Contribution from Contribution from Natural Sources of Natural Sources of

Aerosol Particles to PM Aerosol Particles to PM in Canadain Canada

Sunling GongSunling Gong

Scientific Team: Scientific Team: Tianliang Zhao,Tianliang Zhao,David Lavoue, Richard Leaitch,David Lavoue, Richard Leaitch,

NARCMNARCM

NARCM

RCMRegional Climate Model

CAMCanadian Aerosol Module

DynamicsPhysics

Semi-LagrangeTracer Transport

Source Function Aerosol Processes

NCEP

Aerosol Mass BalanceAerosol Mass Balance

ij ij

TRANSPORT

ij

SURFACE

ij

CLEAR AIR

ij

DRY

ij

IN CLOUD

ij

BELOW CLOUDS

t t t t t

t t

Gong et al. 2003, JGRCAM: A Size Segregated Simulation of Atmospheric Aerosol Processes for Climate and Air Quality Models1. Module Development

Source FunctionsSource Functions

•Sea-saltSea-salt•Soil dustSoil dust•DMS - SulphateDMS - Sulphate•BC/OCBC/OC

Bio-mass burningBio-mass burning

Sr

SSrela

tot drrdSRRug

EG )(11 23*

6)(%134.010 claytotSD GF

Horizontal and Vertical Horizontal and Vertical FluxesFluxes

r < 20 m

** uuR t

Marticorena and Bergametti [1995]

Source Functions – Soil DustSource Functions – Soil Dust

Parameters NeededParameters NeededSoil Features

– Roughness– Texture (size distribution)– Composition– Land use

Meteorology– Wind speed– Soil moisture

Source Functions – Soil DustSource Functions – Soil Dust

Source Functions – Sea-saltSource Functions – Sea-salt

dr

rdF

dr

rdF

dr

rdFSS )()()( 01

By two mechanisms:By two mechanisms:

[Monahan [Monahan et alet al. 1986]. 1986]

Global Budgets for the 1980s

Biomass Burning

Fossil Fuels3

Natural Sources1

Savannas1

Tropical forests1

Boreal & temperate vegetation fires2

Agricultural fires1

Domestic fuels1

2.171.930.330.531.00

15.516.6

5.93.19.3

7.8

9.45.10

TOTAL

_

B.C.(Tg year-1)

P.O.M.(Tg year-1)

11.06 67.61Liousse et al. (1996), 2Lavoué et al. (2000), 3Cooke et al. (1999)

5.96 50.4

Source Functions – Bio-MassSource Functions – Bio-Mass

Boreal Forest Fire Emissions, 1998

Source Functions – BC/OCSource Functions – BC/OC

Black Carbon, Canada

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

BC

(t)

30%

Source Functions – BC/OCSource Functions – BC/OC

0

250,000

500,000

750,000

1,000,000

1,250,000

1,500,000

1,750,000

2,000,000

2,250,000

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

PO

C (

t)

90%Particulate Organic Carbon, Canada

Source Functions – BC/OCSource Functions – BC/OC

nM JanuarynM January

Source Functions – DMSSource Functions – DMS

1998 – BC/OC 1998 – BC/OC from biomass onlyfrom biomass only

2001 – spring 2001 – spring with all sourceswith all sources

ResultsResults

Results – Dust AerosolsResults – Dust Aerosols

Results – Soil DustResults – Soil Dust

POM ConcentrationsPOM Concentrations

Results – BCResults – BC

Canadian Fires, 1998

Organic Matter Summertime Organic Matter Summertime ConcentrationsConcentrations

Surface concentration (ng.m-3)

Column loading (ug.m-2)

Results –OCResults –OC

Sulphate - May 1998Sulphate - May 1998

Sulphate - Aug 1998Sulphate - Aug 1998

OC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998OC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998

OC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998OC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998

BC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998BC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998

BC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998BC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998

Results – Sea-saltResults – Sea-salt

Sea-salt to PM in East Sea-salt to PM in East Canada – 2001 SpringCanada – 2001 Spring

%

g m-3

Results – Sea-saltResults – Sea-salt

Sea-salt to PM in Sea-salt to PM in West Canada – 2001 West Canada – 2001 SpringSpring

g m-3

%

Other Natural AerosolsOther Natural Aerosols

DMS (Oceanic & Land) DMS (Oceanic & Land)

DMS+OH DMS+OH SO SO22 H H22SOSO44

Biogenic EmissionBiogenic Emission Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA)Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA)

VolcanoesVolcanoesSOSO22 and sulphate and sulphate

Saturna Island[48.78° N, 123.13° W]

Y ear (spring)

Su

rfa

ce

Du

st

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n [

g m

-3]

0.1

1

10

Ca

lciu

m [

g m

-3]

0.1

1Modeled ConcentrationObserved Calcium

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Interannual Variations – Soil DustInterannual Variations – Soil Dust

Black Carbon, Canada

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

BC

(t)

30%

Interannual Variations – Bio-MassInterannual Variations – Bio-Mass

0

250,000

500,000

750,000

1,000,000

1,250,000

1,500,000

1,750,000

2,000,000

2,250,000

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

PO

C (

t)

90%

Interannual Variations – Bio-MassInterannual Variations – Bio-Mass

Particulate Organic Carbon, Canada

SURFACE OZONE ENHANCEMENTS CAUSED BYSURFACE OZONE ENHANCEMENTS CAUSED BY

ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT CONTINENTSANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT CONTINENTS GEOS-CHEMmodel, July 1997

North America

Europe

Asia

Li et al. [2001]

Inter-continental TransportInter-continental TransportHow much background level of ozone can be

attributed to inter-continental transport in Canada?

How much background level of PM in Canada can be attributed to inter-continental transport?

What is the impact of economic developments in other continents to Canadian AQ?

Intercontinental transport and Intercontinental transport and Climatic effects of Air Pollutants Climatic effects of Air Pollutants

(ICAP) (ICAP) To conduct an assessment of long-range transport and

impacts on the regional climate. (1) the role of anthropogenic emissions originating

from outside North America in U.S. air quality and the global distribution of air pollutants;

(2) the role of anthropogenic emissions from the U.S. and other developed countries in determining air quality in other regions;

(3) the contributions of important source categories (e.g., biomass burning, utility sector, transportation sector) and their pollutant emissions (e.g., ozone and PM precursors, black carbon, methane) to regional air quality and climate.

Multiyear simulation – more scenarios– High and low contributions

Large domain – including Sahara desertComparison with observationsSeparate natural and anthropogenic

simulationsMulti-frame work and pollutants

– GEM/AQ, AURAMS, ….– CO, O3, BC/OC, ….

Future WorkFuture Work

A frame work for studying the A frame work for studying the contributions of natural contributions of natural aerosols to the background aerosols to the background PM in Canada has been PM in Canada has been established.established.

Seal-salt and bio-mass Seal-salt and bio-mass burning contribute burning contribute substantially to the substantially to the background PM depending on background PM depending on time and locations.time and locations.

Summary - 1Summary - 1

•Natural contributions have a Natural contributions have a large interannual variations.large interannual variations.

•More simulations should More simulations should been done to characterize the been done to characterize the variations of these variations of these contributions as well as other contributions as well as other natural components.natural components.

Summary - 2Summary - 2