contribution of zeppelin and air transportation system used by germans

8/3/2019 Contribution of Zeppelin and Air Transportation System Used by Germans

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SPACE QUOTES

1. We are at a point in history where a proper attention to space, and especially near space, may be absolutely crucial in

bringing the world together. - Margaret Mead

2. Nothing endures but change. - Heraclitus, about 500 B.C.

3. If I could get one message to you it would be this: the future of this country and the welfare of the free world

depends upon our success in space. There is no room in this country for any but a fully cooperative, urgently motivatedall-out effort toward space leadership. No one person, no one company, no one government agency, has a monopoly on

the competence, the missions, or the requirements for the space program. - Lyndon Baines Johnson

4. Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible. - Lord Kelvin, 1892

5. The demonstration that no possible combination of known substances, known forms of machinery and known forms

of force, can be united in a practical machine by which men shall fly along distances through the air, seems to thewriter as complete as it is possible for the demonstration to be. - Simon Newcomb, 1900

6. Flight by machines heavier than air is unpractical and insignificant, if not utterly impossible. - Simon Newcomb,

1902(eighteen months before Kitty Hawk.)

7. The aeroplane will never fly. - Lord Haldane, Minister of War, Britain, 1907 (statement made four years after Kitty

Hawk.)


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8. It is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit ofall mankind. - Space Act of 1958

9. The 1990s will differ from the 1970s as profoundly as the nineteenth century from the eighteenth. - Clive Sinclair

10. For I dipped into the Future, far as human eye could see; saw the vision of the world, and all the wonder that wouldbe. - Alfred, Lord Tennyson, 1842

11. And then, the Earth being small, mankind will migrate into space, and will cross the airless Saharas which separateplanet from planet and sun from sun. The Earth will become a Holy Land which will be visited by pilgrims from all the

quarters of the Universe. Finally, men will master the forces of Nature; they will become themselves architects ofsystems, manufacturers of worlds. - Winwood Reade, THE MARTYRDOM OF MAN, 1872

12. The future cannot be predicted, but futures can be invented. - Dennis Gabor, 1963

13. I know that some knowledgeable people fear that although we might be willing to spend a couple of billion dollarsin 1958, because we still remember the humiliation of Sputnik last October, next year we will be so preoccupied by

color television, or new-style cars, or the beginning of another national election, that we will be unwilling to payanother year's installment on our space conquest bill. For that to happen well, I'd just as soon we didn't start. - Hugh L.Dryden

14. Where there is no vision, the people perish. - Proverbs 29:18.

15. A vision must be much more than a project, even a big project. - Robert S. Walker, FINAL FRONTIER, April1989.

16. You would make a ship sail against the winds and currents by lighting a bonfire under her deck...I have no time forsuch nonsense. - Napoleon (commenting on Fulton's Steamship.)

17. It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and reality of tomorrow. -

Robert Goddard


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18. The only weapon we have to oppose the bad effects of technology is technology itself. There is no other. We can'tretreat into a nontechnological Eden which never existed...It is only by the rational use of technology to control and

guide what technology is doing that we can keep any hopes of a social life more desireable than our own: or in fact of asocial life which is not appalling to imagine. - C. P. Snow

19. What good is the Moon? You can't buy it or sell it. - Ivan F. Boesky, Wall Street broker convicted of insider trading

(shortly after his release from prison.)

20. ...the United States was not built by those who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country wasconquered by those who moved forward, and so will space. - John F. Kennedy, 1962

21. We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade... not because they are easy but becausethey are hard; - John F. Kennedy, 1962

22. But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest

mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? - John F. Kennedy, 1962

23. Mankind will not remain on Earth forever, but in its quest for light and space will at first timidly penetrate beyondthe confines of the atmosphere, and later will conquer for itself all the space near the Sun. - Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky,father of cosmonautics.

24. I had the ambition to not only go farther than man had gone before, but to go as far as it was possible to go. -

Captain Cook (on his voyage to the Pacific in Endeavor.)

25. The important thing is not to stop questioning. - Albert Einstein

26. When men are arrived at the goal, they should not turn back. - Plutarch

27. Taking a new step...is what people fear most. - Dostoyevski

28. Man's mind and spirit grow with the space in which they are allowed to operate. - Krafft A. Ehricke, rocket pioneer


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29. Freedom lies in being bold. - Robert Frost

30. I do not know what I seem to the world, but to myself I appear to have been like a boy playing upon the seashoreand diverting myself by now and then finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of

truth lay before me all undiscovered. - Sir Isaac Newton's, English philosopher and physicist, 1727 (his last words.)

