contrasting water quality and health issues in rural and urban communities nacaa2007 joan b. rose...
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Contrasting Water Quality and Health Issues in Rural and Urban Communities
nacaa2007 Joan B. Rose
Michigan State University
Water Connection Between Human Health and the Environment
WATER
Oceans
StreamsRiversFOOD
Produce
PorkFish
Poultry
Beef
HUMAN HEALTH
Elderly Children
Immuno-compromised
Agricultural Runoff
HandlingPreparation
Consumption
Irrigation
Fertilization
Animal & Human Feces
Recreational& Drinking
Water
Lakes
GroundWater
HealthCare
Water in the Urban vs the Rural Areas
• URBAN (point sources)• Wastewater treatment
systems with larger flows• Combined Sewer
Overflows• Aging Infrastructure, spills • Community Water• Tourism focus at coastal
areas
• RURAL (diffuse)• Septic tanks; Smaller
wastewater plants & lagoon systems
• Animal manure & Biosolids application
• Groundwater & Individual wells• Less monitoring & less
information on water quality• Source of food supply
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT ISSUES
• New Rules: Ground water Rule,
• Long-Term Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
• Watershed Protection.
• Sensitive Populations.
• Contaminant Candidate List.
CLEAN WATER ACT • Fishable/ Swimmable• Biological/chemical/Physical Integrity• NPDES Discharge permitting system
(wastewater and stormwater) CSOs, SSOs• BEACH ACT• Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)• Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
(CAFO)• Water Quality Protection Plans
A few definitions…
•Pathogen = microbial agent causing disease
•Enteric pathogen = agent causing intestinal disease; EXCRETED IN THE FECES
• Zoonotic pathogen = a pathogen of animals that can infect humans
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Pathogens of Concern
Viruses Bacteria Parasites
THE DISEASES: diarrhea, respiratory illness, liver damage, kidney failure, heart disease, cancer, nervous system disorders; birth defects, death.
E.coli• One measure of water quality is the
numbers of the fecal indicator organism E.coli ,a harmless bacterium found in the gut of humans and animals including birds.
• Presence indicates the possible presence of pathogens.
• Pathogens cause disease (from water due to ingestion or inhalation)
• Special types of E.coli are “true pathogens” like E.coli 0157H7
Sources of E.coli and Pathogens
Agricultural run-off
Animal farming operations
Waste water/Sewage
treatment Septic systems
Combined Sewer Overflow
Wildlife
Recreational Irrigation Drinking
Water Sources That Can Be Threatened
By Fecal-borne Pathogens
Seafood
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Manure-Borne Pathogens that May Threaten U.S. Water Supplies
Protozoan Parasites
Enteric Viruses?Other Pathogens
Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance
MicrosporidiaSLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Zoonotic Pathogens
BACTERIA• Campylobacter• E.coli• SalmonellaPARASITES• Cryptosporidium• Giardia
Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium
Host ingests oocyst
Animal reservoir
C. parvum
Obligate intracellular parasite
C. hominus restrictive to human to human transfer
The Emergence of Cryptosporidium
• As a pathogen– 1908 - 1st description of organism in mice– 1976 - 1st report of infection & illness in
humans
• As a waterborne pathogen – 1984 - 1st waterborne outbreak, Braun
Station, TX, 47 cases; warning re: Cryptosporidium at WQTC
– 1987 - Carrollton, GA waterborne outbreak, 13,000 cases
– 1993 - Milwaukee, WI waterborne outbreak, >400,000 cases; AIDS mortality = ~70%
• As a Foodborne Pathogen– 1993 - 1st foodborne outbreak, in apple
cider
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WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS IN THE U.S.
Recreational Outbreaks in Ambient Waters
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89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000
Year
Agricultural Environments
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Ground Water Environment
Ground water occurs in the rocks beneath us. The types of rocks determine how protected the water is from human activities. Images from USGS Circular 1139 --http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/index.html
Virus contamination of ground and surface water
E. Coli casts shadow over public beaches
E. Coli casts shadow over public beaches
St. Clair, Sanilac monitor health threat
St. Clair, Sanilac monitor health threat
Groundwater Risks Lessons Learned Walkerton, Ontario Outbreak (occurred In small communityUsing Ground water).
Source: Application ofAnimal Waste/Manure ?
Monitoring and Disinfection not addressed.
2300 CASES7 DEATHS27 CASES of HUS
5 years later community still suffering.
• FDA Home Page | CFSAN Home | Search/Subject Index | Q & A | Help
• September 16, 2006; Updated October 20, 2006 • Nationwide E. Coli O157:H7 Outbreak: Questions &
Answers
• FDA and the State of California announced October 12 that the test results for certain samples collected during the field investigation of the outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in spinach are positive for E. coli O157:H7. Specifically, samples of cattle feces on one of the implicated ranches tested positive based on matching genetic fingerprints for the same strain of E. coli O157:H7 that sickened 204 people.
1. What do you think are the most significant challenges we are currently facing in regard to food safety/ and or water safety?
2. What are the new tools and techniques that could assist us in meeting these challenges?
3. What should we be doing right now in regard to monitoring and reporting?
WATER QUALITY & HEALTHWhat do you think are the most significant challenges in regard to food safety/ and or water safety?
There are numerous emerging pathogens and issues and there is a lack of scientific information regarding sources, occurrence, transport, and survival/persistence. Thus lack of scientific knowledge is a severe impediment to informed choices and management strategies.
