contract act 1872 contract act 1872. what is a contract ? what is a contract ? agreement + ...
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTRACT ACT CONTRACT ACT 18721872
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What is a contract ?What is a contract ?
AgreementAgreement
++ EnforceableEnforceable
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What is an What is an agreement ?agreement ?
Proposal Proposal AcceptanceAcceptance
ConsiderationConsideration
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When is an agreement When is an agreement enforceable?enforceable?
Competent partiesCompetent parties Free consentFree consent Lawful object and considerationLawful object and consideration Agreement not expressly Agreement not expressly
declared void by lawdeclared void by law
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Proposal + AcceptanceProposal + Acceptance Agreement Agreement
Consideration
CONTRACT
Competent parties
Free consent
Lawful object and consideration
Agreement not expressly declared void by law
Enforceability
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ProposalProposal
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ProposalProposal
DefinitionDefinition
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Requisites of Requisites of ProposalProposal
Express or Implied Express or Implied To whom made ? To whom made ? Act or abstinence Act or abstinence Assent of offerAssent of offer Legal obligationLegal obligation CommunicationCommunication
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Counter offerCounter offer
An offer to an offer
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Invitation to offerInvitation to offer
Display of goods in a shop Display of goods in a shop
Catalogue quoting price of goodsCatalogue quoting price of goods
Tender noticeTender notice
Issue of proposal form by insurance Issue of proposal form by insurance companycompany
Auctioneer’s announcement to sell goods by Auctioneer’s announcement to sell goods by auctionauction
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Letter of IntentLetter of Intent
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Communication of proposalCommunication of proposal
When it comes to the knowledge of the When it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is madeperson to whom it is made
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Revocation of the ProposalRevocation of the Proposal
Before other party accepts itBefore other party accepts it
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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Communicating notice of revocationCommunicating notice of revocation
Lapse of timeLapse of time
Failure to fulfill condition precedentFailure to fulfill condition precedent
Death or insanity of proposerDeath or insanity of proposer
How revoked ?How revoked ?
Proposal (contd…)Proposal (contd…)
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acceptanceacceptance
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AcceptanceAcceptance
Definition Definition
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EssentialsEssentials Absolute and unconditional Absolute and unconditional Mode of AcceptanceMode of Acceptance Mental Acceptance Mental Acceptance Express or ImpliedExpress or Implied Acceptance of all termsAcceptance of all terms
Acceptance (contd…) Acceptance (contd…)
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Communication of acceptanceCommunication of acceptance
Acceptance (contd…) Acceptance (contd…)
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REVOCATION OF ACCEPTANCEREVOCATION OF ACCEPTANCE
Acceptance (contd…) Acceptance (contd…)
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ConsiderationConsideration
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ConsiderationConsideration
Definition Definition At the desire of the promisorAt the desire of the promisor Move from the promisee or any Move from the promisee or any
other personother person Act or AbstinenceAct or Abstinence Past, present, futurePast, present, future
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ADEQUACY OF ADEQUACY OF CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION
Consideration (contd…)Consideration (contd…)
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Agreements not supported Agreements not supported by consideration and three by consideration and three
exceptions.exceptions.
Consideration (contd…)Consideration (contd…)
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PRIVITY PRIVITY OF OF
CONTRACTCONTRACT
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PRIVITY OF CONTRACTPRIVITY OF CONTRACT
Doctrine based on rights in personnamDoctrine based on rights in personnam
Exceptions (10)Exceptions (10)
Holder of a bill of lading Holder of a bill of lading
Holder of a negotiable Holder of a negotiable instrumentinstrument
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Agreement
Valid Voidable Void Illegal Unenforceable
TYPES OF TYPES OF AGREEMENTSAGREEMENTS
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WHEN IS AN AGREEMENT WHEN IS AN AGREEMENT ENFORCEABLEENFORCEABLE
Competent partiesCompetent parties
Free consentFree consent
Lawful object and considerationLawful object and consideration
Agreement not expressly declared Agreement not expressly declared void by lawvoid by law
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Competent parties
Major Sound mind Not disqualified
Online ContractsConsequences of entering into a contract with a minor
COMPETENT PARTIESCOMPETENT PARTIES
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Free consentFree consent
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What is Consent?What is Consent?