31. The Earth is a cradle of the mind, but we cannot live forever in a cradle. - Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, Father ofRussian Astronautics, 1896

32. To set foot on the soil of the asteroids, to lift by hand a rock from the Moon, to observe Mars from a distance of

several tens of kilometers, to land on its satellite or even on its surface, what can be more fantastic? From the momentof using rocket devices a new great era will begin in astronomy: the epoch of the more intensive study of thefirmament. - Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, Father of Russian Astronautics, 1896

33. It may be said that the development of science in the field of space flight and related research will be of great

significance for the progress of human culture. - Professor Leonid Sedor, U.S.S.R.

34. There shall be wings! If the accomplishment be not for me, 'tis for some other. The spirit cannot die; and man, whoshall know all and shall have wings... - Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

35. If we die, we want people to accept it. We are in a risky business, and we hope that if anything happens to us it willnot delay the program. The conquest of space is worth the risk of life. - Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom (On January 27,

1967, astronauts Grissom, White, and Chaffee died from a flash fire aboard Apollo 204 Spacecraft.)

36. First I believe that this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a

man on the Moon... - John F. Kennedy, May 24, 1961

37. Some day people will travel to Mars. It will be a long trip, but fun. This will be a big step for mankind. We would

be able to find out if there was life on this planet. It probably will look like a red desert. - J. Stephen Hartsfield, SeventhGrader, 1984


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38. Science-fiction yesterday, fact today- obsolete tomorrow. - Otto O. Binder, Editor in Chief, SPACE WORLDMAGAZINE

39. The greatest gain from space travel consists in the extension of our knowledge. In a hundred years this newly won

knowledge will pay huge and unexpected dividends. - Professor Wernher von Braun

40. Destiny is not a matter of chance. It is a matter of choice. It's not a thing to be waited for - it is a thing to beachieved. - William Jennings Bryan

41. Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolution, the first

waves of modern invention and the first wave of nuclear power. And this generation does not intend to founder in thebackwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be part of it - we mean to lead it. - John F. Kennedy (at the onset ofthe lunar landing program.)

42. Now is the time...for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold

the key to our future on Earth. - John F. Kennedy

43. ...because of what you have done the heavens have become part of man's world... For one priceless moment in thewhole history of man all of the people on this Earth are truly one. - President Richard M. Nixon (on first lunar landing.)

44. Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALLMANKIND. - Apollo 11 plaque left on Moon.

45. ...the swifter the pace of change, the more lovingly men had to care for and criticize their institutions to keep themintact through the turbulent passages. - John Gardner

46. Where there is no vision, the people perish... - Proverbs 29:18

47. Where no counsel is, the people fall; but in the multitude of counsellors there is safety. - Proberbs 11:14

48. In the long run men hit only what they aim at. - Thoreau


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49. New ideas are not only the enemies of old ones; they also appear often in an extremely unacceptable form. - C.G.Jung

50. I must create a system, or be enslav'd by another man's. - William Blake

51. The highest and best form of efficiency is the spontaneous cooperation of a free people. - Woodrow Wilson

52. Perfection never exists in reality but only in our dreams and, if we are foolish enough to think so, in the past. - Dr.

Rudolph Dreikurs

53. The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present. - Abraham Lincoln

54. Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. - Will Durant, American historian

55. We shall never forget them nor the last time we saw them, as they prepared for their mission and waved good-byeand slipped the surly bonds of Earth to touch the face of God. - Ronald Reagan (addressing NASA employees

following the tragic loss of the Challenger 7 crew on STS-51L.)

56.

HIGH FLIGHT

Oh, I have slipped the surly bonds of earthAnd danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings;

Sunward I've climbed, and joined the tumbling mirth

Of sun-split clouds and done a hundred thingsYou have not dreamed of wheeled and soared and swung

High in the sunlit silence. Hov'ring there,

I've chased the shouting wind along, and flungMy eager craft through footless halls of air.


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Up, up the long, delirious, burning blueI've topped the windswept heights with easy grace

Where never lark, or even eagle flewAnd, while with silent, lifting mind I've trod

The high untrespassed sanctity of space,Put out my hand, and touched the face of God.

- John Gillespie Magee, Jr., (killed in the Battle of Britain, age 19)

57. The committee judged the promises and offers of this mission to be impossible, vain, and worthy of rejection: that

(it) was not proper to favor an affair that rested on such weak foundations and which appeared uncertain andimpossible... - Talavera Commission, 1491, turning down Christopher Columbus' proposal for finding a new traderoute to the Indies. Queen Isabella of Spain later funded the project.

58. Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over if you just sit there. - Will Rogers, American Humorist, 1879-1935

59. If you don't know where you're going, you'll probably end up somewhere else. - Yogi Berra, former New YorkYankee catcher

60. The man with a new idea is a crankuntil the idea succeeds. - Mark Twain

61. I know how to never have another Challenger. I know how to never have another leak, and never to screw up

another mirror, and that is to stop and build some shopping centers in the desert. - J. R. Thompson, NASA deputyadministrator (in a speech sponsored by George Washington University's Center for International Science and

Technology.)

