves for thewinter dormancy.

ReçQrnmen dations

l. That stakeholders be identified.

2. A use/user st,udy of the parkparticularly focusing on specialevents be cons¡dered

36

Figure G-3: Vehicles parking under the canopy of treescontribute to soil compacfloñ. The effects of this compaction areevident in lhe thinning of tree crowns, particularly noiable in theolder trees such as this sycamore. Courlesy of M. Éannay.

Figure c-4: Large cavities in the trunks of older treesindicators of failing iealth. Courtesy of M. Hannay.

are

THE HEALTH AND CONDtTtgN OF THEPARK

From its initial concept, Victoria park was associatedwith the ideals of a Victorian park:

A piece of ground, usually of considerable extent,set apaft and maintained for public use, and laidout in such a way as to afford pleasure to the eyeas well as opportunity for open air recreation...... (Whitney, Century Dictionary, 1904)

Generally conceived as being a landscape, green andlush; a piece of the countryside brought into the cíty.

Over the duratíon of this study the health and conditionof the trees were reviewed twice, in early June whenthe inventory was updated (see Appendix A.4.) and at theend of August . At present the park still portreys animage of maturity and rnajesty, with its large trees andprojecting canopy. Although the trees were not preciselydated, their caliper/ trunk size (d.b.h.) was measuredand this provides a general indicator of age, For thepurposes of investigating the maturity of the park,strees a comparison was set up. A median caliper of Z?,'(d.b.h.) was selected, the assumption being thathistorically Zrt - 3" caliper trees had been planted inthe park and for them to achieve a ?Z', caliper theywould have to have been in the park at least twenty to

thírty years.

F rN prNG S

o less than half of the 315 trees in the park are22" or greater in caliper. This means that themature, stately landscape that Victoria parkportrays is provided by less than half of thetrees currently found in the park.

o The greatest concentrations of trees (includinglarge caliper trees) are in the northern andsouthern quarters of the park (see Figure S-3).

o Recent tree plantings have been concentrated inopen areas of the park, partícularly to the northof the Band Shell and its pad.

The health of a plant/tree is evident through a numberof indicators: its rate of growth; the size and condition ofits leaves, branches and trunk; the evidence of pests ordiseases. When a tree(particularly older trees) isstressed it may decline over a number of years with theindicators of its poor health emerging gradually.

o lnvestigation of the trees in the park in Juneindicated that more than 30% had healthproblems, Closer examination verified that morethan 5O% of those trees in poorer health wereolder trees (?2" or greater caliper trees). So, of

those trees providing Victoria park itsestablished character - the mature trees, half ofthem are demonstrating significant signs ofstress and/or deteriorat¡on. (see Appendix A.3.for tree assessment criteria)

No single factor can be identífied as causíng the declinein tree health in the park, several existing conditionslikely contribute to the trees' current state.

r Soil Compaction - Heavy vehicles, equipmentand/or heavy and repeated foot traffic on grassedand tree root areas compact the bulk density of asoil, thereby changing its structure. Thestructure of a soil, in simple terms, is acombination of soil particles and air pores. Theair pores permit the transmission of water andnutrients to a plant, the exchange of gases and thedevelopment of its roots. The compaction of soil,through heavy use, construct¡on or the additionof clay materials, reduces the size and amount ofair pores in the soil. This conditíon can changethe soil from an aerobic to anaerobic state, whichimpacts the health and growth of plants. Once asoil has been compâcted it is difficult to restoreit to an aerobic state. ( G. Hightshoe, NativeTrees, Shrubs and Vines for Urban and RuralAmerica)

37

llro Orrve, Vrr:tor¡a park, Lon(lon, Ontaío, lU

Figure C-5: postcard viewillustrating its green'oasis_like,Room Collection, D.B.WeldonOntario.

of Victoria park ín the 1940scharacter. Courtesy, RegionalLibrary, University of Western

Stress Periods for plants - plants in thisclimatic zone are subjected a number ofnaturally occurring stresses, a short growingperiod, the freeze-thaw cycles of mid-winter,and the hot, dry periods in mid- to late summer.The intense heat and lack of moisture availableduring this period impedes a plant's ability totake up nutrients and develop reserves to get itthrough the long winter.As the calendar of park events shows the times ofmost ¡ntense park use coincíde with times thatplants, particularly the trees, are already understress. The combination of these factorsaggravates the stresses on plants (trees andgrass in particular).

Competition - Plants naturally compete forlight, moisture, clean air, nutrients and space.As plants meture their requirements generallybecome greater. ln nature plants develop ábalance with theír environment. The park ís aman-made, artif icial environment so thatcompetition between plants is unlikely to achíevea balance, therefore managemelt must activelysupplement the required compoiehts of watei,fertilizer, so¡l structure built through deepaeration,etc., pest and disease control, and thereduction of competition through crowding.'All ofthese ingredients are required for good planthealth and development. Competition among

plants is increased when they are placed in aconcentrated container or isolated environment(i.e. a roof garden, a courtyard, etc.). Thelandscape surrounding Victoria park is veryhard and foreign to that of the park therefore itreceives very few benefits or balancing effects(nutrition, water,/run-oft, other ecôsystemsupport, etc.) from its adjacent environment.Since there is no larger natural environmentwhich can benefit or support Victoria park'slandscape its environment can increasingly belikened to that of a container.

The trees and 'green-ness' of Victoria park are stillenjoyed and appreciated by the public. There is noconclusive scenario to predict the future health andgrowth of the park. Observation and logic does lead to theconclusion that when the older trees are removed fromthe park the sense of enclosure, protection and retreat itoffers from the urban landscape will disappear. That thetrees are an important characteristics of the park isunquest¡onable, but it should not be asumed that thePark's character ís solely due to the presence of trees.The character is the result of the arrangement ofelements in the landscape. The effectiveness of Miller'splan ( 1 878) should not be underestimated. Hisintegration of the tree allees along the outer edge of thepark to buffer the surroundings, the use of heavyornamental plantings in the north and south ends of thepark, the arrangement the open spaces in the centre of

the park, the use of trees along paths to keep people offthe grass, all significantly contribute(d) to making thepark 'work'. The loss of the old trees in the park willmark the loss of a little more of Miller's plan and whatmakes the park work; particularly since the treesplanted in the last twenty to thirty years have notfollowed a plan.

Although today the visual image of the park reliesheavily on its'green-ness', traditionally itsfurnishings were an integral part of its beauty. Asidentified in the history of the park, it has had manyspecial ornaments (the bandstands, fountains, etc.) butin addition ir has benefited from specially designed lightstandards, benches, railings, etc.,. This was originãllydone to provide the Park with a particular identify anãwith some 'special-ness'. Over t¡me these origínalelements have disappeared with some having beenreplaced with simplified, generic models of furnishingsand pavings. While these do continue to serve the usèrthey do not particulary compliment or distinguish thepark. The general care and maintenance of the park'sinfrastructure has been good to excellent. The íncreasein use and programming of the park has necessitated thewide spread introduction of electrical (outlet posts) andlarge waste receptacles (four to five large containers).These are neither aesthetic nor particularly wellintegrated into the landscape. Other services such as theirrigation system have become antiquated and effectivelylimit the maintenance of the park. These changes would

38

Figure c'6: Postcard view of the original three-tier fountainplaced in the soulh end of the Victoria park in the late 1870s.Courtesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.Weldon Library,University of Western Ontario.

ll

Fígure C-7: The'Holy Roller'tank placed in üe north end of thepark in 1950. Courtesy of M. Hannay.

seem to indicate that Victoria park has lost its esteemedposition as the 'grand old lady' in London's park system.

Re,commendatiorls

1. That soil compaction tests be donethroughout the park and the resultingmitigation measures be incorporatedin long term planning and manaEementsfrategies.

2.a) That the trees in the park bemonitored -particularly thoseindicating signs of stress

2.b) That the potential forhorticultural management beincreased with an improved /newirrigation system, initialization of atree fertilizing program, a judiciousand tímely pruning program, and asoil management regime.