Agreeing to the same thing in the Agreeing to the same thing in the same sensesame sense
Meeting of the mindsMeeting of the minds ‘‘Consensus ad idem’ Consensus ad idem’
Free consentFree consent
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Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
When is consent free? When is consent free?
When not induced by: When not induced by: CoercionCoercion Undue influenceUndue influence FraudFraud MisrepresentationMisrepresentation MistakeMistake
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CoercionCoercion
Committing or threatening to commit act Committing or threatening to commit act forbidden by IPCforbidden by IPC
OROR
Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
Unlawfully detaining or threatening Unlawfully detaining or threatening to detain property of other to his to detain property of other to his prejudiceprejudiceImmaterial whether IPC is/is not in Immaterial whether IPC is/is not in force at place of coercion force at place of coercion
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ANDAND Unfair advantageUnfair advantage Burden of ProofBurden of Proof
Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
Domination of Will
Real, apparent authority Fiduciary relation Mental capacity
Undue InfluenceUndue Influence
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FraudFraud
Suggestio falsiSuggestio falsi Suppressio VeriSuppressio Veri Promise made without any intention of Promise made without any intention of
performing itperforming it Any act fit to deceiveAny act fit to deceive Act/omission declared fraudulent by Act/omission declared fraudulent by
lawlaw
Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
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MisrepresentationMisrepresentation
Unwarranted StatementUnwarranted Statement
Breach of dutyBreach of duty
Inducing mistake about subject-Inducing mistake about subject-mattermatter
Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
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Free consent (contd…) Free consent (contd…)
MISTAKEMISTAKE
Fact Law
Bilateral Unilateral
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Consideration Consideration and and
objectobject
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Consideration and objectConsideration and object
Consideration and object lawful unless:Consideration and object lawful unless:
Forbidden by lawForbidden by law
Defeat any lawDefeat any law
FraudulentFraudulent
Injury to person or propertyInjury to person or property
Immoral or opposed to public policyImmoral or opposed to public policy
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VOID VOID AGREEMENTSAGREEMENTS
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VOID AGREEMENTSVOID AGREEMENTSAgreements in Restraint of TradeAgreements in Restraint of Trade
ExceptionsExceptions1.1. Sale of business along with goodwill.Sale of business along with goodwill.
2.2. Contracts of serviceContracts of servicea.a. During the continuation of contractDuring the continuation of contract
b.b. After the conclusion of contractAfter the conclusion of contract
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Agreements in Restraint of Legal ProceedingsAgreements in Restraint of Legal Proceedings
Absolute restraint Absolute restraint
Limiting the timeLimiting the time
Exception – ADRException – ADR
Hague Rules Article III Rule 6: Unless notice of loss or Hague Rules Article III Rule 6: Unless notice of loss or damage… is given in writing at the port of discharge or at damage… is given in writing at the port of discharge or at the time of removal of the goods.... Such removal shall be the time of removal of the goods.... Such removal shall be prima facie evidence of delivery by the carrier of the goods prima facie evidence of delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.as described in the bill of lading.
In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within 1 year after delivery of goods……brought within 1 year after delivery of goods……
VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)
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Uncertain agreementsUncertain agreements
Arbitration Clauses Arbitration Clauses
VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)
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Doctrine of FrustrationDoctrine of Frustration
Initial impossibility Initial impossibility Subsequent impossibility/illegalitySubsequent impossibility/illegality
VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)VOID AGREEMENTS (contd…)
Destruction of subject-matter of ContractDestruction of subject-matter of Contract Non-occurrence of event essential to Non-occurrence of event essential to contractcontract Death/illness of promisorDeath/illness of promisor Commercial hardship not Commercial hardship not recognizedrecognized Charter partiesCharter parties
Govt./Legislative interventionGovt./Legislative intervention
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Performance Performance of of
contractcontract
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Performance of contractPerformance of contract
Who must perform?Who must perform?
Mode of performanceMode of performance
Consequence of non-performanceConsequence of non-performance Anticipatory breach of contractAnticipatory breach of contract
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REMEDIES FOR
BREACH OF
CONTRACT
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Remedies
Damages Specific performance Injunction
REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT
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DamagesDamages
Rules governing measure of damages:Rules governing measure of damages: Damages for direct lossDamages for direct loss Remoteness of damageRemoteness of damage Duty to mitigate the lossDuty to mitigate the loss
REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT (CONTD…)
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Liquidated Damages Liquidated Damages
and and
Penalty Penalty
REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT (CONTD…)
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QUASI CONTRACTSQUASI CONTRACTS Based on equitable doctrine of Based on equitable doctrine of
unjust enrichmentunjust enrichment
Supply of necessaries to a person Supply of necessaries to a person incapable of contracting.incapable of contracting.