62. I have no doubt that Christians can support the exploration and use of space. The so-called "science commission" in

Genesis 1:28 certainly seems to apply to any part of the material creation which God places within man's reach. - Rev.Paul A. Bartz, Communications Director, Bible-Science Newsletter, October 1990


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63. Our goal: To place Americans on Marsand to do it within the working lifetimes of scientists and engineers whowill be recruited for the effort today. And just as Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to open the continent, our commitment

to the Moon/Mars initiative will open the Universe. It's the opportunity of a lifetimeand offers a lifetime ofopportunity. - George Bush, February 2, 1990 (remarks at the University of Tennessee.)

64. It's human nature to stretch, to go, to see, to understand. Exploration is not a choice, really; it's an imperative. -

Michael Collins, Gemini and Apollo astronaut.

65. Just as the pioneer travelers of the Conestoga wagon days kept personal journals, I, as a pioneer space traveler,would do the same. - Christa McAuliffe

66. I cannot join the space program and restart my life as an astronaut, but this opportunity to connect my abilities as aneducator with my interest in history and space is a unique opportunity... - Christa McAuliffe

67. But the astronauts who lost their lives on CHALLENGER, as well as the other eight astronauts who were killed in

the line of duty and the four Soviet cosmonauts who died in space serve as inspiration for us all. None of them wouldhave wanted to give her or his life in vain. None would have wanted us to stop striving for the stars. If anything, wemust continue to preserve their dreams. - Doug Fulmer, AD ADSTRA, July/August, 1991

68. ...space is for everybody. It's not just for a few people in science or math, or for a select group of astronauts. That's

our new frontier out there, and it's everybody's business to know about space. - Christa McAuliffe, December 6, 1985

69. It was hard telling those kids...that I wasn't going to be there this year. And I knew I was going to miss them. Iwon't have an opportunity to see them again, unless they stop by the house. Now during the summer, I got lots of notes;

kids would stop by the house. I'd be pulling weeds or something and they would come up and give me a hug and say,

'Oh, I can't believe it, this is so wonderful!' and just get very excited about it. It was hard not being in school. I wouldhave loved to have gone back to school. - Christa McAuliffe

70. If you build it, we will come. - From the movie "Field of Dreams"


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71. There is nothing so far removed from us to be beyond our reach, or so far hidden that we cannot discover it. - ReneDescartes

72. And now 'tis man who dares assault the sky...And as we come to claim our promised place, aim only to repay the

good you gave, And warm with human love the chill of space." - Prof. Thomas G. Bergin, Yale University (From apoem titled "Space Prober." This was the first poem to be launched into orbit about the Earth. It was inscribed on the

instrument panel of a satellite called Traac launched from Cape Kennedy on November 15, 1961. The Traac satellite isexpected to orbit the Earth 800 years at an altitude of about 600 miles.)

73. Sir, Your letter of the 15th is received, but Age has long since oblidged me to withold my mind from Speculationsof the difficulty of those of your letter, that their are means of artificial buoyancy by which man may be supported in

the Air, the Ballon has proved, and that means of directing it may be discovered is against no law of Nature and istherefore posible as in the case of Birds, but to do this by machanical means alone in a medium so rare and unassisting

as air must have the aid of some principal not yet generaly known. However, I can really give no opinionunderstandingly on the subject and with more good will than confidence wish to you success. - Thomas Jefferson, April27, 1822

74. Why our space program? Why, indeed, did we trouble to look past the next mountain? Our prime obligation toourselves is to make the unknown known. We are on a journey to keep an appointment with whatever we are. - Gene

Roddenberry, Executive Producer of "Star Trek"

75. A reflection of my feelings about the space program is found in a quotation from Charles A. Lindbergh's

"Autobiography of Values." It reads, "Whether outwardly or inwardly, whether in space or time, the farther wepenetrate the unknown, the vaster and more marvelous it becomes." - Robert Wise, Director of "Star Trek"

76. A sense of the unknown has always lured mankind and the greatest of the unknowns of today is outer space. The

terrors, the joys and the sense of accomplishment are epitomized in the space program. - William Shatner, Capt. Kirk of"Star Trek."


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77. What fiction could match - in drama or suspense - man's first walk on the Moon? - Leonard Nimoy, Mr. Spock of"Star Trek."

78. Like all good bureaucrats, I get my crystal ball from the lowest bidder, so I am a little hesitant to be very certain

about that number. - Harold Stall, Director of Public Affairs, NASA Johnson Space Center

79. Then felt I like some watcher of the skies when a new planet swims into his ken. - John Keats, "On First Lookinginto Chapman's Homer.

80. The past is but the beginning of a beginning, and all that is and has been is but the twilight of the dawn. - H.G.

Wells, "The Discovery of the Future," 1901

Why explore the solar system?

