CONTRIBUTION TO THE BRYOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

OF MALAYSIA

II. KEDAH PEAK

P. Tixier*

Kedah Peak (Gunong Jerai, 1,350 m), an isolated hill above the rice fields and near the sea, is at about forty kilometers South of Alor Star, the chief town of the Kedab State.

One may think that the massive rocks are granitic. Dr. B.C. Stone of the University of Kuala Lumpur notes the ressemblance between this mountain and Mt. Bokor in Cambodia on the border of Thailand Gulf.

This two stations are situated just above the sea shore and received directly the South-East moonson. Yet some difference may be noted: the Bohor is a wide plateau of about 30 km long, between Kampot and Sre Am bel and it is probable that its vegetal formations occupy all the mari-time front of the Cardamones Range till the Thai border. On the other hand, Kedah Peak remains a regularly sloping massive of only 10 km in length and without any connection with other hill ranges; its slopes come steeply down to the sea and the plain.

The two stations have a real dry season but the Bokor is probably wetter than the Kedah Peak because its annual rainfall is 3-4,000 rom, but only 2,000 mmjyear in the Kedah Plain.

Considering the orientation of the massive, the southern and the northern faces are drier, the other ones wetter.

There are no real different levels of vegetation along the slopes. The lowland forest remains poorly known botanically, and from the sea-side, the first formation is the mangrove forest.

Some species of palms are found in the understorey of the dense forest. The most characteristic formations of the massive are seen on the western face (deciduous forest) and on the top of the bill (shrubby forest).

* Laboratoire de Cryptogamic, Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

16 TIXIER

Deciduous forest formation remains a little mysterious and it seems

probable that the forest should be really secondary, in fact I prefer an

edaphic origin to this formation growing on eroded soils with big boul-

ders.

Coarse herbaceous species cover the ground (grasses, sedges, ferns)

similar to those occurring in Bokor at Popokveal. The following bry-

ophytes form cushions on the soil: Sphagnum junghuhianum, Leucobryum

javense, and Mastigophora diclados.

On trees one can recognize following orchids: Sarcopodium spp., Bul-

bophyllum spp ., Eria spp., and Acriopsis indica. In addition there are a

good lot of epiphytic Asclepiadaceae ( Dischidia nummularia, D. pseudo-ben-

galensis, and D. rafflesiana) and also Hydnophytum sp., a myrmecophi-

lous plant.

The forest on the top is more a crest forest than a real shrubby formation as that known from Bokor. There are no big trees above the canopy of the formation and the forest appears less impenetratable than

in Bokor. In the crest forest, the epiphytes and the epiphylls remain in the lower stratum. The bryophytic carpet (mosses for the greater

part) covers the soil and the base of the trunks. Epiphyllous liverworts do

not get beyond one meter from the ground and it is the same for the

orchids, such as Eria velutina, Podochilus sp., Dendrobium revolutum and

some species of Bulbophy llum.

MOSSES

Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. & Molk. On ground in sunny locations in forest, 1,000 m, 13/IV/72, No. 5990, 6026, 6027

6028; 14/IV/ 72, No. 6047, 6089.

Khasia, Thailand, Java, Malaya.

Fissidens cey!onensis Doz. & Molk. On banks at the base of the mountain, 50 m, 13 / IV /72, No, 6025.

India and South-East Asia.

BR\' OLOGICAL K OWLEDGE OF MALAYSIA

Campylopus richardii Brid. On rocks in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 14/ IV/71, No. 5710. From Ceylon to New Caledonia.

Dicranoloma blumei (Nees) Par. Corticolous in forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV /72, No. 6084.

17

Southern Indochina, Thailand, Malesia, New Guinea, New Hebrides, New Caledonia.

Dicranoloma braunii (C. Muell.) Par. On ground in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5692, 5693.

From Indochina to New Caledonia.

Leucoloma molle (C. Muell.) Mitt. On twigs in shrubby forest , 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5691; 14/IV/72, No. 6074.