Payment by interested person Payment by interested person Liability to pay for non-gratuitous actLiability to pay for non-gratuitous act Finder of goods Finder of goods Payment or delivery under mistake or Payment or delivery under mistake or
coercioncoercion
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SALE OF GOODS SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930ACT 1930
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The Act codifies the law The Act codifies the law relating to sale of goods which relating to sale of goods which was contained in sections 76 to was contained in sections 76 to
123 123 of Contract Act. Those of Contract Act. Those
sections have been repealed by sections have been repealed by the SGAthe SGA
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Parties are at a liberty to Parties are at a liberty to subject subject
the contract of sale the contract of sale to to
the law of the country of the law of the country of their choicetheir choice
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Choice may be expressly Choice may be expressly stated by parties stated by parties
or or determined by Courtdetermined by Court
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Two important presumptions Two important presumptions made by Courts:made by Courts:
Law of the place of making the contract - Law of the place of making the contract - lex loci contractu lex loci contractu
Law of the place of performing the Law of the place of performing the contract - lex loci solutionscontract - lex loci solutions
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Transfer of property in goods Transfer of property in goods under sales made in foreign under sales made in foreign
countries is in general countries is in general regulated by the law of the regulated by the law of the
place where goods are situated place where goods are situated at the time of saleat the time of sale
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Admissibility of evidence, Admissibility of evidence, enforceability of contract, enforceability of contract,
procedure - procedure - lex forilex fori or or
law of the place law of the place where action is brought where action is brought
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Foreign law presumed to be Foreign law presumed to be same as municipal law. same as municipal law.
If different, foreign law must be If different, foreign law must be proved as a fact by the party proved as a fact by the party
relying upon foreign law.relying upon foreign law.
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FORMATION OF CONTRACTFORMATION OF CONTRACT
Contract of Sale
Sale Agreement to Sell
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FormalitiesFormalities Formation Formation Offer Offer Acceptance Acceptance Provision for delivery of goodsProvision for delivery of goods Provision for payment of priceProvision for payment of price
How made?How made? Writing Writing Oral Oral Partly written and partly oralPartly written and partly oral Implied from conduct of parties or course of Implied from conduct of parties or course of
their businesstheir business
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Subject-matter - GoodsSubject-matter - Goods
Subject-matter - Goods
Existing Contingent Future
Specific or ascertained Generic or unascertained
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Goods perishing before making Goods perishing before making of contractof contract
Goods perishing before sale but Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sellafter agreement to sell
EFFECT OF GOODS EFFECT OF GOODS PERISHINGPERISHING
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BEFORE MAKING OF BEFORE MAKING OF CONTRACTCONTRACT
Contract for specific goods only Contract for specific goods only Goods damaged, destroyed, seller Goods damaged, destroyed, seller
depriveddeprived Before contract of sale is madeBefore contract of sale is made Without knowledge of sellerWithout knowledge of seller
Void AgreementVoid Agreement
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BEFORE SALE BUT AFTER BEFORE SALE BUT AFTER AGREEMENT TO SELLAGREEMENT TO SELL
Specific goodsSpecific goods Goods perishingGoods perishing Perishing after agreement but before Perishing after agreement but before
salesale Without fault of seller or buyerWithout fault of seller or buyer
Agreement can be avoidedAgreement can be avoided
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PRICEPRICE Ascertainment of priceAscertainment of price
Fixed by contractFixed by contract Left to be fixed in agreed manner (market price)Left to be fixed in agreed manner (market price) Course of dealings between partiesCourse of dealings between parties Reasonable priceReasonable price
Price fixed by valuation of third party.Price fixed by valuation of third party.
Unless different intention appears, Unless different intention appears, stipulations as to time of payment not stipulations as to time of payment not deemed to be essence of contracts.deemed to be essence of contracts.
Whether any other stipulation as to time is Whether any other stipulation as to time is of essence of contract or not depends on of essence of contract or not depends on terms of contract.terms of contract.