3. That future strategies for ptantingin the park recognize and respect thetraditions of species selection andplacement.

PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PARK

ïhe development of many public parks in Canadian citiescan be attributed to the actions of a few enlightened andpowerful people. This in combination with the desire ofthe British government (in the 1860s and 70s) todivest itself of excess lands it no longer needed fordefence accounts for a large number of the parksdeveloped in the Victorian period in Onta rio(J.R.Wright, Urban Parks in Ontario: Origins to1860). lt is in this manner that Victoria park came tobe located on the original garríson lands, neither theBritish government's dírectives/ requirements toLondon for developing the land, nor the park's originalpromoters (including John Carling) envisioned the parkas having any military significance. ln fact its originalpurpose was one of urban improvement andbeautification. Charles Miller's concept for the park wassimple (a series of paths for carriages and pedestrianswhich at points of intersection had an ornament, thebandstand, the fountain, the flower beds, etc,) was toprovide Londoners with an environment for relaxed,informal social interaction. Although changes in the parkover the next decades did not always follow Miller's planthe park was maintained for passive recreational andornamental purposes; a venue for all to enjoy.

What origínally attracted people to the park, apart fromthe trees, were the ornaments - the fountain, thelilypond, the floral displays, and the concerts in the

39

Figure C-8 Figure C-9

Figure C-8, C-9: Two early 1900 postcard views of the'wishing well' fountain positioned in the north-west corner of thepark. Courtesy, Regional Room Collection, D.B.Weldon Library,Uníversily of Western Ontario.

bandstand. All these embellishments made the park apopular place. lt was almost two generations after thepark's conception that the Boer War Memorial ('l913)was dedicated on the site of the first bandstand. ltsintegration marked a transition ín the idea of VictoriaPark from one of being a place dedicated to tranquilityand beauty, to that of being a place of public monumentswith political purpose. This trend in the park'sdevelopment can be followed through with the addition ofthe cenotaph, field guns (1920's, since removed), theHoly Roller, the Kiwanis sculpture, and the Women,sMonument.

ïrad¡tionally in cities, public monuments are placed incivic open spaces, ideally in places significant to theircause, social purpose or cultural ideals. These civicopen spaces províde the public (specific sectors of thepublic) with a place to gather and contemplate. Althoughmonuments are not private by virtue of their purposeor message, they project ownership into the space inwhich they are situated. For this reason monumentsrequire specific landscape treatments. lt would diminishtheir purpose to simply treat them as elements placed tobeautify the landscape, ì ç

The effect of the monuments in Victoria park has been toredefine it over time. Physically, their placements hasrequired the pathway system to be reconfigured.Conceptually, they have increasingly defined areas of thepark as belonging to specific interest groups.

The role of monuments in Victoria park has grownsignificantly, W¡th each monument needing its own spaceand sett¡ng the park has increasingly becomedisassociated from its original purpose as a place ofrespite and visual enjoyment to one of hosting meetings,events, rallies, etc.

Generally, monuments are meaningful to a specificgroup of people for a specific length of time, As can beobserved with the Boer War Memorial in Victoria park,there is no longer a group associated with it and noevents,/rallies focused on it. Today, it might be regardedas a period piece, civic art, more an ornament than amonument. ln the long term, similar outcomes might bepredicted for the other monuments in the park.

Unquestionably, monuments are important to asociety/culture because they act as landmarks ofcommon purpose and value. lt ís important for cities toprovíde cívic open spaces for monuments. lf the presenttrends âre continued is the future of V¡ctoria park thatof an ornamental public park or of a monumental civicopen space?

Recomm endations.

1. That an artlmonument donation policy forpublic parks be developed.

2. That the role of monuments in VictoriaPark be reviewed and a long term strategybe developed with the Master Plan.

40

THE PARK AS A LANDLCAPE RESOURCE: Untaoped Potential

Victoria Park is London's first and oldest designed publicpark. lt is historically significant for a number ofreasons;

r lts original design and layout demonstratesprinciples of Victorian landscape design,important segments of that design are stillevident today.

c lt is the only public landscape commissioned inthat period and is reflective of the growth andtransformation of London from a town to a city.

o fts origin and development is associated with anumber of important 19th and 2Oth centurycivic leaders and public servants (James Egan,Sir. John Carling, William Saunders, JohnPearce and other park superintendents, etc.),

o The traditions of the park to be horticulturallyunique and a showpiece of landscapein London.

London has no other landscapes which document thisperiod of its development. lt is a sígníficant heritageresource and should be protected for the education andenjoyment of future generations.

Although there are a number of parks and green spaceswhich surround the Downtown, Victoria park is the onlypublic park located in the heart of Downtown. lt isimportant because it is easily accessible to a greatnumber of people. lt is popularly regarded as a oasis byboth residents of the Downtown, visitors and tourists.Historically, the park was noted for its landscapestudded with features such as the fountains, showyflowerbeds, etc. These would draw the day to day visitorto the park and encourage them to linger. Currently, thepark lacks any special features for that visitor. Thedisappearance of the Park's original features has takenwith it some of the its vibrancy. The park has greatpotent¡al to again become a 'show-piece' in London'sdowntown. [t needs to define itself and provide purposeto the day to day visitor.

As the archaeological investigation has shown, this sitewas notable before the park was estabfished, though onlyfurther ínvestigations could verify the potential ofuncovering signíficant archaeological remains of theBritish Garrison period in London. That period isdoubtlessly an important component in the history ofLondon's development as a cÍty and should be interpretedfor future generations.

It is well known that landscapes are dynamic and everchanging. Victoria Park has evolved and servedLondoners for more than 120 years. ln that time it hasdemonstrated a great resilience to changing demands. One

of the greatest challenges to its future will be how itwill continue to serve the interests of the public whileretaining its park character.

Why is this a quest¡on? Why is it any different now thanit has been in the past? Why try to fix something thatgenerally is not seen as being broken? To date the parkhas profited from an ever maturing landscape. ln anaturally occurring landscape the dynamics are suchthat the plants, ecosystem, etc., are ever evolving andchange happens organically. ln a man-made landscape asimilar dynamic does not exist; landscapes have a

beginning and predictably an end. The end of the originalVictoria Park landscape is in sight. This providesLondoners with the opportunity to assess what they havein Victoria Park, what works and what does not work,and what the future should bring. lt is unquestionablyimportant that any plans to renew the park recognize thestructure of the historic landscape which has effectivelyserved to date. The how and why the park works, and thatit works well, is the result of the fact that ¡t wasdesigned. The importance of this fact should not beunderestimated.

41

A. 4. TREE INVENTORY KEY PLAN

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VICTORIA PARK - TREE INVENTORY

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Re,commendations

7. That the heritage of the park beprotected and enhanced and that

future development recognize it as aheritage resource.

2. That opportunities for passiverecreation ín the park be expanded i.e.reintroduce ornamental features intothe park's landscape, reintroduce the

traditions of horticulture andshowcase them, interpret the

archaealogy of the site, interpret thepark's history , etc.

3. That the park be carefullydeveloped and promoted for tourism

in the Downtown.

42

lu

4.1 .

The purpose of the archaeologicalcomponent of the V¡ctorie Park lnventory and Condition Reportis to identify the range of potential below ground heritage resources within the property. Awealth of historical information exists on the early history and the evolution of tfre þartproperty. While the potential sources of information are infinite, the resources of time andmoney are noL Accordingly, the study has employed a varíety of means to compile an inventoryof possible archaeological remains. These Ínclude the historical background research combineãwíth logical inference and an examination of land use history of the area.

It must be stressed at the outset that no systematic archaeological survey of victoria park hasever been carried out. lt must be stressed that a thorough archaeological survey of the entireproperty would be a prerequis¡te to any trufy detailed assessment of the nature and signifícanceof the below ground archaeological remains,

Past archaeological investigations w¡thin Victoria Park have been limited to two discreteoccasions. The first consisted of the partial monitoring ¡f the construction of the new bandshellin 1990. lt was carried out by Archaeological Services lnc., in association with HistoricaResearch Limited. The second occasion consisted of the observation by archaeological staff of theCity of repairs to a broken irrigation pipe in 1994. Although neither investigãtion identifiedany petently significant archaeological remains, both served to confirm the potential of theproperty to contain important and well-preserved archaeological resources.