How are you able to measure the temperature on the planets that are very far away like Pluto and Neptune?How can you determine the age of planets without going there to perform scientific experiments? Where can I find more information about the solar system?

Where is all the information on the International Space Station, the Space Shuttle and other manned spacemissions?

How about the Sun and Earth? Is there life on other planets or moons in our solar system?

Is there a 10th planet - the so-called Planet X? What spacecraft are currently headed into interstellar space?

I need a question answered about the alignment of the planets. Have they or will they ever form in astraight line?

What's the difference between a solar system and a galaxy? Can I use NASA images and graphics in my presentation or report?

I have lots more questions. Where can I go? How come space is black and the sky is blue?

Why is there no gravity in space? I am doing research on the nine planets of the solar system and would appreciate your help in this regards.

I would like to know the meaning of the name of the nine planets. E.g. Mercury, what does it mean?
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q1http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q1http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q3http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q3http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q5http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q5http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q6http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q6http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q7http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q7http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q7http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q7http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q8http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q8http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q10http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q10http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q11http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q11http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q12http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q12http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q13http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q13http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q14http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q14http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q15http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q14http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q13http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q12http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q11http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q10http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q9http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q8http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q7http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q6http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q5http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q4http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q3http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q2http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q1


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I am deeply interested in information regarding the discovery of the new planet (Planet X or other suchname applied).

I am doing my final paper on Natural Satellites of the Solar system, and would like to include some of yourimages, complete with proper reference, as to where they came from. I was wondering if this would be

possible. Where are the antennas of the Deep Space Network located? Is the location of the three DSN stations intended to try to space them apart equally around the earth as

much as possible, about 120 degrees? Why does the Deep Space Network need three antenna sites?

How are images sent from the spacecraft? Is there another name for the Solar System?

What is the temperature in space? I am an Amateur Radio Operator, can I listen to the data coming from spacecraft?

How do you keep up with the ever growing number of spacecraft? Where can I find a picture of the entire solar system?

Can you recommend any astronomy books? I would like to know the names of each of the moons in our solar system.

Me and one of my friends were arguing the other day about the differences between a solar system and agalaxy. The main question is this: What are the differences, if any? And are they the same thing?

Why explore the solar system?

The urge to explore the unknown is a fundamental part of human nature. It enriches our spirit and reminds us ofhumanity's great potential. There are commercial and technological advantages to space exploration, too.

How are you able to measure the temperature on the planets that are very far away like Pluto and Neptune? Howcan you determine the age of planets without going there to perform scientific experiments?

In physics, Planck's Law describes how a perfect radiator (a blackbody) radiates light at all colors of light as determinedby its temperature. While Pluto, Neptune, and the distant planets (and stars) are not perfect blackbodies, they are closeenough that we can make fairly accurate measurements of their temperatures by looking at the light emitted by them in

the near infrared, beyond those wavelengths where reflected light from the Sun is significant.
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q18http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q18http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q20http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q20http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q21http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q21http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q22http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q22http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q23http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q23http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q24http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q24http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q25http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q25http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q26http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q26http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q27http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q27http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q28http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q28http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q29http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q28http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q27http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q26http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q25http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q24http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q23http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q22http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q21http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q20http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q19http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q18http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q17http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Category=SolarSys#q16


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Nothing has been discovered-not for a lack of trying. Recent observations suggest that there are some large asteroids orfragments of planetary bodies beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto, but no planet has been found. You can read about

the history of the search for 'Planet X' here: http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/billa/tnp/hypo.html#planetx

See alsoNASA-Funded Scientists Discover Tenth Planet.

What spacecraft are currently headed into interstellar space?

Four NASA spacecraft are currently on a trajectory that will take them out of our solar system and into interstellarspace.Pioneer 11ran out of power and lost contact with Earth in 1995. NASA remains in contact with the other three

spacecraft:Pioneer 10,Voyager 1andVoyager 2.

I need a question answered about the alignment of the planets. Have they or will they ever form in a straight line?

According to NASA's Cosmic and Heliospheric Learning Center: "If you are talking about an 'exact' line, it has probablynever happened. Even having all 9 planets in a rough line is very infrequent (millions of years, depending upon how

"rough" a line you're willing to take)."

It is possible, however, for several of the planets visible to the naked eye to appear in a relatively straight line. Though it isnot an official NASA website, I recommend exploring astronomer Phil Plait's "Bad Astronomy" website. He addresses

several misconceptions about planetary alignments:http://www.badastronomy.com.Hope this helps. Good luck with yourresearch.

What's the difference between a solar system and a galaxy?

The difference between a solar system and a galaxy is scale. A solar system is a tiny part of a galaxy.

Galaxies are star systems made up of hundreds of thousands or even billions of stars in addition to gas and dust.

