continental presentation

8/12/2019 Continental Presentation

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CONTINENTAL PRESENTATION

By Amit Kumar

Mohd. Kaif

Mohd KaleemEhab Ashraf

Shashank Kapoor

Ankit Satish Kaushik


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AFRICA


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GEOGRAPHY

Africa is the world's second-largestand second-most-populous continent.

it covers six percent of the Earth's

total surface area and 20.4 percent ofthe total land area.

The continent is surrounded by theMediterranean Sea to the north, both

the Suez Canal and the Red Sea alongthe Sinai Peninsula to the northeast,the Indian Ocean to the southeast, andthe Atlantic Ocean to the west.


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The continent is surrounded by theMediterranean Sea to the north, boththe Suez Canal and the Red Sea alongthe Sinai Peninsula to the northeast,

the Indian Ocean to the southeast, andthe Atlantic Ocean to the west. Thecontinent includes Madagascar andvarious archipelagoes. It has 54 fully

recognized sovereign states("countries"), nine territories and twode facto independent states withlimited or no recognition


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Africa's largest country is Algeria, and itssmallest country is the Seychelles, anarchipelago off the east coast. The smallestnation on the continental mainland is the

Gambia.


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CLIMATE

The climate of Africa ranges fromtropical to subarctic on its highestpeaks.

Its northern half is primarily desert, or

arid, while its central and southernareas contain both savanna plains andvery dense jungle (rainforest) regions.

In between, there is a convergence,

where vegetation patterns such asSahel and steppe dominate.


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Africa is the hottest continent on earthand 60% of the entire land surfaceconsists of dry lands and deserts. The

record for the highest-ever recordedtemperature, in Libya in 1922 (58 C(136 F)), was discredited in 2013.


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WILDLIFE

Africa boasts perhaps the world'slargest combination of density and"range of freedom" of wild animalpopulations and diversity, with wild

populations of large carnivores (suchas lions, hyenas, and cheetahs) andherbivores (such as buffalo, elephants,camels, and giraffes) ranging freely on

primarily open non-private plains. It is also home to a variety of "jungle"

animals including snakes and primatesand aquatic life such as crocodiles and

amphibians.


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In addition, Africa has the largestnumber of megafauna species, as itwas least affected by the extinction ofthe Pleistocene megafauna.


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CULTURE OF AFRICAN PEOPLE

ART AND CRAFT

FOLKFORE AND RELIGION

CLOTHING CUISINE

MUSIC

LANGUAGES


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ART AND CRAFT

Africa has a rich tradition of arts andcrafts. African arts and crafts findexpression in a variety of

woodcarvings, brass and leather artworks.

African arts and crafts also includesculpture, paintings, pottery,

ceremonial and religious headgear anddress.


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Maulana Karenga states that in Africanart, the object was not as important asthe soul force behind the creation of

the object. He also states that All artmust be revolutionary and in beingrevolutionary it must be collective,committing, and functional, this is

echoed by Shahada who states "inAfrica all art is socially functional.

African culture has always placedemphasis on personal appearance and

jewelry has remained an importantpersonal accessory. Many pieces ofsuch jewelry are made of cowry shellsand similar materials. Similarly, masksare made with elaborate designs and

are important part of African culture


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FOLKFORE AND RELIGION

Like almost all civilizations andcultures, flood myths have beencirculating in different parts of Africa.

Culture and religion share space andare deeply intertwined in Africancultures.

According to a Pygmy myth,

Chameleon, hearing a strange noise ina tree, cut open its trunk and watercame out in a great flood that spreadall over the land.