The present day study demonstrates that the park property has a long and varied history- The18+ acres of what is now Victoria Park formed part of the British Miliiary Reserve establishedin London Followíng the Rebellion of 1837. The property was the site of the Framed lnfantryBarracks and Drill Ground, an integral part of the garrison which was based in London fromi838 to 1853, and from 1861 to 1869. ln 1855, during the interim between the two garrisonperiods, the empty barracks were used as a refugee camp for 200 ex-slaves from thJunitedStates. ln the '1870's plans were formulated to transform the property into London's firstpublic park, and the noted horticulturist, Charles H. Miller was engaged to design the park.Subsequent changes within the property related to the development and evolution of ttre par[.

With respect to the inventory of potential archaeological resources, research indicates that theFramed Barracks comprised several dozen individual buildings and other facilities. Theseincluded stockades, officers' quarters, magazine, hospital, dead house and straw shed, offices,cells, guard house and defaulter's room, engines room, stables, cook houses, wash houses, wells,privies, draíns and cess pools. The most substantial of these were the soldiers' quarters,constructed to house 7?A, and the officers'quarters. ln their day, these were two of the largestbuildings in London. By simple virtue of their nature, most or all of these facilities would hãveleft subsurface archaeological remains. The evolutíon of the property as a public park involvedthe development of pathways and carriage ways, and the formatioñ of other features for therecreat¡on and enjoyment of the city's populace. Over the past 1 17 years these have includedbandstands, tennís lawns, a miniature golf course, skating rinks, fountainsl rnonuments,memorials, greenhouses and a lily pond. .

The creation of Victoria Park in the 1870's ensured that the property thereafter was reservedfor relatively passive land uses. This also helped ensure thaf both earlier and laterarchaeological remains could survive to a much greater degree than if they had been locatedelsewhere in the developing city, where they would have been subject to continual threats fromongoing construction. As it happens, most of the potential archaeological remains within VictoriaPark are situated outside the limits of areas of significant landscapsmodifications, such as theoriginal and new bandshell construction. These potential remains include virtually all of thestructures and other facilities associated with the Framed Barracks, as well as substantialrepresentation of features relating to the first half-century of the park.

The background research illustrates that there is an abundance of docurnentation on the early

i¡

history of the property, including a wide range of maps. As useful as these sources are, even themost deta¡led of them represents nothing more or less than a depiction of realíty, one of whichmay be at variance with reality itself. Accordingly, historical documentation is no substitute forthe detailed archaeological field investigations.

The substant¡al nature of some of the remains likefy to be present ind¡cates that any futurearchaeological investigations that might be carried out wíthin Victoria park could successfullyemploy a variety of techniques, both invasive and non-invasive. These could potentially ¡.rngófrom the use of a coat hanger to the application of remote sensing by electrical resistiviiy,magnetometer, or ground probing radar, as well as more traditional teèhnlques of archaeologicalsurvey excavation by shovel and trowel.

ln summary, this study indicates that victoria Park almost certainly contains a wide range ofbelow ground archaeological remains. Based on their historical context, these potJntialresources probably represent some of the most ¡mportant archaeological remains within theCity of London, including the best preserved portion of the military gairison whích played suchan important role in the history of the city. Subject to confirmation by field woik, thesepotential archaeologícal remains should be consídered a valuable heritag" r*iourr..

lil

^.?

Period 3:. B.ritish Garrisoq (t l (J 83B-1853 A.D.ì

Period mapping ¡ndicates that several dozen individual buildings or features relating to theFramed Barracks were sítuated within the present Victoria pait ¡n the períod "lB4o/184?-1853 (Unknown 1848a; Reid i 850-52; Peters 1855). The historically dócumenred buildingsand structures of this period are as fo$ows:

General Facilities

Framed Barracks stockadeofficer's barracks

sunken garden in front with a plum tree (sole tree on the grounds)officers' privies (Z)soldiers' barracks

nearby space laid out for mascot (billy goat)soldiers' privies (Z)officers' stablessoldiers' cook houses (2)soldiers'wash houseengines housecellsguard house and defaulters roomordinance magazinearmourer's shopmiscellaneous wells (5)ash pits (4)12,000 gallon tanks (4)

Canteen Compoundstockadecanteenunidentif ied structure

Hospital Compoundhospital stockadehospitalwellprivydead house and straw shed

iv

Period 5: Bfitish Garrison (2) ltg6l-tg69.A.D.l

Period mapping shows a number of changes, addítions and deletions to the Framed Barracksfollowing the reoccupation of the garrison in 1861 (see Figure A-3) (Hassard ig6Z). theconfirmed changes are:

Framed Barracks: General Fac¡lit¡es

stockade extended/modified, particularly on the north and west sidesSnider rífle magazine added to ordinance magazinesoldiers' gardens (2) added south of the hospital compound and north of the soldiers,barracks

Canteen Compound

stockade removed

Hospital Compound

ward building addedoffhe building added

4.3.

TREE

A tree ¡nventory was completed in 1988 by Davey Tree Service for Victoria Park. This planprovided the base information and model for layout of this inventory. Since 1988 seventeen ofthe recorded trees have been removed or could not be found as indicated. Thirty-three additionswere made to the plant list; nineteen of which were of a small caliper which may indicate thatthey have been planted sínce 1988. At present there are 315 trees in the park. Eleven of theseare plaqued memorial or commemorat¡ve trees. Although the park presents an image of a maturelandscape less than half of the total number of trees (152) is of a larger size (2?" caliper orgreater).

INVENTORY

TREE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT CRITER¡A

All trees w¡thin the park were assessed on an individual basis for caliper or diameter at breastheight (d.b.h.) measurements. These were recorded as an aid in estimating the age of varioustree species. This is not a foolproof system but estimates of plus or minus 2O years can beanticipeted. Other methods of tree dating are more invasive and seen as being unnecessary at thistime.

The condition of individual trees was reviewed and assigned a classification of either poor, fair,good or excellent. These classifications were based on visual observations of the tree's presenthealth (June 1995), and based on experience of the expectation of how the tree would continueto perform in the near future. The criteria by which the trees were assessed included;

o HEALTH - Assessing the presence of pests (disease and insects); darnage caused bystorms, cavities, abuse, etc.; stress by the evidence of small leaves, weak branches,short internodes, etc.

o STRUCTURE - Assessing the physiological development of the tree by characteristícssuch as trunk formation - straightness, crotches, splitting; formation of the crown -volume, balance, outline; overall proportion and balance.

e PLACEMENT - Assessing the location of the tree in relationship to site conditions andother trees to determine competition, shading, environmental stresses, etc.

The assessments were done visually and recorded on site. Approximately one-th¡rd of the treeswere reviewed twice; first in early-mid June and in late August to provide some barometer ofcondition between the begínning of the growth season when the trees have just flushed out in newgrowth and late summer after a stress period.

Tree Classification Svstem

POOR Trees assigned with a poor classification demonstrated irreversible problems ofcondition. These may have included thinning crown, large cavities, lar{e limbs whichwere dead or dying, evidence of nutrit¡onal problems, presence of pestè. These treesshould be considered for replacement in the near future.

FAIR Trees of this classificatíon were suffering from the same conditions as trees inthe poor class were, but the condition could be arrested or reversed and the resultingtree would be acceptable for a given period of time. Trees assigned with thiiclassification should be considered short-lived or in need of immediate treatment; suchas limb removal, root feeding or tree surgery.