A solar system is a group of planets and other objects (comets, asteroids, etc.) in orbit around a star. We call our star theSun. Our solar system is located inside the Milky Way Galaxy. There are billions of galaxies and countless stars in the

universe. TheCosmic Distance Scalehelps put it all in perspective.
http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/billa/tnp/hypo.html#planetxhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/billa/tnp/hypo.html#planetxhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/billa/tnp/hypo.html#planetxhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p11.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p11.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p11.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p10.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p10.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p10.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy1.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy1.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy1.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy2.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy2.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy2.htmlhttp://www.badastronomy.com/http://www.badastronomy.com/http://www.badastronomy.com/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/cosmic.htmlhttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/cosmic.htmlhttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/cosmic.htmlhttp://www.badastronomy.com/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy2.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-voy1.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p10.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/jup_missns/jup-p11.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/billa/tnp/hypo.html#planetx


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Can I use NASA images and graphics in my presentation or report?

Yes. Most NASA material is not copyrighted. However, there are certain rules if you intend to use the image or the NASAlogo for commercial purposes. More information is available on ourCopyrightpage.

I have lots more questions. Where can I go?

NASA's FAQ pagecontains lots of answers and links to a vast network on information. Or you canask us.

How come space is black and the sky is blue?

Well, the sky is blue because that's the color that the particles in the air break up the light waves, the rays of light comingat the Earth from the Sun. But in space, there is no air, and thus no particles, that can break up the light in the same way.

That's why it's called space. So the light waves travel through space and once they hit a planet or anything made up ofparticles (which is anything but space), they're broken up into different colors.

Why is there no gravity in space?

Actually, there is gravity in space! Yeah, I know, that's not what you heard. If there was no gravity, astronauts andspaceships would shoot out into space the minute they left the Earth's atmostphere. Gravity is what holds all the planets,

asteroids and moons in place.

I am doing research on the nine planets of the solar system and would appreciate your help in this regards. Iwould like to know the meaning of the name of the nine planets. E.g. Mercury, what does it mean?

We're glad to hear you're interested in the Solar System. Here's a start on what you're looking for and a couple of placesto get information for your report: The nine planets, with the exception of Earth are named for the gods of ancient

mythology: Mercury- The Winged Messenger; Venus- Goddess of Love and Beauty; Earth - The name is old English andGermanic.; Mars - God of War; Jupiter - King of the Gods; Saturn - God of Agriculture; Uranus - God of the Heavens;

Neptune - God of the Sea; Pluto - God of the Underworld.

For more details, I suggest you visit Bill Arnett's excellent website, The Nine
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Copyrighthttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Copyrighthttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Copyrighthttp://www.nasa.gov/qanda/index.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/qanda/index.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Contacthttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Contacthttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Contacthttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Contacthttp://www.nasa.gov/qanda/index.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/faq/index.cfm?Display=Copyright


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Planets:http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.html. If you haven't explored them already, ourwebsite has an extensive information oneach Planet. And don't forget the local library.

I am deeply interested in information regarding the discovery of the new planet (Planet X or other such nameapplied).

We're makling progress on discovering planets outside our solar system, but so far no one has discovered "Planet X" a10th planet in orbit around our Sun. Scientists have been searching for more than 100 years without success. It was once

believed that such a planet was required to explain the orbital characteristics of the outer planets Uranus and Neptune,but that turned out not to be the case.

Here are a few links that should help you on your search: This is JPL's new PlanetQuestwebsite:http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/. This is a detailed discussion of the search for new

planets:http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/hypo.html.

These links lead to discussions aboout planets outside our SolarSystem:http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast27nov_1.htm.http://www.public.asu.edu/~sciref/exoplnt.htm#preface.

On our site, we've compiled a comprehensive set of links forasteroids:http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids. And Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), icy objects

beyond the orbit of Neptune:http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs.

Good luck. And thanks for your interest in our website.

See alsoNASA-Funded Scientists Discover Tenth Planet.

I am doing my final paper on Natural Satellites of the Solar system, and would like to include some of yourimages, complete with proper reference, as to where they came from. I was wondering if this would be possible.

NASA images are intended for public use. There are some rules about using the NASA logo or using the images forcommercial purposes. They are outlined below in the links below:

http://www.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/guideline.html
http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.htmlhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.htmlhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/hypo.htmlhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/hypo.htmlhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/hypo.htmlhttp://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast27nov_1.htmhttp://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast27nov_1.htmhttp://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast27nov_1.htmhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~sciref/exoplnt.htm#prefacehttp://www.public.asu.edu/~sciref/exoplnt.htm#prefacehttp://www.public.asu.edu/~sciref/exoplnt.htm#prefacehttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroidshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroidshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroidshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://www.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/guideline.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/guideline.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/guideline.htmlhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=11575http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroidshttp://www.public.asu.edu/~sciref/exoplnt.htm#prefacehttp://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast27nov_1.htmhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/hypo.htmlhttp://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/nineplanets.html


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http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/Multimedia/NASA.Pictures.Photographs and.Images/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/

Where are the antennas of the Deep Space Network located?

