continuous casting of steel - jufilesjufiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/lecture-18.pdf ·...
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It includes a source of molten metal which feeds into the space between a pair of counter-rotating, internally cooled drums (hollow rolls).
In a very short time after leaving the casting nozzle the molten metal solidifies due to the contact with the water-cooled rolls.
The essential components of a continuous casting machine are tundish, water cooled mold, water spray and torch cutters.
Continuous Casting of Steel
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Solidification structure formation
• Segregation– Microsegregation (between dendrites)– Macrosegregation (centerline vs surface)
• Hot-tear cracks and ductility loss
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Solidification Front Structure
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Final Solidification Structure
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Segregation Defects
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Typical grain structure in a billet cross section
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Development of Microstructure
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Dendrite Growth
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Segregation
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Effect of alloys
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Effect of S
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Effect of Mn
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processing of refined steel into products.
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Segregation
The degree of segregation depends not only
on the chemical composition of the alloy, but
also on the rate of cooling,
near the surface, where the rate of cooling is
rapid, the segregated impurities are trapped in
the rapidly growing crystals.
In normal segregation, the constituents with
the lowest melting points concentrate in the
last portions to solidify, but in inverse
segregation this is reversed.
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V-The central zone of
ingot is enriched with
solute rejected by the
solidification front
progressing from the
mold wall to its center.
The central zone
consists of large
equiaxed grains
A-segrgates present
channels enriched by
sulfur, carbon,
phosphorus and other
impurities.
The segregation tends to form in bands sloping inwards to the top of the ingot (A
segregate) and at the same time, due to shrinkage, it takes a V shape (V segregate)
along the upper part of the ingot axis.
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Microsegregation
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5.10 Explain why gray iron undergoes expansion,
rather than contraction, during solidification
5.15 Do you think early formation of dendrites in a mold can impede the free flow
of molten metal into the mold? Explain.
5.17 It has long been observed by foundrymen that low pouring temperatures
(that is, low superheat) promote equiaxed grains over columnar grains. Also,
equiaxed grains become finer as the pouring temperature decreases. Explain the
reasons for these phenomena.
5.29 Why are steels more difficult to cast than cast irons?
5.40 Explain why it may be desirable or necessary for castings to be subjected
to various heat treatments
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5.48 Sketch the microstructure you would expect for a slab cast through (a)
continuous casting, (b) strip casting, and (c) melt spinning
5.51 Sketch the temperature profile you would expect for (a) continuous
casting of a billet, (b) sand casting of a cube, (c) centrifugal casting
of a pipe