GOOD Were trees which demonstrated mínor problems such as minor twig or limbdieback, small cavities or nutr¡t¡onal problems. These conditions may be easilycorrected w¡th changes in cultural practices, tree surgery, etc., and ths tree wouldcontinue to make a significant contribution to the park.

vi

EXCELLENT Trees of this classification demonstrated no visible problems.

ln general the trees in Victoria Park are in moderate health. More than one-third of all trees inthe park were categorized in the fair to poor category (109 trees). Particularly notable is thefact that over 5O% of the large trees indicate signs of stress. No single health or structureproblem dominated trees throughout the park although evidence of cavitíes, chlorosis, anddieback was extensive. What problems do exist are, in the most case, unavoidable given thepark's age and present usage. ln general the majority of tree problems seem to stem from soilcompaction, poor pruning practices (particularly on the early trees) and site stresses whichcould be alleviated with timely management.

The pfan included in the Report is an updated inventory from that indicated on Dwg. p6-25 dated08/31l89. The base data for the new inventory plan has been taken from an O.B.M. plan datafile and created as an AutoCad file. A hard copy of this file follows in this document.

vii

4.5.

SECTiON A !-40 tNCt=UStVE PAGE -tCode Legend for Condition report of trees: (cot. m. scale) = cottony maple scale; (DB) : die back; (DL) = dead limb(s);(TC) = thin or thinning crown; (SF) : slime flux; (VW) : verricittium wilt

NUMBER BOTANICAL NAME

1 Deleted

2 ACER SACCHARUM

3 ACER SACCHARUM

4 ACER SACCHARUM

5 ACER SACCHARINUM

6 Deleted

7 ACER SACCHARINUM

B ULMUS AMERICANA

9 ACER PLATANOIDES

10 ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

i 1 ACER SACCHARINUI{

1? ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

13 ACER SACCHARUM

14 TÍLIA CORDATA

15 TILIA CORDATA

16 ACER SACCHARINUM

17 ACER SACCHARINUM

18 PICEA PUNGENS 'KOSTER'

19 PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

7A PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

?1 Deleted

2Z Deleted

23 PICEA GLAUCA

24 ACER PLATANOIDES

?5 Deleted

?6 QUERCUS ROBUR

26a ABIES CONCOLOR

?7 FRAXINUS AMERICANA

zB QUERCUS MACROCARPA

29 ACER SACCHARINUM

30 ÀCER PI-ATANOIDES

31 ACER SACCHARINUM

3? ACER SACCHARINUM

33 ACER SACCHARINUM

33a PICEA GLAUCA

vlcTontA qARR TREE INVENTORr LIST - LJqDATEÐREFERENCE DWG . P6 -1,SHT. 7 B

COMMON NAME

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

AMERICAN ELM

NORWAY MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

KOSTER BLUE SPRUCE

SYCAMORE

SYCAMORE

CALIPER CONDMON

22" E (cot. maple scale)

?2" F- P (cot. maple scale)

7" F (cot. maple scale)

23" G (curled leaves)

2-3" F (TC)

23" F (slime flux)

24" G

13" E

33" G (some die back)

13" E

27" P (TC)

16" E

16' E

30" F (cavity, thín, DB)

36" G (crown thinning).l0"

F (canker)

40" G -E (minor die back)

42" G -E (mínor die back)

WHITE SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

ENGLISH OAK

WH]TE FIR

WHITE ASH

BUR OAK

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

WHITE SPRUCE

ix

ll" G-E4"8

40"

?,,

?9"

28"

LO

22"

Ig"

24"

24"

3"

E

'EE

G -E (thinning)

G -E (rC)

E (thinning)

G-E(thinníng,DL)

G

E

F-G

34

35

36

37

3B

39

40

FRAXINUS AMËRICANA

ACER PLATANO]DES

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

PSEUDOTSUGA MENZENSI

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

WHITE ASH

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

DOUGLAS FIR

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

41

4?

43

44

45

46

46a

47

4B

49

50

51

s2

52a

s3

54

5s

56

57

5B

59

60

61

67

BOTANICAL NAME

TILÍA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

TILIA CORDATA

ACER PLATANOIDES

GLEDITSIA TRI. INERM.

ACER PLATANOIDES

GYMNOCLADUS DIOECUS

ACER SACCHARUM

QUERCUS ALBA

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

ACER SACCHARUM

TILIA CORDATA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

PICEA PUNGENS GLAUCA

ACER PLATANOIDES

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

Deleted

Defeted

25"

77"

29"

28",l6"

?.9"

27"

G-E

E

E

G (some thinning)

G.EE

E-G(small cavity)

COMMON NAME

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITÏLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

NORWAY MAPLE

MORRAINE LOCUST

NORWAY MAPLE

KENTUCKY COFFEETREE

SUGAR MAPLE

WHITE OAK

COLOR. BLUE SPRUCE

SUGAR MAPLE

LÍITLE LEAF LINDEN

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

COLOR. BLUE SPRUCE

NORWAY SPRUCE

SYCAMORE

c4LtPER

16"

16'.l6"

?2

16"

15"

7"

33"

4"

16"

?8"

37"

46"

1.5"

42"

6"

22"

32

18"

B"

32"

40"

CttDlnON

G-E

P - F (thin, weak crown)

P - F (thin, weak crown)

P - F (thin, weak crown)

P - F (thin, weak crown)

F - G (crowded)

E

E

G

Ë

E

P - F (lrg. limbs removed)

G-E(slightchlorosis)

E

G-E(small cavity)

E

E

G-E(lrg.callus)

E

E

F.- G (several cavities)

.E

NUMBER

63

64

6s

66

67

6B

69

7A

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER SACCHARINUM

PINUS NÍGRA

QUERCUS RUBRA

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

TILIA AMERICANA

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

AESCULUS OCTANDRA

COMMON NAME

SILVER MAPLE

AUSTRIAN PINE

RED OAK

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

AMERICAN LINDEN

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

YELLOW BUCKEYE

NUMBER

71

72

73

74

75

BOTANIÇAL NAME

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

PICEA PUNGENS vaT.GLAUCA

ACER PLAT. ' SCHWEDLERI'

ACER PLATANOIDES

CALIPER

24"

25"

7"

38"

4"

32"

¿-o

33"

CONDINOMN

G-E(somethinning)

P-F(Díplodia,thin)

G-EF-G(lrg.cavity)

E

E

G (basal cavity)

E

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NUMBER

76

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

CALIPER

7"

38"

ID

I0"25"

CONDINON

E

G- E (possible cavity)

E

E

F - G (weak crotch, DB)

COMMON NAME

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

CALIPER

o

CANDNON

E

XI

NUMFER

77

7B

79

BO

B0a

B1

BZ

B3

B4

B5

B6

87

BB

B9

B9b

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

9B

99

100

i01

10?

103

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLATANOIDES

QUERCUS RUBRA

PINUS NIGRA

ACER SACCHARUM

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

Deleted

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

JUGLANS NÍGRA

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ACER SACCHARINUM

TILIA AMERICANA

Deleted

TILIA AMERICANA

PICEA PUNGENS vaT, GLAUCA

ACER SACCHARINUM

Deleted

QUERCUS ALBA

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

QUERCUS ALBA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

RED OAK

AUSTRIAN PINE

SUGAR MAPLE

TULIP TREE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

COLORADO BLUË SPRUCE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

BLACK WALNUT

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

AMERICAN LINDEN

AMERICAN LINDEN

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

SILVER MAPLE

WHITE OAK

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

WHITE OAK

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

COMMON HACKBERRY

CALIPER

14"

40'

22"

38"

2"

38"

3u

CONDMON

E

G-E(somethÌnning)

G

E

E

E

E

G (no leader)

E

E

F (thin crown)

F-G(somethinning)

G-E(somethinníng)

E

G

F-G(somethinning)

G-E

E

E

G (some thinning)

E

E

G-E

E

G-E

E

6r'

B"

38"

3"

30"

3l "

lg"9"

3g'

6"

7"

?9"

?9"

16"'l 6"

o

16"

28"

37"

xil

NUMBER

104

105

106

147

108

109

110

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ÏILIA CORDATA

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

PICEA PUNGENS'KOSTERI'

COMMON NAME

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

SUGAR MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

KOSTER BLUE SPRUCE

NUMBER

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

12"1

122

123

1?.4

125

1?6

BQTANICAL NAME

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

AESCULUS GLABRA

TILIA CORDATA

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

CALIPER

30"

o

29"

19"

15"

31",l3"

CONDITION

E

E

E

G (some dieback)

E

E

G

COMMON NAME

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

OHIO BUCKEYE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SYCAMORE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

31"

44"

?0"

I6"

9"

15"

24"

27"

77"

27"

36"

14"

20"

35"

23"

18"

CONANON

F-G(TC,cavity)

G (cavity)

E

E

E

E

G-E

G

G

G (cavity)

E

E

E

E

P ( possible cavíty)

E

xilt

NUMBER

127

1?8

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

QUERCUS RUBRA

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

ACER NIGRUM

PINUS NIGRA

GYMNOCLADUS DIOICUS

PICEA ABIES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SYCAMORE

RED OAK

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

SYCAMORE

SYCAMORE

BLACK MAPLE

AUSTRIAN PINE

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

NORWAY SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

CALIPER

15"

70"

38'

9"

51"

37"

39"

27"

19"

20"

23"

¿o

5"

NUMBER

140

140a

141

14?