The DSN has three sites located approximately 120 degrees of longitude apart around the world in California (in theMojave Desert), in Spain (near Madrid) and in Australia (near Canberra). For more information,

visithttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/antennas/index.html.

Is the location of the three DSN stations intended to try to space them apart equally around the earth as much aspossible, about 120 degrees?

Yes, that's exactly it. We were also looking for dry climate, desert-like environments, and isolated locations with plenty ofroom. It isn't perfect. Spain, I think, is slightly closer to Goldstone than Canberra, but it's good as we get. Because there

was a third consideration, and that was a friendly nation with long-term political stability. So all those things had to betaken into account.

Why does the Deep Space Network need three antenna sites?

If we only had one antenna site, as the Earth rotated, any spacecraft we were communicating with could only be in 'line ofsight' with that one location for a maximum of 10 - 12 hours a day. The rest of the time the one site would be turned awayfrom the spacecraft because the Earth rotated. By having three sites, as the Earth rotates, the first antenna site 'hands off '

the tracking to the next site, thereby maintaining constant communications. So California hands off to Canberra, andCanberra to Madrid, then back to California.

How are images sent from the spacecraft?

Images, as well as other instrument data, is transmitted by a low power transmitter on board the spacecraft usingmicrowave radio frequencies. The data is converted by an on board computer to binary code (0's and 1's) and sent as a

digital 'bitstream'. (See the web sitehttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/tutor/index.html.)

Is there another name for the Solar System?
http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/Multimedia/NASA.Pictures.Photographs%20and.Images/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/antennas/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/antennas/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/antennas/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/tutor/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/tutor/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/tutor/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/tutor/index.htmlhttp://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/antennas/index.htmlhttp://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/Multimedia/NASA.Pictures.Photographs%20and.Images/


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The International Astronomical Union (IAU) decides on names for things in the Solar System, such as planets, asteroids,and moons. Dr. Aksnes is the chairman of the group that decides on names for planetary systems and what's in them. Iasked Dr. Aksnes your question, and was told that in English, the Solar System (centered on the Sun) is also referred to

as the Planetary System. Corresponding terms are used in other languages. Dr. Aksnes was not aware of any othernames for the Solar System. Without capitalization, the terms solar system and planetary system may refer to any other

systems around a star.

What is the temperature in space?

It depends on whether you are asking what is the temperature "of" space, or the temperature of things that are "in" space.Strictly speaking, space really doesnt have any temperature since it is mostly empty. Only things that can be found in

space such as atoms and ions, have any temperature. Near Earth and the Moon, if you are in direct sunlight, you couldheat up to 250 degrees F (121 degrees C). This is hotter than boiling water at 212 degrees F (100 degrees C). In theshade, it can cool to around -250 degrees F (-156 degrees C). This is why astronauts must wear thermal space suits.

I am an Amateur Radio Operator, can I listen to the data coming from spacecraft?

Unfortunately, no. Spacecraft signals are very weak by the time they reach Earth which is why we need the huge reflectordishes of the Deep Space Network antennas as well as the sophisticated amplifiers and other signal enhancing

electronics to hear them. Amateur radio equipment and antennas cannot receive such weak signals.

How do you keep up with the ever growing number of spacecraft?

We are actually oversubscribed in that we have more tracking hours required than we are able to provide. What we do inthis case is to work very closely with the flight projects and get them to work together to try to meet the bulk of their

requirements. In addition, we are currently building a new antenna in Madrid to help with the load.

Where can I find a picture of the entire solar system?

Here are some graphics and animations that could help out.

http://www.scottso.net/examples_encsol.htm-- You might need to download Macromedia Flash for this one. It's a coolvideo about the Solar System and their relative distances from each other. It's not an educational site; it's the producer's
http://www.scottso.net/examples_encsol.htmhttp://www.scottso.net/examples_encsol.htmhttp://www.scottso.net/examples_encsol.htm


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web page that wrote the video. You might want to stick to just this page because I'm not sure how appropriate the otherpages on the site are.

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.html-- There are some great pictures and graphs here. Onceagain, the sizes aren't to scale.

http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/afoe/simulation/e3.html-- Animation of all the planets in their orbits except for Pluto. Bummer.http://janus.astro.umd.edu/javadir/orbits/ssv.html-- This link has animations of separate parts of the Solar System: inner

planets, asteroid belt, outer planets, and the Kuiper belt. I'm not so sure if it will be useful, but I like the animation.http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/iav/PKB_MissionTrajectory.mov-- This is an animation of the expected trajectory of the New

Horizons mission to Pluto. It forgot Mercury and Venus, but it's a cool animation.

