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Contractor Quality and Contractor Buy In in Minnesota
WCPA 2015 AnnualConcrete Pavement Workshop
February 12-13, 2015Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Presented by:
Matthew J. Zeller P.E.Executive DirectorCPAM
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 1 of 45
MINNESOTA’S EXPERIENCE WITHLOW W/C RATIO PAVEMENTS
WCPA 2013 ANNUAL CONCRETEPAVEMENT WORKSHOP
FEBRUARY 13, 2013
Maria Masten, PEConcrete Engineer
Minnesota Department of TransportationOffice of Materials and Road Research
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 2 of 45
A Little About Quality
• Several definitions of quality• Varies depending on business• Many traits agreed upon• One general definition
“Quality is the systematicpursuit of excellence.”
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 3 of 45
The W. Edwards Deming Institute PDSA Cycle
The cycle begins with the Plan step. This involves identifying a goal or purpose, formulating a theory, defining success metrics and putting a plan into action. These activities are followed by the Do step, in which the components of the plan are implemented, such as making a product. Next comes the Study step, where outcomes are monitored to test the validity of the plan for signs of progress and success, or problems and areas for improvement. The Act step closes the cycle, integrating the learning generated by the entire process, which can be used to adjust the goal, change methods or even reformulate a theory altogether. These four steps are repeated over and over as part of a never-ending cycle of continual improvement.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 4 of 45
“Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.”
- Henry Ford
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Contractors Are Businesses
• There are several common traits of successful businesses.– The most common is profit
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 6 of 45
Agencies Represent the Taxpayers
• Agencies should expect the best product possible for a fair price while balancing risk and cost.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 7 of 45
What Makes This Work Best?
• Owner needs to realize and understand that the contractors need to make money.
• Contractor needs to provide a product that meets or exceeds the owners expectations.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 8 of 45
“Chemical Admixtures for Concrete” 2nd Edition by M.R. Rixom and N.P. Mailvaganam
"The single parameter that has the largest influence on durability is the w/c ratio."
~ Sidney Mindess and J. Francis Young
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 9 of 45
Minnesota Paving SpecificationsPre 1995
• Typical w/c ratio – 0.46• Min Cement – 450 lb• Min Cementitious – 530 lb
• Air Content – 5.5% +/- 1.5%
• 15% fly ash allowed• No admixtures allowed
Post 1995• w/c ratio ≤ 0.40• Min Cement – 400 lb• Min Cementitious – 530 lb• Max Cementitious – 600 lb• Air Content – 7.0% +/- 1.5%
(≥ 5.0 behind paver)• 30% max fly ash allowed• Admixtures allowed
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 10 of 45
Why Did We Change Specifications
• Durability/pavement life
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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W/C Ratio Pilot Projects - 1995
• Different Variations Were Tried– Bought Water Reducer for Contractor– MnDOT Designed Mixes– Well-Graded Aggregate Variations– ??– ??
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 12 of 45
How Do We Get Contractor Buy In To These Ideas?
• Reward excellence (incentives)• Reward innovation (incentives)• Encourage new ideas (incentives)• Allow for mistakes and failure (penalties
allowed before remove and replace)
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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How Did The Transition Go?
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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How Did The Transition Go?• Water reducers• Cement• Fly ash• Sand• Aggregate gradation• Recycled aggregates• Finishing• It’s a “system”
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 15 of 45
How Did We Work Through The Changes And Get Contractor Buy In?
• Communication!!!– Contractors need to know what the objectives are– Contractors need to know what has worked and
what hasn’t– Contractors need to be given leeway/opportunity
to learn• Shared risk• More carrot than stick
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Where Are We Now?
• Contractors believe in and buy into the incentive system.