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

1 52b

153

CONDNON

E

G (some die back)

E

E

E

E

rtr

E

E

E

E

G-Ë(wounds)

E

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

TILIA CORDATA

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

ACER SACCHARUM

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

GLEDITSIA TRl. var. INERMIS

GINGKO BILOBA

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

QUERCUS PRINUS

PINUS NIGRA

TILIA CORDATA

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

ACER PLATANOIDES

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

WHITE ASH

SUGAR MAPLE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

MORRAINE LOCUST

MAIDENHAIR TREE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

CHESNUT OAK

AUSTRIAN PINE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

28"

2

37"

B"

28"

28"

18"

20,,

12"

36"

41"

37"

69"

6"

43"

?3"

CONDITION

E

E

G-E

E

E

E

E

E

EÌa

XIV

E (internal cavity)

G-E(somethinning)

Ë

G- E

E

E

G-E(dieback)

NUMBER

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

16'l

16?

162a

1 62b

BOTANICAL NAlriE

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA

ACER PLATANOIDES

BETULA PAPYRIFERA

BETULA PAPYRIFERA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARUM

PICEA GLAUCA

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERII'

COMMON NAME

SUGAR MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

TULIP TREE

NORWAY MAPLE

PAPER BIRCH

PAPER BIRCH

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

WHITE SPRUCE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

CALIPER

11"

o

12"

21"

15"

l1'77"

35"

19"

z"

o

NUMBER

163

164

165

CONDITTON

G (die back)

E

E (sfightly chlorotic)

G-E

E

G (thinning)

G - E (thinning)

P (chlorotic, thinning)

F - P (sm. leaves, thÍn)

E

E

BOTANICAL NAME

LIRIODENDRON TULf PIFERA

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

ACER PLATANOIDES

COMMAN NAME

TULÍP ÏREE

WHITE ASH

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

34"

45"

?9"

CONDINON

F - G (frg. fimbs dead,

thinning)

G

G

XV

NUMBER

166

167

168

169

170

171

BOTANICAL NAME

PICEA PUNGENS var- GLAUCA

BETULA PAPYRIFERA

BETULA PAPYRIFERA

FAGUS SYLVATICA'CUPREA'

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

GLEDÍTSIA TRl. var.INERM|S

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

172

170a

171a

172a

COMMON NAME

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

PAPER BIRCH

PAPER BIRCH

COPPER BEECH

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

HONEY LOCUST

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

'l6"

15"

12"

41"

29"

45"

41"

2"

B"

3"

NUMBER

173

174

175

176

176a

177

178

179

179a

180

1 80a

1 Bob

181

1B1a

18?

183

184

185

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA

ACER PLATANOIDES

CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS

AB]ES CONCOLOR

Deleted

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

GLEDITSIA TRI. INERMIS

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOÍDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

QUERCUS ALBA

QUERCUS MACROCARPA

QUERCUS RUBRA

QUERCUS RUBRA

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

CONDITTON

E

E

G

E

P-F(rC)P - G (Tc,bracket

fungí)

G (rc)

E

G

E

COMMON NAME

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

AMERICAN BEECH

NORWAY MAPLE

HACKBERRY

SILVER FIR

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

LOCUST

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

KING GEO. VIWHITE OAK

BUR OAK

RED OAK

RED OAK

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

CALIPER

3"

36"

3"

36"

2"

ao,tr.+

?"

30'

2"

48"

39'

z"

20"

?0"

38"

38"

CONDI-IION

E

E

E

E

E

G -E

E

F

P-F(barkscars)

P (TC)

P (rc)

F-G(rC)

G

P (TC, DB,Clorotic)

P (rc)

G (thinning)

G (thinning)

è

a

XVI

NUMBER

186

187

lBB

189

190

i91

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

200a

201

202

703

204

20s

205a

206

?06a

207

?Q7a

208

209

BOTANICAL NAME

GINGKO BILOBA

PICEA PUNGENS'KOSTERI'

TILIA CORDATA

GINGKO BILOBA

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

ACER SACCHARINUM

QUERCUS RUBRA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

PICEA ABIES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARUM

QUERCUS RUBRA

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

Deleted

ACER SACCHARINUM

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

PICEA GLAUCA

Deleted

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARÍNUM

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

COMMON NAME

MAIDENHAIR TREE

KOSTER BLUE SPRUCE

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

MAIDENHAIR TREE

SYCAMORE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

RED OAK

NORWAY MAPLE

CUÏ LEAF SÍLVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

RED OAK

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY I4APLE

SILVER MAPLE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

WHITE SPRUCE

SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

TUL]P TREE

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

23"

12"

o

3u

37"

45"

11".l6"

41"

5"

5"

?3"

27"

?4"

30"

2_"

35"

2."

25"

o

13"

CONDITION

E

E

E

E

G-E(witchbrooming)

G (cavity)

G

G (SF)

Ë

E

E

E

G

P (lrg. cavities)

P (DL)

G

P

G

P - F (DL,TC)

F-G(noleader)

F - P (canker)

F-G

G-E

G

P (TC, chlorotic)

E

LO

29"

z"

16"

20"

XVIt

NUMBER

210

211

7.12

213

214

715

215a

216

217

217a

?18

219

??o

270a

?21

7??

223

?23a

224

225

??6

??7

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS

TILIA CORDATA

PICEA PUNGENS'KOSTERI'

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ACER PLATANOIDES

PICEA ABIES

ACER PLATANOIDES

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER NIGRA

ABIES CONCOLOR

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

GYMNOCLADUS DIOICUS

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

JUGLANS REGIA

PICEA ABIES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

SECNAN P 2.1O -234 INCLUSIVE

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

HACKBERRY

LITTLE LEAF LINDEN

KOSTER BLUE SPRUCE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

SWEET GUM

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

BLACK MAPLE

SILVER FIR

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

KENTUCKY COFFEETREE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

ENGLISH WALNUT

NORWAY SPRUCE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

WHÍTE ASH

CALIPER

40'+

44"

Ð

,l1"

5"

36"

9"

30"

2"

48"

?5"

35"

4"

32"

23"

45"'t "

lg"?2"

?2"

CONDINAN

P (wound, cavity)

E

E

E

E

E

F-G(DB,rot)

E

E

G

G

E

P (TC, DB, chlorotic)

E

F-G(TC,chforotic)

E

E

E (small cavity)

E

E

P (TC,cavity,

chlorotic)

P - F (basal cavity, DB,

chlorotic))

P-F(rC)F - G (chlorotic)

zZB

229

230

231

232

233

234

46"

39"

29"

6"

9"

15"

B'

6"

E

E

E

E

E

XVI II

NUMBER

23s

236

?37

737a

?37b

BOTANICAL NAME

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

TILIA CORDATA

ACER SACCHARINUM

QUERCUS RUBRA

QUERCUS RUBRA

CAMMON NAME

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

LIÏTLE LEAF LINDEN

CUT LEAF SILVER I4APLE

RED OAK

RED OAK

NUMBER

238

239

239a

240

24Oa

241

242

?43

?44

244b

245

?45a

?46

246a

247

248

?49

249a

BOTANICAL NAME

Deleted

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

GLEDITSIA TRI. INERMIS

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

PICEA PUNGENS var. GLAUCA

Deleted

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

ACER PLATANOIDES

ABIES CONCOLOR

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACËR PLATANOIDES

QUERCUS -Dead

CALIPER

11"

6"

38"

2"

CONDITTON

E

E

F - G (thinning)

F-G(basal damage)

E

Ç2MMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

HONEY LOCUST

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

SYCAMORE

NORWAY MAPLE

SILVER FIR

WHITE ASH

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

3?"