There's also a fabricated picture of the solar system put together with the pictures taken by Voyager 1. The picture ishere:http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00451.

Can you recommend any astronomy books?

Here are a couple of books that another NASA site recommended.Melton, Melanie. Will Black Holes Devour the Universe? and 100 Other Questions and Answers about Astronomy. 1994,

Kalmbach Books.Mitton, Simon and Jacqueline. The Young Oxford Book of Astronomy. 1995, Oxford University Press.

Dr. Terry Martin, a research scientist in the Earth and Planetary Atmospheres division at NASA's Jet PropulsionLaboratory, recommends:

Beatty, J. Kelley and Andrew Chaikin, Eds. The New Solar System. 1990, Sky Publishing Corporation & CambridgeUniversity Press.

Ive always liked the Reader's Digest Children's Atlas of the Universe. It has photos and experiments and sky charts, andyoure probably sure to find it at your local library.

I would like to know the names of each of the moons in our solar system.

You can find a comprehensive list of the moons in our solar system in the planets section of the Solar System Explorationwebsite:http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfm. Just click on a planet and then click on the "Moons" tab at the topof the page. For example,http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Moons. You will notice

many moons do not yet have names because they have been recently discovered.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.htmlhttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.htmlhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/afoe/simulation/e3.htmlhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/afoe/simulation/e3.htmlhttp://janus.astro.umd.edu/javadir/orbits/ssv.htmlhttp://janus.astro.umd.edu/javadir/orbits/ssv.htmlhttp://pluto.jhuapl.edu/iav/PKB_MissionTrajectory.movhttp://pluto.jhuapl.edu/iav/PKB_MissionTrajectory.movhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00451http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00451http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00451http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Moonshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Moonshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Moonshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Moonshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfmhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00451http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/iav/PKB_MissionTrajectory.movhttp://janus.astro.umd.edu/javadir/orbits/ssv.htmlhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/afoe/simulation/e3.htmlhttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/revolution.html


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Me and one of my friends were arguing the other day about the differences between a solar system and a galaxy.The main question is this: What are the differences, if any? And are they the same thing?

Galaxies are star systems made up of hundreds of thousands or even billions of stars in addition to gas and dust. A solarsystem is a group of planets and other objects (comets, asteroids, etc.) in orbit around a star. We call our star the Sun.

Our solar system is located inside the Milky Way Galaxy. There are billions of galaxies and countless stars in theuniverse. This link helps put it all in perspective:http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/cosmic.htmlHope this settles

the debate.Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft

Part II: THE JET AGE

Chapter 9

Introduction

[219] The development of the propeller-driven aircraft from a curiosity to a highly useful machine has beendescribed in part I of this volume. As the first 40 years of powered flight drew to a close, aircraft equippedwith reciprocating engines had about reached the end of their development in what must be ranked as oneof the most spectacular engineering achievements in history. Although some further technical refinementwas possible, the technology of that class of aircraft had reached a plateau with little prospect of majorimprovement in the future. In the closing months of World War II, however, there emerged a revolutionarynew type of propulsion system: the jet engine. Although operationally introduced in somewhat primitive form,the subsequent development of this entirely new type of propulsion system resulted in advancements inaircraft design that have been almost as spectacular as those which characterized the first 40 years ofpowered flight.
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Jet propulsion was initially applied to military aircraft of various types. Indeed, since the inception of jetfighters, the performance of these aircraft and their offensive and defensive weapons have resulted in acapability far exceeding anything imagined in World War II. Speed, rate of climb, maneuverability, range,

and payload of military aircraft have increased spectacularly as a result of the turbine engine and associatedradical changes in aircraft design concepts. Maximum speeds have exceeded Mach 3, and maximum sea-level rates of climb in excess of 50 000 feet per minute have been achieved with some modern fighteraircraft. Gross and payload weights of many modern fighter and attack aircraft are greater than those ofheavy bombers of World War II vintage.

Perhaps the greatest impact of the jet engine on our modern way of life has been in the area of masstransportation. Introduction of the jet-powered transport in 1952 heralded the beginning of a revolution[220] in domestic and international air transportation that has accompanied the development and refinement

of the Jet-powered transport. The modern jet transport with its high speed, safety, and economical appealhas altered peoples' concepts of the relative accessibility of various places in the United States andthroughout the world. Methods of communication have accordingly changed, as have methods of conductingbusiness operations. Whereas air travel was once regarded as the province of the adventurer and theaffluent, all classes of people are now traveling by air both for business and pleasure. Americans aretraveling today by air in unprecedented numbers, on schedules undreamed of 20 or 30 years ago, and areseeing and experiencing cultures in other parts of the country and the world to an extent that would havebeen incomprehensible to past generations.