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There are different types of Africanstories: animal tales and day-to-daytales. Animal tales more orientedtowards entertainment, but still havemorals and lessons to them. Animaltales are normally divided into trickstertales and ogre tales. In the animaltales, a certain animal would alwayshave the same personality or role ineach story so the audience does nothave to worry about characterization.The Hare was always the trickster,clever and cunning, while the Hyenawas always being tricked by the Hare.Ogres are always cruel, greedy

monsters


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. The messengers in all the storieswere the Birds. Day-to-Day tales arethe most serious tales, never includinghumor, that explained the everyday lifeand struggles of an African community.These tales take on matters such asfamine, escape from death, courtship,and family matters, using a song formwhen the climax of the story was beingtold

Villagers would gather around acommon meeting place at the end of

the day to listen and tell their stories.Storytellers had certain commands tostart and end the stories, "Ugai Itha" toget the audience's attention and beginthe story, and "Rukirika" to signal theend of a tale


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CLOTHING Women's traditional clothes in Africa

are made from cloth called shemmaand used to make habesha kemis. Thelatter garment is basically cottoncloth, about 90 cm wide, woven in long

strips which are then sewn together.Sometimes shiny threads are woveninto the fabric for an elegant effect.Men wear pants and a knee-length shirt

with a white collar, and perhaps asweater. Men often wear knee-highsocks, while women might not wearsocks at all. Men as well as women

wear shawls, the netela.


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CUISINE

The various cuisines of Africa use acombination of locally available fruits,cereal grains and vegetables, as well

as milk and meat products. In someparts of the continent, the traditionaldiet features a preponderance of milk,curd and whey products.


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AFRICAN DELICACIES

Fufu (right) is a staple meal inWest Africa and Central Africa. Itis served here with some peanut

soup.

Potjiekosis a traditional Afrikaner

stew made with meat andvegetables and cooked over coalsin cast-ironpots.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potjiekoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potjiekos


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Dance involves moving multiple bodyparts. These aspects of Sub-Saharanmusic were transferred to the new

world by enslaved Sub-SaharanAfricans and can be seen in itsinfluence on music forms as Samba,Jazz, Rhythm and Blues, Rock & Roll,

Salsa, and Rap music


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Yoruba drummers at celebration inOjumo Oro, Kware State, Nigeria.


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LANGUAGE

The main ethno-linguistic divisions areAfro-Asiatic (North Africa, Horn ofAfrica), NigerCongo (includingspeakers from the Bantu branch) in

most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Nilo-Saharan in parts of the Sahara and theSahel and parts of Eastern Africa, andKhoisan (indigenous minorities of

Southern Africa). The continent ofAfrica speaks hundreds of languages,and if dialects spoken by variousethnic groups are also included, the

number is much higher.


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ECONOMY Although it has abundant natural

resources, Africa remains the world'spoorest and most underdevelopedcontinent, the result of a variety ofcauses that may include corrupt

governments that have oftencommitted serious human rightsviolations, failed central planning, highlevels of illiteracy, lack of access to

foreign capital,and frequent tribal andmilitary conflict According to theUnited Nations'Human DevelopmentReport in 2003, the bottom 25 ranked

nations (151st to 175th) were all


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Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition andinadequate water supply and

sanitation, as well as poor health,affect a large proportion of the peoplewho reside in the African continent. InAugust 2008, the World Bank

announced revised global povertyestimates based on a new internationalpoverty line of $1.25 per day.

80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africapopulation was living on less than$2.50 (PPP) a day in 2005, comparedwith 85.7% for India.

The new figures confirm that sub


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The new figures confirm that sub-Saharan Africa has been the leastsuccessful region of the world inreducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some50% of the population living in povertyin 1981 (200 million people), a figurethat rose to 58% in 1996 beforedropping to 50% in 2005 (380 millionpeople).

In recent years, the People's Republicof China has built increasingly stronger

ties with African nations. In 2007,Chinese companies invested a total of

US$1 billion in Africa.