2"

31"

2"

4"

3'l "

11"

b

14"

b

35"

3"

5"

5"

4"

CONDITION

G-E

E

G-E

G-E

E

E

E

E

E

E

P (TC, cavity?)

E

E

E

E

XlX

NUMBER

2'50

251

252

?53

254

255

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLATANOÍDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

Deleted

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ACER SACCHARINUM

COMMON NAME

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

NUMBER

256

757

258

259

BOTANICAL NAME

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ACER PLATANOÍDES

SALIX ALBA 'TRISTIS'

ACER PLATANOIDES

CALIPER

6"-llJ

l)

3"

29"

CONANON

G-E

F-G(basaldarnage)

E

E

G-E

CAMMON NAME

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

WEEPING WLLOW

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

5"

5"

5L

5"

CONDITTON

E

E

P-G

E

NUMEER

760

261

262

?63

?64

26s

?66

267

267a

?68

?6Ba

?69

269a

?7A

271

772

272a

273

774

?75

276

277

278

279

?79a

280

zB1

282

783

zB4

285

286

?87

2BB

289

290

291

297.

293

294

295

296

BATANICAL NAME

TILIA x EUROPAEA

ACER PLATANOIDES

PINUS NIGRA

ABIES CONCOLOR

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLAT.'SCHWEDLERI'

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

AESCULUS HIPPO.'BAUMANII'

ACER SACCHARINUM

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACCHARINUM

GLEDITSIA TRI. INERMIS

PICEA ABIES

TILIA x EUROPAEA

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER SACHHARINUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOÍDES

TILIA x EUROPAEA

P¡CEA PUNGENS'KOSTERI'

TILIA x EUROPAEA

TILIA x EUROPAEA

ACER SACCHARUM

GLED¡TSIA TRI. INERMIS

ACER PLATANOIDES

GINGKO BILOBA

PICEA PUNGENS GLAUCA

QUERCUS ALBA

GLEDITSIA TRI. INERMIS

ACER SACCHARINUM

Deleted

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER SACCHARUM

ACER PLATANOIDES

ACER PLATANOIDES

TILIA CORDATA

ACER PLATANOIDES

FRAXINUS AMERICANA

ACER PLATANOIDES

SECTION U 260 296 INCLUSIVË

COMMON NAME

EUROPEAN LINDEN

NORWAY MAPLE

AUSTRIAN PINE

SILVER FIR

SUGAR MAPLE

SCHWEDLER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

EUROPEAN HORSECHESNUT

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

LOCUST

NORWAY SPRUCE

EUROPEAN LINDEN

WHITE ASH

SUGAR MAPLE

CUT LEAF SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

EUROPEAN LINDEN

KOSTER BLUE SPRUCE

EUROPEAN LINDEN

EUROPEAN LINDEN

SUGAR MAPLE

MORRAINE LOCUST

NORWAY MAPLE

MAIDENHAIR TREE

COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE

WHITE OAK

MORRAINE LOCUST

SILVER MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

NORWAY MAPLE

LÍTTLE LEAF LINDEN

NORWAY MAPLE

WHITE ASH

NORWAY MAPLE

CALIPER

41"

6"

18"Átt

12"-l0"

17"

iB"

?2"

?5"

9"

2.5"

?"

22"

41"

5"

2"

36"

16"

?2"

?2"

41"

9"

45"

JÕ

29"

b

1g'

5"

1B"

14"

5"

44"

30"

t)

4"

?5"

I6"

5"

4"

?7

CONDITION

G - E (SF, cable needed)

E

G (thinning)

E

E

E

P-F(thinning,VW)

G (cable needed)

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

P-F(rC)G.EG'E

E

F-G

G (cable needed)

F-G

E

G

E

E

E

E

G (thinning)

G - E (thinning)

G-E(cavitystart)

E

E

G - E (thinning)

E

E

E

G (cavity)

ù

a

xxt

4.5.

PLACE

WHOLE PARK

#oFEVENTS

(13)

TYPE OF EVENT

A. COMBINED EVENTS

NAME OF EVENT

BAND SHELL AND

PAD AREA

B. ARTS/ MUSIC/

CULTURAL

. W¡nterfest

c Countdownlondon

c Festíval of Lights

o Skating

o Canada Day

. Big Band Festival

. BX93 Concerts

e Home County

o Sunfest (Cross

Cultural Learners

Centre)

o Enjambi (Oxfam)

o lnternational

Chíldren's Festival

o Hip Hip Hooray Walk

r6

G, MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS (Not

Commemorative)

B. ARTS/ MUSIC/

CULTURAL

o London PopsConcert

(3 times)

o London Philharmonic

Band

o London Arts Plus

Festival

o London Jazz Festival

o Mocha Shrine Band

o Radio 980 Concert

(2 t¡mes)

o FM96 Rock in the

Pa¡k ( 5 times)a

a BX93 Concert

o Road Hockey

Tournament

e Ëaster Sunday

Service

C. ATHLETIC/ SPORTS

E. RELIGIOUS

XX II

BANDSHELL AND

PAD AREA (Con't)I

I

E. RELIGIOUS

BANDSHELL,

PAD AREA AND

LOCAL STREETS

ENVIRONMENTAL

H. OTHER

' Eagles Nest (Wortley

Baptist)i

I

e Bike to Work

Breakfast

¡ Earthday, London

o United Way Kick Offr London Life Lunch

Meeting

o Jesse's Kick Off

A. COMBII{ED EVENTS

C- ATHLETICS/ SPORTS

E. RELIGIOUS

o Rib Fest and BX93

Concert

c Gus Macker

Basketball Tournament

o Ontario Basketball

Association-3on3

o St. Peter's Cathedral

March (2 times)

o Diocese of Huron

Children's Festival

LOCAL STREETS

AND ADJACENT

AREAS (no

êpecif ic on-site

a ct ivity )

ENVIRONMENTAL

G. MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS (not

commemorat¡ve)

Earthwalk

G. MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS (not

commemorative)

c Great Ride to Beat

Cancer

oLondon Animal

Allíance

c Right to Life

Walkathon

o AIDS Committee

Walkathon

XXIII

o lnternational

Women's Day March

o Robbie Care Fund

Walk

o Women's 5 KM Run

LOCAL STREETS

AND ADJACENT

AREAS (no

specif ic on-site

act¡v¡ty

con't. )

CENOTAPH AND

STREET

G. MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS

WOMEN'S

MONUMENT

o Heart and Stroke

Bike Ride

¡Portugal Day Parade

¡ U.W.O. Homecoming

Parade

HOLY ROLLER

cWorld War 1

Commemorative

Parade (Battle of

Somme)

o Remembrance Day

Service

c "Act of

Remembrance" Parade

c GreekCombatance

Cenotaph Service

o Dutch Canadian

World War 2 Cenotaph

Service

G. MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS

G. MARCHES/ PARADES/

WALKS

o WA.A.A.V.E.

¡ Take Back the Night

c 1st Hussars D-Day

Parade

xx ]v

A.6.

The Parks and Recreation Department estimates of park use are based on a set of 'head counts' and

calculations which yíeld conservat¡ve numbers. These estimates exclude vehicular or pedestrian

passers-by which might be included in more aggressive user marketing approaches. The user numbers

do include 500,000 day-to-day park users i.e. picnics, feeding the squirrels, small social recreations,

playíng ball or frisbee, using the park for rest and relaxation, etc.