Some indication of the size and scope of past, present, and projected future airline transport activity is givenin the following tabulation (based on data from refs.146,156, and181):

YearDomestic

flights, billionsof RPM

International flights,billions of RPM

Total

1949 - - 8.8
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1959 25.4 7.1 32.5

1969 106.0 30.1 136.1

1976 147.0 41.5 188.5

1986

(projected) 267.5 79.0 346.5

The total number of revenue passenger miles (RPM) flown by scheduled United States carriers is seen tohave increased from 8.8 billion in 1949 to 188.5 billion in 1976. The corresponding number in 1986 isforecast to be 346.5 billion. Thus, the number of revenue passenger miles has increased by a factor of morethan 20 in the 27-year time period from 1949 to 1976. The introduction of the jet transport marked thebeginning of the end of the ocean-going ship as a serious means of overseas travel. The statistics in thetabulation show that overseas travel by air comprised 7.1 billion revenue passenger miles in 1959, 41.5billion in 1976, and is projected to increase to 79.0 billion by 1986. By way of comparison, in 1939steamships of all nations are estimated to have operated about 3 billion revenue passenger miles [221]between the United States and other countries of the world. Thus, the airplane has not only supplanted thesteamship but has, in fact, generated a new and greatly enlarged market for overseas travel. Air travel todayis accepted as a major component of the common-carrier transportation system, and the modern jettransport is largely responsible for the revolution that has made air travel for the masses what it is today.

The technology, development, and design features of various types of civil and military jet-powered aircraftare discussed in part II of this book. To limit the scope of the material, the discussion is restricted, as in partI, primarily to aircraft developed in the United States. No adverse reflection on the quality of the many fineforeign designs developed over the years is intended by their exclusion.

The aircraft discussed, together with some of their performance and physical characteristics, are listed intables V to VIII inappendix A. The quantities tabulated are defined in the list of symbols containedinappendix Band generally require no further elaboration. Some of the quantities listed are discussed inmore detail in the introduction to part 1. The references used in obtaining the characteristics of the aircraftare listed in the tables or are specifically cited in the text. Jane's All the World's Aircraft(refs.125to131)
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has been used extensively in compiling the characteristics of the aircraft presented in the tables, as havevarious directory issues of Flight International Magazine(for example, refs.150,167,168, and177) andother well-known reference works. A few references that provide useful background material but are notspecifically cited are offered for additional reading on the subject of aircraft development. For convenience,

references132to210are listed alphabetically.

CONTRIBUTION OF ZEPPELIN AND AIRTRANSPORTATION SYSTEM USED BY

GERMANS

The German company Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, owned by

Count Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin, was the world's

most successful builder of rigid airships. Zeppelin flew

the world's first untethered rigid airship, the LZ-1, on

July 2, 1900, near Lake Constance in Germany, carrying

five passengers. The cloth-covered dirigible, which was
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the prototype of many subsequent models, had an

aluminum structure, seventeen hydrogen cells, and two

15-horsepower (11.2-kilowatt) Daimler internal

combustion engines, each turning two propellers. It was

about 420 feet (128 meters) long and 38 feet (12 meters)

in diameter and had a hydrogen-gas capacity of 399,000

cubic feet (11,298 cubic meters). During its first flight, itflew about 3.7 miles (6 kilometers) in 17 minutes and

reached a height of 1,300 feet (390 meters). However, it

needed more power and better steering and experienced

technical problems during its flight that forced it to landin Lake Constance. After additional tests conducted three

months later, it was scrapped.


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Zeppelin continued to improve his design and build

airships for the German government. In June 1910, the

Deutschland became the world's first commercial airship.

The Sachsen followed in 1913. Between 1910 and the

beginning of World War I in 1914, German zeppelins

flew 107,208 (172,535 kilometers) miles and carried

34,028 passengers and crew safely.

During World War I the Germans achievedmoderate success in long-range bombing

operations with the zeppelin-type rigid

airship, which could attain higher altitudes


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than the airplanes then available. On two

occasions during 1917, German Zeppelins

made flights of al reparations by Germany.

Of many subsequent zeppelins, the two most

famous were the Graf Zeppelin, completed in

September 1928, and the giant Hindenburg,first flown in 1936.

The Graf Zeppelin inaugurated transatlantic

flight service, and by the time of its

decommissioning in 1937 had made 590flights, including 144 ocean crossings, and

had flown more than 1,000,000 miles In


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1929 the craft covered about 21,500 miles..

in a world flight that was completed in an

elapsed time of approximately 21 days.

most 100 hours' duration. In 1936

HIDENBURG airship carried a total of 1,002

passengers on 10 scheduled round tripsbetween Germany and the United States. In

1940, the LZ127 and LZ130 were dismantled,ending the golden era of the great passenger

ships.

contribution of zeppelin and air transportation system used by germans

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