context how do we define sane? how about insane? is there a difference? how do we tell?
TRANSCRIPT
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Context
How do we define sane? How about insane? Is there a difference? How do we tell?
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Context
PY1: Biological therapiesMedical model of abnormalityPsychological illness=physical illness
Anti-psychiatry movementQuestioned the validity of psychiatric
diagnosedPsychiatry is used as a method of control
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Context Foucault (1961)
Unreasonable members of population are locked away through diagnosis of mental illness○ Drapetomania
Laing(1960)Schizophrenia best understood in
terms of someone’s experience than as a set of symptoms
Szasz (1960)Medical model is useless and
dangerous
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Context
Disagreement over “sanity” and “insanity”
Concepts of normality are not universal
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Context
RosenhanDid not argue that mental illness did
not exist, nor that it could not cause suffering.
Diagnosis has more to do with the situation than the person
Psychiatrists in lawWhat does this suggest about
validity and reliability?
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Aims
Can psychiatrists distinguish between people who are genuinely mentally ill and those who are not?
PseudopatientsTwo possible outcomes: what would we
conclude from these?
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Procedure
Who were the participants? Who were the pseudopatients?
Read through and highlight the procedure
Fill in the gaps in the findings
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Conclusions What is the main conclusion? (look back at
Rosenhan’s aim?)
“It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meaning of behaviour can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment – the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labelling – seem undoubtedly counter-therapeutic”.
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Conclusions
Doctors more likely to make type 2 errors than type 1Makes sense for physical illnessWhat about for psychological illness?
What can we conclude from the behaviour of the staff towards the patients?
What do these results imply for mental health care?
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Alternative evidence Slater (2004)
Presented herself to a number of hospitals with an isolated auditory hallucination
Given a diagnosis of psychotic depression, and sent home with medication
HoweverSlater had previously been
diagnosed with depressionWhat other issue here?
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Alternative Evidence
Read the modern criteria for schizophreniaWould the pseudopatients be
diagnosed as schizophrenic today?
Sabin and Mancuso (1980)Pseudopatients would not get admitted
to hospital today as diagnosis has changed
Validity of Rosenhan? However...
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Alternative evidence Have things really
changed?Still disagreement between
psychiatrists
Whaley (2001) Used inter-rater reliabilityAs low as +.11 for some
conditions
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Alternative Evidence
Rosenhan concluded that the bias in the diagnosis rested with the situation in which the pseudopatients found themselves (the “insane place” of the hospital). What else could cause bias?
Loring and Powell (1988)Diagnosis influenced by race
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Alternative Evidence Spitzer (1975) Took issue with
Rosenhan’s conclusionsPsychiatrists have to rely upon the
verbal reports of the patients who come to them for help.
It is not expected that an individual would try to trick their way into a psychiatric institution.
Would the conclusion be the same if it was a physical illness which was being faked?
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Alternative Evidence
Spitzer (1976)Schizophrenia in remission is very
rarely applied to patients
What does this mean for Rosenhan?