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During the President of the UnitedStates Barack Obama's visit to Africain July 2013, he announced a US$7billion plan to further develop

infrastructure and work moreintensively with African heads of state.A new program named Trade Africa,designed to boost trade within the

continent as well as between Africaand the U.S., was also unveiled byObama


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The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on

only 70 cents per day, and was poorerin 2003 than he or she was in 1973indicating increasing poverty in someareas. Some of it is attributed to

unsuccessful economic liberalizationprograms spearheaded by foreigncompanies and governments, butother studies and reports have citedbad domestic government policies

more than external factors


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From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate ofeconomic growth increased, averaging5% in 2005. Some countriesexperienced still higher growth rates,notably Angola, Sudan and EquatorialGuinea, all three of which had recently

begun extracting their petroleumreserves or had expanded their oilextraction capacity.


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The continent is believed to hold 90%of the world's cobalt, 90% of itsplatinum, 50% of its gold, 98% of its

chromium, 70% of its tantalite,64% ofits manganese and one-third of itsuranium.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC) has 70% of the world's coltan,and most mobile phones in the worldare made with elements refined fromthis mineral. The DRC also has more

than 30% of the world's diamondreserves.

Guinea is the world's largest exporter

of bauxite


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As the growth in Africa has been driven

mainly by services and notmanufacturing or agriculture, it hasbeen growth without jobs and withoutreduction in poverty levels


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Regional Economic

Communities (By AU) Community of Sahel-Saharan States

(CEN-SAD)

29 Countries

Support from the AfDB

To adopt measures to boost intra-community

trade


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Common Market for Eastern and SouthernAfrica -(COMESA)

December 1994 Economic prosperity through regional

integration

With its 19 member states, population of over

389 million and annual import bill of aroundUS$32 billion with an export bill of US$82 billionCOMESA forms a major market place for bothinternal and external trading. Its area is

impressive on the map of the African Continentcovering a geographical area of 12 Million (sqkm)


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East African Community (EAC) 5 Member States

EAC countries established a Customs Union in2005 and a Common Market in 2010.

Economic Community of Central AfricanStates (ECCAS)

10 Members

It "aims to achieve collective autonomy, raise the

standard of living of its populations and maintaineconomic stability through harmoniouscooperation".


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Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)

16 Members

Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)

Southern African Development Community(SADC)

15 Member States

Established in 1992, SADC is committed to

Regional Integration and poverty eradicationwithin Southern Africa through economicdevelopment and ensuring peace and security.


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COMESAEACSADC

Inter-regional coordination is growing among

the RECs. The Heads of State and Governmentof the three RECs agreed to institutionalizeestablishing an FTA. This tripartite FTA brings

together 26 African countries, a combinedpopulation of 530 million people, and a totalGDP of US$ 630 billion, which togetherrepresent over 50 per cent of Africas economic

output. This initiative has indeed galvanized theinterest of Africas policymakers in a muchbroader CFTA.


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Continental Free Trade Area

Leaders at the African Union Summit, which took

place from 23 to 30 January 2012 under the

theme boosting intra-African trade, endorsed a

plan to set up a Continental Free Trade Area

(CFTA) by 2017. The proposed CFTA would be a

key component of the AUs strategy to boost

trade within the region by at least 25-30 percent

in the next decade.


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Main Objectives Of CFTA

Create a single market for goods and services, withfree movement of business people and investment,paving the way for a continental customs union.

Expand trade within Africa.

Enhance business and industrial competitiveness by

exploiting opportunities for larger scale production,continental market access and better reallocation ofresources.


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Political Governance

Democracy again took centre stage in Africas

political life in 2012. After the fall of autocratic

rulers in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia in the latestwave of democratic transitions that have swept

the continent since the 1990s, all African

countries except Somalia and Eritrea can nowchoose their governments through a vote.


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Elections are essential, but more is needed to

build strong democratic roots and institutions.

African policy makers increasingly

acknowledge the need for quality economic

growth. The 5% average annual gross

domestic product (GDP) growth rate for the

past decade has not created enough jobs for

the young Africans coming on to labour

markets


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THANK

YOU

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