CALCULATIONS FOR VICTORIA PARK USER NUMBER.S :

Day to Day and Special Event Users

ANNUAL USE

(qstimated for day to dav & special events)

Annual estimates for specíal events are forecasted by a formula calculation. lt is:

MultiplyBy

Equ a ls

Add

Equals

Attendance to special events is measured hourly. Historical counts listed below bear out the above

formula for estimating visitation in Victoria Park.

Estimated Park Visitors to Winter Wonderland 350,000(Estimated Park Visitors to L¡ghr¡ng of the Lights -15,000)(Estímated Park Visitors to Countdown London - 20,000)(The skating rínk which has been operating as a 'new activity' since 1 963, opens on the 1st Friday of

December and closes after the Public School Spring Break (approx. March 1sth). The Winter

Wonderland visitor estímate includes attendance to Lighting of the Lights, Countdown London, W¡nterfest

and skating.)

'l /2 that

the Total

'lOo/o of the City's population

the number of large events (20)

the number of act¡ve part¡c¡pants

number again for casual partic¡pants

number of visitors to special events

'l .5 rnillion

Estimated Park Visitors to

London's lnternational Children's Festival (over 6 days)

Estimated Park Visitors to Home County Folk Festival (over 4 days)

Estimated Park Visitors to the Boy's & Girl's Club Rib Fest &

FM 96 "On Track Live" (over 4 days)

Estimated Park Visitors to Ontario Basketball Association

3 on 3 Tournament (in 3 days)

XXV

1 00,000

8 0, o00

80,000

3 0, ooo

Estimated Park Visitors to Canada Day Festivities (over 1 day)

Estimated Park Visitors to Rock/Concert Events (combíned) 71 ,OO0(These events are scheduled from the l st of May to the 1st of September, with the smallest events

attract¡ng 1 5O observers, the largest 5,000. However, one rock concert (April Wine) drew over

30,OOO people. This estimate excludes concerts which are held in conjunction with the Home County

Festival, the Children's Festival, the Rib Fest, and Canada day celebratíons)

Estimated Park Visitors to WaJks, parades, marches, rides, runs, etc

2 5,000

8, 5 000

xxvi

A.7.

(as listed by Parks Department

Unit early

MONTH

JANUARY

26-?9MARCH

4

26

EVENT

APRIL

10

??

?2

23

23

30

and the London

June I 995)

lnternational Women's Day March

Greek Combatants Cenotaph Service

Winterfest '95

St. Peter's Cathedral March

Earthday London

London Animal Alliance March

Earth Walk

D.B.A. Women's 5 KM. Run

Great Ride to Beat Cancer

City Police Traffic

MAY

7

7

i313

14 -21

16

76 -?8

30

DAYS

USED

EST'D

ATTEND

3

Dutch Canadian W.W.z Cenotaph

Service

AIDS Commirtee Walk

Diocese of Huron Children's Fest

Right to Life

London Bicycle Festival

Eagle's Nest

Gus Macker Basketball Tournament

London Pops Concert

1

1

TOTAL

N/A

1

1

1

1

1

1

JUNE

6 - io

IO

11

11

't4

17

17

18

2"1

N/A

25

3 DAYS /?

PEOPLE

2 DAYS /25+

PEOPLE

100

N/A

?5

N/A

N/A

2,000

London lnternational Children's

Festival

Portugal Day Parade

1st Hussars D-Day Parade

London Veterans Annual Decoration

Sunday

London Philharmonic Band

FM96 Rock in the Park

Hip Hip Hooray Walk

Jesse's Kickoff

London Arts Plus Festival

Ontario BasketballAssociation 3 on 3

Tournarnent

i1

1

I1

3

1

4 DAYS/

2,"1?5+

PEOPLE

75

500

150

?oo

200

100

30,000

150

z3 2s

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

"t4 DAYS/

3],?25 +

PEOPLE

100,000

50

20

*1

150

1,000

?5

100

?ao

30,ooo

XXVI 1

JUNE

24

?9

JUL

1

1

1

?&

4

World War 1 Commemoration Parade

St. Peter's Church March

Canada DayComm¡ttee

Big Band Festival

BX93 Concert

London Jazz Festival

London Pops Concert

Sunfest

Home County Folk Festival

Mocha Shrine Band

Road Hockey Tournarnent

RADIO 980 Concert (cancelled)

FM96 ROCK inthe Park

7-913 - 16

18

19

?o

27

AUGUST

4-7

1

1

1

1

1

?

1

3

4

1

1

1

1

3

II

11

17

19

24

?4

26

31

20

80

Boys and Girls Club Rib Fest

FM 96 Rib Fest on Track Live

London Life Meeting

London Pops

Oxfam Enjambi

Radio 980 Concert (cancelled)

FM 96 Rock in the Park (cancelled)

Jesse's Visít

FM 96 on Track Live (cancelled)

Hospice of London

The Robby Care Fund Walk

1 5 DAYS/

137,495+

PEOPLE

25,000

1,000

450

N/A

80,000

?oo

?aa

5,000

SEPT.

?

17

72

23

3

i1

1

1

1

1

BX 93 County Road Talent Contest

United Way Kick Off

Take Back the Night

Osteoporosis Canada Walk

DEC.

1

1

6

31

l5DAYS/

1l0,950+

PEOPLE

80,000

150

200

N/A

Winter Wonderland

Lighting of the Lights

W.A.A.A.V.E.

CountdownLondon

N/A

?oo

500

1

1

1

1

8 DAYS /81,050+

PEOPLE

5,000

500

150

10

1

1

1

350,Õ00

( 1 5,000)

25

(20,000)

4 DAYS /5,6 60+

PEOPLE

XXVI ¡ I

31 DAYS?

300,000?

PEOPLE

lf

Xxi'

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Very little is known of Charles Miller's beginnings, but the best reference uncovered to date is foundin GermantownGardensandGardeners by Edwin C. Jellet (published in Philadelphia in t9t4). Jelletstates that Miller was born at Winchester, England in 1829. He did his first training ín engineeringand then after 'passing through Kew Gardens', he embarked tû Arner¡ca in 1859. He first settled in

South Carolina and then moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania where he worked on several fine estates.By 1863 Miller had become settled in Mount Airy where he engaged in a generaÍ landscape business.His reputation grew and in the mid-1870s he was appointed as chief gardener in the Bureau ofHortículture for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1826. This site was later incorporatedinto Fa¡rmount Park. Miller remained affiliated with the park unt¡l his death ín 1g02.

ln the same year as the Exposition, Miller formed a partnership with Charles p. Haynes andestablished Mount Airy Nurseries. This business remained act¡ve until 1BB0 when Haynes retiredand the business dissoJved. Miller went on to form a new partnership with David yates, a companyknown as Miller and Yates. Miller stayed with this practice until l B87 when he retired.

Miller is known to have done at least two projects in south-western Ontario. Mr. William Saundersseems to have assisted Miller in obtaining these projects. Victoria park seems to be Miller's firstproject and this was followed by the commission to prepare a landscape and site plan for the OntarioAgricultural College, Guelph in 1882. Various letters and documents verify Miller's several trips toCanada during the period of 1878 - 1882, He was recognized as a notable landscape engineer andhortículturist of h¡s day.

William Saunders immigrated to Canada from Devonshire, England in i 849 at the.age of twelve withhis family. With lim¡ted academic training he entered employment in a pharmacy where he learnedthe business. He set himself up as a druggist at the age of eighteen. From early in his life, Saundershad a keen interest ¡n plants and herbs, plant propagation and experirnental agriculture. He wasquickly recognized for his abilitíes in these areas and was assigned to ¡mportant pos¡tions bothmunicipally and ín the Dominion. Among his achievements are being the founder of the EntomologicatSociety of Ontario and the Ontar¡o College of Pharmacy; Professor of Materia Medica at the Universityof Western Ontario; President of the Royal Society of Ontario and the Ontario Fruit and Nut GrowersAssociation; and receiving Honours from the King of England for his work in experimental

XXX

agriculture. Saunders was also a key figure in Sir John Carling's initiative to establish the First

Experimental Farm in America. lt was/remâ¡ns in Ottawa.