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CONDITIONS AND CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIESWARRANTIES
Condition Condition
A stipulation essential to main purpose of A stipulation essential to main purpose of contract, breach gives rise to a right to contract, breach gives rise to a right to repudiate contract.repudiate contract.
WarrantyWarranty
A stipulation collateral to main purpose of A stipulation collateral to main purpose of contract, breach gives rise to claim for contract, breach gives rise to claim for damages.damages.
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implied conditions and implied conditions and warrantieswarranties
Implied undertaking as to title, etc.Implied undertaking as to title, etc.
Implied conditions when sale is by Implied conditions when sale is by descriptiondescription
No implied conditions as to quality or fitnessNo implied conditions as to quality or fitness
Implied conditions when sale is by sampleImplied conditions when sale is by sample
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IMPLIED IMPLIED CONDITIONS/WARRANTIES AS TO CONDITIONS/WARRANTIES AS TO
TITLETITLE
Seller has/will have right to sell– conditionSeller has/will have right to sell– condition
Enjoy quiet possession of goods – Enjoy quiet possession of goods – warrantywarranty
Goods free from any charge or Goods free from any charge or encumbrance - warrantyencumbrance - warranty
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IMPLIED CONDITIONS WHEN IMPLIED CONDITIONS WHEN SALE BY DESCRIPTIONSALE BY DESCRIPTION
Goods shall correspond with descriptionGoods shall correspond with description
If sale is by sample as well as by If sale is by sample as well as by description, it is not sufficient that the description, it is not sufficient that the bulk corresponds with sample if goods do bulk corresponds with sample if goods do not also correspond with descriptionnot also correspond with description
Description includes quality or fitness, Description includes quality or fitness, place of shipment, time of dispatch or place of shipment, time of dispatch or delivery, time of shipment, mode of delivery, time of shipment, mode of packing.packing.
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NO IMPLIED NO IMPLIED CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO
QUALITY OF FITNESSQUALITY OF FITNESSException 1Exception 1
Implied condition as to quality/fitness when:Implied condition as to quality/fitness when:
Buyer expressly/impliedly makes known to seller the purposeBuyer expressly/impliedly makes known to seller the purpose Buyer shows he relies on seller’s skill and judgment Buyer shows he relies on seller’s skill and judgment
And And Goods are of a description dealt with by seller (manufacturer or Goods are of a description dealt with by seller (manufacturer or
not)not)
Exception to Exception 1Exception to Exception 1
No implied condition when article sold under its patent or trade No implied condition when article sold under its patent or trade namename
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NO IMPLIED NO IMPLIED CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO
QUALITY OF FITNESSQUALITY OF FITNESS
Exception 2Exception 2
Implied condition as to merchantableness when :Implied condition as to merchantableness when :
Goods bought by description Goods bought by description From seller who deals in goods of that description From seller who deals in goods of that description (manufacturer (manufacturer
or not)or not)
Exception to Exception 2Exception to Exception 2
If buyer has examined the goods, no implied condition as If buyer has examined the goods, no implied condition as regards defects which examination ought to have revealedregards defects which examination ought to have revealed
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NO IMPLIED NO IMPLIED CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO CONDITION/WARRANTY AS TO
QUALITY OF FITNESSQUALITY OF FITNESS
Exception 3Exception 3An implied warranty or condition as to quality An implied warranty or condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by usage of trade.annexed by usage of trade.
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IMPLIED CONDITIONS WHEN IMPLIED CONDITIONS WHEN SALE BY SAMPLESALE BY SAMPLE
Bulk shall correspond with sample in quality Bulk shall correspond with sample in quality
Buyer to have reasonable opportunity of Buyer to have reasonable opportunity of comparing bulk with samplecomparing bulk with sample
Goods free from defect, rendering them Goods free from defect, rendering them unmerchantable, which would not be unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of apparent on reasonable examination of sample.sample.