• Quality has increased– Ride– Durability/permeability– Aggregate options
• Agencies do not believe incentives are just an add on
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Minnesota’s Initiatives
Performance Based Specifications For Concrete Pavement
• w/cm• Aggregate quality• Aggregate gradation• Ride
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Implementation of w/c RatioYear Maximum
w/c ratioMinimum
w/c ratio for incentive
TargetAir Content (+/-
1.5%)
Admixtures Allowed
1996 0.40 0.35 6.5% Type A Water Reducers
Type A and Type A Mid Range Water Reducers
2006 0.40 0.35 7.0%2010 VMA and Hydration
Stabilizers2011 0.40 0.37
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 23 of 45
Optimize Aggregate Gradations to Enhance Concrete Properties
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 24 of 45
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Well-Graded Aggregate
Year Optional8 – 18 %
Retained
Optional 7 – 18 %
Retained
RequiredHPC
8 – 18% Retained
Alternate Bid 6 – 18% Retained
Workability and Coarseness Factor
– ZONE II-A
1996 $0.50 NA NA NA NA1998 $2.00 NA NA NA NA2000 $2.00 $0.50 -$5.00 NA NA2010 $2.00 $0.50 NA** -$2.00 $2.00
**ELIMINATED HPC PAVING SPECIFICATIONS
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 26 of 45
Goals of AggregateQuality Incentives
Reduce life cycle costs by increasing pavement life by enhancing
aggregate durability
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 27 of 45
Aggregate Quality Enhancement
• Incentive/disincentive–Maximum incentive $2.00/cy, $1.00/cy for two most prevalent coarse aggregates, partial incentive also available
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 28 of 45
Concrete Ride Specification
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 29 of 45
Concrete Curing
• Probably the most ignored process of concrete paving
• Mn/DOT Specs require blanket cure or membrane cure
• Membrane cure requires poly-alpha-methyl styrene (AMS) 1999 +/-
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 30 of 45
Concrete Curing
• AMS (PAMS) has:– 5 to 10 TIMES (not %) less water loss at 1 and
3 days according to MnDOT lab tests
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Some QuestionsRegarding Incentives
• How much do incentives cost?• How much of the risk is bid in by the
contractor?• How much additional life is gained by
increasing the quality attributes (life cycle costs)?
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Contractors will reduce their bids partially to account for some of the
expected incentive to assure being the low bidder
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Intent of Specification is to Allow Contractors to Optimize Costs and
Materials to Maximize Benefits and Reduce Risks.
• Incentives will be bid in as contractors become accustomed.
• All but impossible to measure how much incentives are bid into project.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 36 of 45
Concrete Mix Design
•Contractor Mix Design– Typical mix design consists of:
• Average w/c = 0.38• Aggregate Quality incentive averages $1.00/cy
(50% of available incentive)• Typically do not meet well graded incentive but
intermediate aggregates often used to reduce segregation of mix and increase workability
• Ride incentive on highways (high production projects) – typically earn 50% or better of incentive
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 37 of 45
Max of 2500 coulombs at 28 days for HPC
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 38 of 45
What is Our Future?
• We are evaluating our pavements to see if the specifications are giving us the results we are looking for
• We have been reviewing our specifications to see if we are heading in the right direction
• We will continue to review/evaluate/update (PDSA)
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 39 of 45
What Has Made Our Incentive System Successful?
• MnDOT Identified what was important to them and developed a way to measure it.– What do you see as valuable and important to
the success of your concrete pavements?• Communication• Not afraid to write the check
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 40 of 45
CPAM Goals & Objectives• To provide assistance in the design and planning of roads,
streets and airfields;• To encourage and promote the use of concrete in the
paving and construction of highways, streets and airfields;• To advance the use of concrete road materials by
identifying and disseminating literature and research findings related to the advantages of concrete;
• To provide cooperation and aid to local, state and federal authorities in establishing standards for highway, street and airfield construction; and
• To maintain a high standard of workmanship and product quality by concrete paving contractors.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 41 of 45
CPAM Bylaws
… To maintain a high standard of workmanship and product by concrete paving contractors and to encourage sound, lawful business practices in the trade for the benefit of the public and contracting authorities;
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Matt Zeller Presentation February 12, 2015 42 of 45
Git-R-Done
“Don't find fault, find a remedy; anybody can complain”
- Henry Ford
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Partner (Synonyms)
• Collaboration• Ally• Alignment• Consortium• Support• Work together
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Questions?
Thank You!
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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