It is highly likely that William Saunders met Charles Miller at the 1876 Centennial Exposition,

while he was there exhibiting for the Fruit and Nut Growers of Ontario. Having witnessed Miller's

work on the Expos¡tion grounds he realized the immense potential for Victoria Park. ln additíon torecommending that Miller be brought to London to develop a design for the park, he contributed

materials and expertise to the devefopment of the park. lt is notable that the major deviations from

Miller's plan only occur after Saunders moves to Ottawa in 1885 to direct the Experimentaf Farm.

The initial developments of landscape design and horticulture in London are in largely due to the

efforts of William Saunders.

XXXI

Ël(-'lol

*lùt

xXX

BqoKS

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Windsor Publications Limited, 1986.

BREMNER, ARCHIBALD.City of London (lllustrated London)l984-1901, Znd Edition.

Reprinted by London Public Library, 1967.

BROCK, DANIEL. Best Wíshes from London, Canada. Gatherick Press, London, 1992.

BURANT; JIM AND JUDITH SAUNDERS . The Garrison Years 7 793-1 853. Toronto, i 983

DANIEL, W.H./ R.P. FREEBORG. Iurf Manager's Handbook Harvest Publishing Company. 1980.

EMMONS, RCIBERT. Turf Grass Scænce and Management. Delmar Publishing. 1995.

HARRIS, R. Aboriculture, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, 199?.

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London Ontario, Canada: The Pioneer Period and the Today. Reprinted London Public

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MINISTRY OF CULTURE, TOURISM AND RECREATION. Archaeological Assessment Technical

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Heritage Planning, 1993.

MILLER, ORLO. London 200: An lllustrated History. LondonChamberof Commerce, 1992.

MORDEN, PAT. Putting Down Roots; A History of London's Parks and River.Stonehouse

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B IB LIOG RAP H Y

j

POMEROY, ËLSlË M. William Saunders and Hís Five Sons. The Ryerson Press, 1956.

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TURGEON, A.J. Turfgrass Management, Reston Publishing Co. lnc. 1985.

UNKNOWN. Shade Trees for the Central and Narthern United States and Canada- St¡pes

xxx iii

Western Ontario. Ryerson Press, Toronto,

Publishing Company.'1992.

VINCENT, E. Substance and Practice: Building Technology and the Royal Engineers in

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VONBAEYER, EDW¡NNA.From Rectoric to Roses.' the History of Gardening in Canada-

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WINEARLS,JOAN. Mapping Upper Canada 17BA-1867: an Annoteted Bíbliography ofManuscript and Printed Maps. University of Toronto Press.

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ALEXANDER, SIR J.E. A Sleígh Ðrive in Canada West- Colbourn's United Service Magazine and

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CRAWFORD, PLEASANCE. Of Grounds Tastefully Laîd Out: The Landscaping of Public

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CRAUL, P.J. Soil Compaction on Heavily Used Sites. Journal of Arboriculture 2O(2): March

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DAY, S. & BASSUK. N. A Review of the Effects of Soil Compaction and Amelioration Treatmentson

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HAUER, R.J., ROBERT MILLER & DAN¡EL OUIMET.

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LEACH, CAROLYN. Evaluating Construction Plans for lr_npcts on Trees. Journal of Abariculture

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LICHTER, J. M. & LINDSEY, PA. The Use of Surface Treatments for the Prevention of Soil Compaction

xxxiv

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LONDON FREE PRESS.The Park and Tree Planting. March 79,"1878;

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PEARCE, J.S. C¡tres and Towns Beautifuf. Ontario Government Sessional Papers 1908, Vol XL,

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TAVERNER, PA. Memories of William Edwin Saunders '1861-'1943. The AUK, Vol. 6'1, July

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BOWMAN, l, Iñe Daper Site: White Pine Succession in Abandoned Late Prehístoric

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CARTY, ARTHUR & E.J. (editors). fhe London Centennial Review 1826-'t926. D. B. Weldon

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LONDONOLDBOYS. Official Souvenir Programme 19OO. D. B. Weldon Library, Regional Room

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XXXV

LONDONOLDBOYS. Souvenir Semi-Centennial 1855-190O. D.B. Weldon Library, Regional

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LONDON PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION..Annual Reports 1912-1973. D" B. Wetdon Library,

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MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR,CANADA. Reports

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SAUNDERS. Saunders Family Books 1836-'1954: Guestbooks 1895-1954. D. B. Weldon

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SPENCE, M.W. üie St. Lawrence Burial. Report on file Ontario Ministry Citizenship, Cutture

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TOBY, GEORGE. History of Landscape Architecture: The Retationship of People toEnvironment. Ohio State University, unpublished thesis, 1923.

TORRENCETHAKARASSOCIATESINC. Major's Hill Park and Nepean Point Ottawa:Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Study. Prepared for the National Capitat Commission,

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UNKNOWN. A Report of the Committee of the Honourable the Privy Council, l4thJuly, 7 873: Application of London for Acquisition of Ordinance Praperty for thePurpose of Converting it into a Public Park. H-Q. 7l-34-3. D. B. Weldon Library,

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1873-BS & 19lO: Letter re: Land

D. B. Weldon Library, Regional Room Collection,

UNKNOWN. Illustrated Souvenir 19OO. D. B. Weldon Library, Regional Room Collection,

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UNTERMANN, MCPHAIL, CUMMING ASSOCIATES. East Woodfield Heritage ConservationDistrict Study: Heritage .Assessment Report OnfitewiththeCityof London, 1ggZ.

xxxvi

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BEST, W.R. Ordînance Grounds London, C.l'll. National Map Collection 0024501, Public

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BURWELL, 1,4. Town PIot in the Township af London, in the London District, l 826.l,1apArchives of ontario, copy in Map Library, university of western ontario.

CARROLL, P. Town of London, 1836 & 1837. Map in Archives of ontarío.

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EYRE, W. Sketcf, of the Position of Landon. U.C. 1839. Map in D. B. Weldon Líbrary,

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GLOVER, E.S. London at the Time of Smallman and Ingram was Faunded. '1872. Map in D.

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GRANT, L.The Site of London. lTgs.Compiledfieldnotesof Mr.JonesbyLewisGrantD.p.S.

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HASSARD, F.C. London Canada P.O. Site Plan of Barracks. National Map CollecionZZ4T3,Publíc Archives of Canada, 1867.

LAMBERT, M. lVo. 1O London C.W.: Plan of Military Reserve-Royal, 1850. Mapin D.B.

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AND

LOCKHART, CAPT.A., Royal Engineers. London C.W. Plan Showing in Yellow Relative Sitesand ltems Numbered Below for New Works tnctuded in B.A-E. 1863/64.Dated17.11.62. National Map collection 108630, public Archives of canada.

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RIED, R. PIan of the Town of London Cþl¿. National Map Collection 14?75, pubfic Archives ofcanada, copy in the Map Library, university of western ontario, 1g50-52.

RIDOUT, T - Township of London- Map in the Archives of Ontario, copy ín the Map Library,

xxxvii

University of Western Ontario, 1Bl B.

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London, C-W-,'1848 PIan and Section of the Hospitat Framed Barracks.NationalMap Collection 1

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London, C-W., 1848 PIan and Sectrbn af the Hospital privy Framed Barracks,National Map Collection I 12612, public Archives of Canada.

London, C-W-, 1848 Plan and Section of the Dead Hause, Wood Shed and StrawHouse attached to the Hospital, Framed Barracks. National Map Collection 117616,Public Archives of Canada.

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ARCHIVES OF ONTAR|Q. Postcard Views, circa I gOT-t gl4. ?

LONDON PUBLIC LIBRARY, LoNDoN ROOM. Postcard Atbum and photo Cottection.

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xxxvíii

Ontario.

UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTAR|O. Historical photographic

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Collection D. B. Weldon Library,

xxxix