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TRANSFER OF PROPERTYTRANSFER OF PROPERTYGeneric goodsGeneric goods
Goods must be ascertainedGoods must be ascertained
Generic GoodsGeneric Goods
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Property passes when intended to passProperty passes when intended to pass
Specific goods in a deliverable state Specific goods in a deliverable state
Specific goods to be put into a deliverable Specific goods to be put into a deliverable statestate
Specific goods in a deliverable state, when Specific goods in a deliverable state, when the seller has to do anything in order to the seller has to do anything in order to ascertain price ascertain price
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY – TRANSFER OF PROPERTY – SPECIFIC GOODSSPECIFIC GOODS
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Contract for sale of unascertained or future Contract for sale of unascertained or future goods by description goods by description
Goods in a deliverable state Goods in a deliverable state Goods unconditionally appropriated to contract Goods unconditionally appropriated to contract
by delivery to buyer or carrier by delivery to buyer or carrier Appropriation by seller with assent of buyer or Appropriation by seller with assent of buyer or
by buyer with assent of seller by buyer with assent of seller Assent express or implied Assent express or implied Assent before or after appropriationAssent before or after appropriation
TRANSFER OF PROPERTYTRANSFER OF PROPERTY Sale of unascertained goods and Sale of unascertained goods and appropriation, Delivery to carrierappropriation, Delivery to carrier
Property passes on appropriationProperty passes on appropriation
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WHEN UNCONDITIONAL WHEN UNCONDITIONAL APPROPRIATION?APPROPRIATION?
Seller delivers goods to buyer/carrier/Seller delivers goods to buyer/carrier/
bailee (whether named by buyer or not)bailee (whether named by buyer or not)
Delivery is pursuant to the contractDelivery is pursuant to the contract
Delivery is for purpose of transmission to Delivery is for purpose of transmission to buyerbuyer
Seller does not reserve the right of Seller does not reserve the right of disposaldisposal
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CONDITIONAL CONDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONAPPROPRIATION
Where seller will not part with the Where seller will not part with the goods until he is paid.goods until he is paid.
Where seller ships goods as per Where seller ships goods as per contract but takes out bill of lading to contract but takes out bill of lading to his own order or to the order of his his own order or to the order of his agent. (reserving the right of agent. (reserving the right of disposal)disposal)
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PASSING OF PROPERTY – PASSING OF PROPERTY – APPROVAL BASIS OR SALE OR APPROVAL BASIS OR SALE OR
RETURNRETURN
Property passes when buyerProperty passes when buyer : : Signifies his approval/acceptance to Signifies his approval/acceptance to
seller seller
Does any act, adopting the transactionDoes any act, adopting the transaction
Retains goods without giving notice or Retains goods without giving notice or rejection.rejection.
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TRANSFER OF TITLETRANSFER OF TITLE Nemo dat quod non habet- No one can Nemo dat quod non habet- No one can
give what he does not possessgive what he does not possess
Sale by person not owner – ExceptionsSale by person not owner – Exceptions
Title by estoppelTitle by estoppel Sale by mercantile agentSale by mercantile agent
Sale by one of the joint ownersSale by one of the joint owners
Sale by a person in possession under voidable contractSale by a person in possession under voidable contract
Sale by a seller in possession after saleSale by a seller in possession after sale
Sale by a buyer in possession before saleSale by a buyer in possession before sale
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Performance of contractPerformance of contract
Duties of seller and buyerDuties of seller and buyer Payment and delivery are concurrent conditionsPayment and delivery are concurrent conditions DeliveryDelivery Effect of part deliveryEffect of part delivery Buyer to apply for deliveryBuyer to apply for delivery Rules as to deliveryRules as to delivery Delivery of wrong quantityDelivery of wrong quantity Installment deliveryInstallment delivery Delivery to carrier or wharfingDelivery to carrier or wharfing Risk where goods are delivered at distant placeRisk where goods are delivered at distant place AcceptanceAcceptance Buyer not bound to return rejected goodsBuyer not bound to return rejected goods Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of
goods.goods.
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RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER AGAINST GOODSAGAINST GOODS
Rights of Unpaid Seller Against Goods
LIENLien, When?Part Delivery
Termination of Lien
STOPPAGE IN TRANSITRight, When?
Duration of TransitHow effected?
RESALE
Who is a seller?Who is a seller?
When is seller unpaid?When is seller unpaid?
What are his rights vis-à-vis goods?What are his rights vis-à-vis goods?
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FOBFOBANDAND
CIF CONTRACTSCIF CONTRACTS
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Ex-Works or Ex-Factory………………….. Free Ex-Works or Ex-Factory………………….. Free delivereddelivered
In between host of contractsIn between host of contracts
Most important FOB, CIFMost important FOB, CIF
FOB AND CIF CONTRACTS
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FOB CONTRACTSFOB CONTRACTS Pyrene V/s Scindia Navigation 1945 Pyrene V/s Scindia Navigation 1945
QB, All. E. R.QB, All. E. R.