We should be monitoring and reporting water quality in a risk framework
Enteric Pathogens:Contributing Factors for
Environmental Persistence and Transmission
• High numbers shed in feces• Increased survival• Low infectious dose• Increased resistance to
disinfection/treatment• Multiple routes of
transmission• Cause Animal and human
infectionsSLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
What are the new tools and techniques that could assist us in meeting these challenges?
• VIRUSES & PATHOGEN TESTING• INDICATORS & SOURCE
TRACKING
• TRACER STUDIES
What is PCR?
• Enzymatic reaction that makes many copies of DNA from single molecule
• 2n copies of DNA from single molecule where n = No. of cycles
• So, 35 cycles of PCR would yield 235 copies of DNA
RESULTS in WASTEWATER
Sample IFA Oocysts/100 L PCR Result Species/Genotype
1 4 8 - -
2 107 209 + C. parvum genotype 2
3 5 61 - -
4 5 10 - -
5 83 162 + C. parvum genotype 2
6 151 319 + C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
7 26 55 - -
8 3 6 - -
9 2 8 - -
10 40 120 + C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
11 26 53 + C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2
12 26 104 + C. parvum genotype 2
Cryptosporidium in Michigan Waters
• Red Cedar in E. Lansing• Levels 21.5 oocysts/100L
11.0 oocysts/100L 6.0 oocysts/100L
• Level in Farm Ditches/Drain Fields– 3 to 5,990 oocysts/100L– 132 infectious oocysts/100L
• Levels in the Grand River– 1 to 50 oocysts/100L
#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y
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Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties Crypto Sampling Locations
Hill
sdal
e C
ount
y Lanawee C
ounty
Bear Creek at Morse Black Creek at Crockett
Stoney Creek at Seneca
Rice Lake Drain
Bear Creek at Medina
VHI Stormwater
Culvert at Tamarack
St. JoeCreek at Beecher
WolfCreek at Forrister
M-34
Adrian
M-52
US 223
M-50
Morenci
Hudson
Crypto in Michigan Waters
Cryptosporidium was found in 11 surface water sites near CAFO farms which may have been the source of the oocysts. The site with the highest detected level of Cryptosporidium was at the white tile that drains into Rice Lake Drain near the Haley Road crossing with levels as high as 5990 oocysts per 10L. Giardia was detected at 8 of the surface water sites. Viable and infectious oocysts were also detected. High levels of E.coli bacteria were reported as well.
C. Andersonii & C. parvum were most frequently identified genetically, but C. hominus was also found.
Microbial Source Tracking•Tools are now available to determine the molecular fingerprint of the fecal pollution.•Health risks•Remediation•Prioritization•Responsibility
Microbial Source Tracking (MST)
• Indicator bacteria doesn’t provide source of pollution
• Track sources of fecal contamination in water
• MST can be library dependent
or library independent
Culture vs nonculture
• Culture dependent methods target viable organisms only
• Non- culture methods target both viable and non viable cells
Host specific
• Host specific method is library independent• For Library-dependent, DNA libraries are built
using isolates from animals & human sources in the area
• Using these libraries to match to the unknown environmental sample
• Host specific method requires no library, the marker is specific to the host
Most Promising tools are microbial host-specific markers
Proteobacteria
A. ESP in EnterococciFor human sewage detection
B. Adenoviruses, distinguishesHuman from Cow
C. Bacteroides Bacteria: human and cow systems being tested and a bird marker may be available soon
Tracer Study: impact of sewage release at the beach
Study Area
Grand Rapids
Lak
e M
ich
iga
n
Grand Haven
Grand River
Materials and Methods
• Injection of biological tracer(PRD-1) and chemical tracer (rhodamine wt dye) ~ 2 km upstream of USGS gauge in Grand Rapids, MI
• 8 sampling points from
3 bridges downstream Sampling stations
Distance from injection site
(km)
Wealthy St. Bridge 4.54
28th St. Bridge 13.56
Lake Michigan Dr Bridge 27.88
PRD-1
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Time after injection (hr)
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WC
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TR
TC
TL
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LR
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TRACER: Distance: 17 MILES
Time: 16 hoursTravel Speed: 1.06 miles per hour
Up to 2 days to reach the beachViruses reduced 99.99%
Holding Pond
Surface Water
Groundwater
Aerosol Transport & Deposition
Manure storage
Land Application
Well head impacts
Direct Deposition
Runoff Runoff
SLIDE PROVIDED BY DR. JEANETTE THURSTON, ARS, NEBRASKA
Application0.5 to0.8 gallonsPer sq feet
Virus Tracer per sq ft170 million
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100 Day
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Preliminary data: occurrence of Tracer in the monitoring of the tile drain
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RISK ASSESSMENT PARADIGM
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Types of microorganisms and disease end-points
DOSE-RESPONSE Human feeding studies, clinical studies, less virulent microbes and health adults
EXPOSURE Monitoring data, indicators and modeling used to address exposure
RISK CHARACTERIZATION Magnitude of the risk, uncertainty and variability
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
CHARACTERIZATION
WATER quality Reporting Human & animal diseases.
ANALYSIS
PROBLEM FORMULATION
RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
RESEARCH NEEDS
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Types of pathogens in various sources.
Define manure as a beneficial product with targeted levels of pathogen reduction associated with processing of animal waste, verified through monitoring.
EXPOSURE Monitoring data, indicators and modeling used to address exposure, from farms to water ways, septic tank impacts and sewage spills and effluent discharges.
Thank You!
Any Questions??