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Continued Notes on the Church and State in the RenaissanceCentral, Eastern, and Ottoman EmpiresCentral Europe: The Holy Roman EmpireHabsburg DynastySuccess through marriage not military Maximilian I (1493 1519)Gained east-central France, Luxembourg, and Low Countries from his marriage to Mary of Burgundy Married his son Phillip to daughter of Ferdinand and IsabellaTheir son Charles became both King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman EmpireOpposition of the French for fear because they were surrounded by Habsburgs (recall Italian Wars)

Charles I and V, painted by Titan

The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine EmpireHistory of the Eastern Roman Empire:In 285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves324, Emperor Constantine I transferred the eastern capital to Byzantium and renamed it ConstantinopleFollowing the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Byzantium was seen as the direct continuation of the Roman state It was distinguished by its Greek culture and Christian Orthodoxy Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire acted as a buffer between the Muslim Turks and the Christian WestSeljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory (1300s)Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

Mongol domination ended in RussiaControlled by Mongols since 1200sIvan III annexed Russian lands and ended the Mongol invasionAfter the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Moscow succeed Constantinople of becoming the new hub of Christian orthodoxyCentral, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires

Challenge Question #1Summarize the changes in each European state in 10 words or less (per state)Englandcivil war, emergence of TudorsSpainunification of Aragon and Castile, inquisitionHoly Roman EmpireHabsburg dynasty becomes more powerful through marriageOttoman EmpireFall of Byzantium, Ottoman Turks new powerRussiagot rid of Mongols, new center for Christian Orthodoxy

The Church in the RenaissanceThe Problem of Heresy and ReformJohn Wyclif and LollardsDisgusted by clerical corruptionNo basis in scripture for papal claims to authorityAdvocated popes be stripped of property and powerUrged the printing of the Bible in the vernacular so every Christian could read itJohn Hus and the HussitesUrged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergyBurned at the stake (1415)

Execution of HusThe Church in the RenaissanceThe Renaissance PapacyJulius II (1503 1513)Warrior Pope- personally led armies against his enemies in the Italian WarsPious Christians appalled; viewed the role of the pope as a spiritual leader Patron of the Arts- Patron of Raphael and MichelangeloLeo X (1513 1521)Second son of Lorenzo de' MediciExecuted foreign policy through his participation in alliances in the Italian WarsPatron of the arts and educationSpendthrift- interest in art, literature, and personal luxury caused financial crisisGranted indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica Pope during publication of Martin Luthers 95 ThesesSucceeded by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, as Pope Clement VII (152334).NepotismAppointed family members to often unearned positions to promote familial interests and gain loyal servants

Leo X's pet elephant, Hanno

Raphael's Portrait of Leo X with cardinal Giulio de' Medici

Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael Challenge Question #2 & #3Describe the policies of the Renaissance Popes and what impact they had on the Catholic Church.Worldliness- preoccupied with secular interests such as politics and cultureCaused loss of faith in the Catholic Church

Why are Wyclif and Hus worth remembering in European History?*note- do not summarize what they did. I am looking for you to analyze what Semester 1 European History theme they exemplify.

their reform movements exemplify peoples distrust in the Catholic Church

Music in the RenaissanceGuillaume Dufay (Gui-U-Ma Du-Fay)Changed composition of the Mass First to use secular tunes to replace Gregorian ChantsComposed a number of secular songsGregorian Chant, Kyrie, Middle Ageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6oM1iLJH6k&feature=relatedDufay, Kyrie, Renaissance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLwMEBlBBB4

8Challenge Question #4How did music change from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

It became more complex. Some secular tunes were also used.

Reformation NotesPrelude to ReformationLuthers Reform Movement is not the 1st Christian HumanistsFelt that Christianity was a simple religion that had become distortedBelief in the power of educationClassical education could lead to a reform of the church and societySupported schoolsArguing for printing the Bible in the Vernacular

Famous Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)Most influential Christian HumanistWanted reform within the ChurchChristianity should be a guiding philosophy of daily life rather than a system of practices stressed by the church (communion, pilgrimages, relics, etc)

Wrote Education of a Christian PrinceEncouraged moral behavior of leadersWrote In Praise of FollyHumorous criticism of the of the corrupt practices of the church

Challenge Question #5It is said that Erasmus laid the egg that Luther later hatched. What does that mean?

Erasmus helped prepare the way for the Reformation

Fun Fact: Though Erasmus wanted to reform the church, he eventually disapproved of Luther for destroying the unity of the church

Famous Christian HumanistsThomas MoreCivic Humanist- believed in putting his learning at the service of the stateDeeply spiritual, good friends with ErasmusLord Chancellor of England under Henry VIII UtopiaIdealistic life and institutions of Utopia (Greek for nowhere), imaginary island in the new world)Reflects concerns with social, economic and political problems of his dayUtopia based on communal ownership- People worked 9 hours a day, regardless of occupation, and were rewarded according to their needs.Devoutly ReligiousWillingly gave up life to oppose Englands break with the Catholic Church over the divorce of Henry VIII

Challenge Question #6What problems were occurring with the church before the Reformation?

Loss of faith from Black Death and Western Schism

See next page for Renaissance IssuesChurch and Religion on the Eve of the ReformationChurch CorruptionFailure of Renaissance Popes to provide spiritual leadershipNepotismPluralism- church officials ignored duties and hired inept underlings who werent qualified to save moneySale of Indulgences (used to fund St. Peters Basilica)People buy these because they are searching for certainty of salvation since church officials arent doing their jobs

St. Peter's chains, a second-class relicRelic skull and reliquary of Saint Ives) Relics- Luthers prince amassed 19,000 relics to which attached indulgences that could reduce time in purgatory by 2 million yrs

- Clergy fails to Reform