Flexible instrument- not susceptible to rigid Flexible instrument- not susceptible to rigid definitiondefinition Central idea-price paid to seller includes all Central idea-price paid to seller includes all costs up costs up to loading in a ship nominated by buyer.to loading in a ship nominated by buyer. Normally property and risk passes when goods Normally property and risk passes when goods cross cross the ship’s railthe ship’s rail Incidents can be varied without losing its essential Incidents can be varied without losing its essential nature.nature.
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FOB contracts:FOB contracts:
FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)
Classic/strictClassic/strict
ModernModern
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Seller’s dutiesSeller’s duties
FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)
Ship free on board goods as described in Ship free on board goods as described in contract of contract of sale on the nominated vessel at the port of sale on the nominated vessel at the port of loadingloading Pay all costs for handling and transport till Pay all costs for handling and transport till goods on goods on boardboard
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The Buyer’s dutiesThe Buyer’s duties
FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)
Advise seller in good time on what ship goods Advise seller in good time on what ship goods are to are to be shippedbe shipped Designate/nominate a shipDesignate/nominate a ship
Secure shipping spaceSecure shipping space
Obtain export licenseObtain export license
Enter and declare the goods with customs Enter and declare the goods with customs authoritiesauthorities
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GoodsGoods Port of loadingPort of loading Nomination of shipNomination of ship DeliveryDelivery LoadingLoading Passing of PropertyPassing of Property Administrative duties and paymentsAdministrative duties and payments
Brandt & Co. V/s Morris (1917) KB,Brandt & Co. V/s Morris (1917) KB, Pound & Co. V/s Hardy & Co., (1956) AC (HL)Pound & Co. V/s Hardy & Co., (1956) AC (HL)
PaymentPayment
FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)FOB CONTRACTS (contd…)
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CIF CONTRACTSCIF CONTRACTSClassical judicial definition of CIF given by Classical judicial definition of CIF given by
Atkinson Atkinson in Johnson V/s Taylor Bros. [1920] AC 144.in Johnson V/s Taylor Bros. [1920] AC 144.
Make out an invoice of goods soldMake out an invoice of goods sold Ship at port of shipment goods of contract descriptionShip at port of shipment goods of contract description Procure a contract of affreightmentProcure a contract of affreightment Arrange for an insurance policyArrange for an insurance policy Forward and tender to the buyer shipping documentsForward and tender to the buyer shipping documents
The seller may sell on cif terms goods which he has The seller may sell on cif terms goods which he has shipped or may himself buy goods already shipped and shipped or may himself buy goods already shipped and then sell them cif. Hence he may not be able to plead an then sell them cif. Hence he may not be able to plead an export ban as frustrating his contract as he can buy goods export ban as frustrating his contract as he can buy goods already shipped.already shipped.
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Difference between fob with Difference between fob with additional duties and cif contract additional duties and cif contract
CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)
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A sale of documents? A sale of documents?
CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)
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Documents in CIF contractsDocuments in CIF contracts
CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)CIF CONTRACTS (CONTD…)
InvoiceInvoice
Bill of LadingBill of Ladingo Substitute for Bill of LadingSubstitute for Bill of Lading
Policy of insurancePolicy of insuranceo Certificate of InsuranceCertificate of Insurance
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LAW RELATING LAW RELATING TO TO
SEA TRANSPORTSEA TRANSPORT
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CHARTER PARTYCHARTER PARTY
CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTIMENT
Charter-Party Bill of Lading
Voyage DemiseTime
Implied undertakings in charter parties
Frustration of charter party
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DefinitionDefinition
HistoryHistory
BILL OF LADINGBILL OF LADING
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FunctionsFunctions
BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)
Receipt- goods received or shipped?Receipt- goods received or shipped?
o Leading marks for identificationLeading marks for identificationo No of pieces/packages, quantity, wtNo of pieces/packages, quantity, wto Apparent order and conditionApparent order and condition
Document of title to the goodsDocument of title to the goods
Quasi – negotiable Quasi – negotiable instrumentinstrument
Contract or evidence of contract?Contract or evidence of contract?
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Section 3 of Bill of Lading Act, 1856Section 3 of Bill of Lading Act, 1856
Every bill of lading in the hands of a consignee or endorsee Every bill of lading in the hands of a consignee or endorsee for valuable consideration, representing goods to have for valuable consideration, representing goods to have been shipped on board a vessel, shall be been shipped on board a vessel, shall be conclusive conclusive evidenceevidence of such shipment as against the of such shipment as against the master or master or other person signingother person signing the same, notwithstanding that the same, notwithstanding that such goods or some parts there of may not have been so such goods or some parts there of may not have been so shipped, unless such holder of the bill of lading shall have shipped, unless such holder of the bill of lading shall have had actual notice at the time of receiving the same that the had actual notice at the time of receiving the same that the goods had not in fact been laden on board; Provided that goods had not in fact been laden on board; Provided that the master or other person so signing may exonerate the master or other person so signing may exonerate himself, in respect of such misrepresentation by showing himself, in respect of such misrepresentation by showing that it was caused without any default on his part, and that it was caused without any default on his part, and wholly by the fraud of the shipper, or of the holder or some wholly by the fraud of the shipper, or of the holder or some person under whom the holder claims.person under whom the holder claims.
BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)
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Section 1 of Bill of Lading Act, 1856Section 1 of Bill of Lading Act, 1856
Every Every consigneeconsignee of goods named in a bill of of goods named in a bill of lading and every lading and every endorseeendorsee of a bill of lading of a bill of lading to whom the to whom the property in the goodsproperty in the goods therein therein mentioned shall pass, upon or mentioned shall pass, upon or by reason of by reason of such consignment or endorsementsuch consignment or endorsement shall shall have transferred to and vested in him all have transferred to and vested in him all rights of suit, and be subject to the same rights of suit, and be subject to the same liabilities in respect of such goods as if the liabilities in respect of such goods as if the contract contained in the bill of ladingcontract contained in the bill of lading had been made with himself.had been made with himself.
BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)BILL OF LADING (CONTD…)
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONSINTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Hague Rules 1924Hague Rules 1924
Hague-Visby Rules 1968 (in force in 1977)Hague-Visby Rules 1968 (in force in 1977)
Protocol amending HV Rules 1979 (in force in Protocol amending HV Rules 1979 (in force in 1984)1984)
Hamburg Rules 1978 (in force 1992 November)Hamburg Rules 1978 (in force 1992 November)
UN Convention on International Multimodal UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980 (not yet operative)Transport of Goods, 1980 (not yet operative)
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DOMESTIC LAWSDOMESTIC LAWS
Bill of Lading Act, 1856Bill of Lading Act, 1856
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925
Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993, Amendment in 20001993, Amendment in 2000
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Rules relating to Bills of Lading:Rules relating to Bills of Lading:
ARTICLE II:ARTICLE II:
Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage…………….. hereinafter set contract of carriage…………….. hereinafter set forth.forth.
ARTICLE VI:ARTICLE VI:
Special Conditions:Special Conditions:Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier…… shall be at liberty to enter Articles, a carrier…… shall be at liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to into any agreement in any terms as to responsibility and liability of the carrier….responsibility and liability of the carrier….
Hague/Hague-Visby RulesHague/Hague-Visby Rules
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ARTICLE III:ARTICLE III:
Rule 1:Rule 1:The carrier shall be bound before and at the The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy……to make the ship seaworthy……
Rule 2:Rule 2:Subject to the provisions of Article IVSubject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier , the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle ----- the shall properly and carefully load, handle ----- the goods.goods.
ARTICLE IV:ARTICLE IV:
Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from…………..loss or damage arising or resulting from…………..
Hague/Hague-Visby RulesHague/Hague-Visby Rules
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ARTICLE III:ARTICLE III:
Rule 5:Rule 5:
The shipper shall be deemed to have The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteedguaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, no………time of shipment of the marks, no………And the shipper shall And the shipper shall indemnifyindemnify the carrier the carrier against all loss….. resulting from against all loss….. resulting from inaccuracies.inaccuracies.The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way in no way limit his responsibility/liabilitylimit his responsibility/liability under the carriage contract to any person under the carriage contract to any person other than the shipper.other than the shipper.
Hague/Hague-Visby RulesHague/Hague-Visby Rules