From Indochina to New Guinea and Japan.

Leucobryum bowringii Mitt. On logs in forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV /72, No. 609 5.

Ceylon, Indochina, Malesia, Japan, Formosa, China.

Leucobryum candidum Hook. f. & Tayl. Decaying wood in forest, 650 m, 16/ IV /71; in evergreen forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72,

No. 5988. From Himalaya to New Zealand.

Leucobryum javense Brid. On ground in shrubby forest, I, I 00 m, 16 / IV /71; evergreen forest 900 m, 13/IV I

72, No. 5985. India, Ceylon, Indochina, Malesia, Japan, New Guinea.

Syrrhopodon borneensis (Hpe.) Jaeg. On trunk in deciduous forest, 900 m, 13/ IV /72, No. 6048 Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Indochina.

Syrrhopodon croceus Mitt. On ground along the border of forest, 900 m, 13 /IV /72, No. 5993 , 6001. From Ceylon to New Caledonia.

Syrrhopodon spiculosus Hook. & Grev. Decaying wood in forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5999. Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaya, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra.

Rhizogonium spiniforme (Hedw.) Bruch. Decaying wood in forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5995, 6110. Pan tropical.

18 TIXIER

Hypnodendron dendroides (Brid.) Touw On ground in shrubby forest, c. I ,000 m. 16/IV !71; 14/IV /72, No. 6085, 608 7. Ceylon, Malesia, New Guinea , Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji.

Groutiella goniorrhyncha (Doz. & Molk.) Wijk & Marg. Evergreen forest, 900 m, 13 / IV/72 , No. 5889. From Himalaya to Malesia.

Desmotheca apiculata (Doz. & Molk.) Lindb. On trunks along the border of forest, 1,000 m, 13/IV/72, No. 6002. Burma, South Vietnam, Thailand, Malesia.

Aerobryopsis longissima (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch. In evergreen forest on twigs, 1,000 m, 16/IV /71, No. 5696; idem, 13/IV /72, No. 6987. From India to New Caledonia.

Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) Fleisch. In evergreen forest on twigs, 900 m, 13 i iV /72, No. 5986, India, Indochina, Southern China, Western Malaysia.

Clastobryella asperrima Dix. Twigs in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/ IV/72, No. 5683, 5693, 5705; idem, 14/IV/

72, No. 6082.

Malaysia, Java, New Caledonia, Vietnam.

C/astobrye/la cuculligera (Lac.) Fleisch. On twigs in forest, near 1,000 m, 14/lV/72, No. 6059. From Ceylon to New Caledonia.

Clastobryella epiphylla (Ren. & Card.) Fleisch. On twigs in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/72, No. 5684. From South Indochina to New Caledonia.

C/astobryella merrillii (Broth.) Fleisch. Same location, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5684 Pan tropical.

Clastobryum caudatum (Bosch & Lac.) Fleisch. Same location, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5723. Vietnam, Java, New Caledonia.

Trismegistia brauniana (Bosch & Lac.) Fleisch. On wood in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5698; idem, 14/ IV /72, No. 6083,

6086, 6102.

Java, Sumatra, Malaya.

20 TIXIER

Acroporium leucophyllum Dix. On twigs in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16 / IV /71, No. 5684.

Malaya.

Acroporium longicuspis Dix. Same location, 1,000 m, 16/ IV /71, No. 5705; idem, 14/IV /72, No. 6054, 6060,

6061' 6062, 6063, 6064, 6065, 6066, 6068, 6070, 6072, 6080, 6081. Malaya, Borneo.

Acroporium oxyporum (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch. Corticolous in deciduous forest, 900 m, 13 / IY /72 , No. 6051. Ceylon, Vietnam, Formosa, Malesia.

Acroporium ridleyii Dix. Decaying wood, I ,000 m, 14/IV /72, No. 6090. Malaya.

Acroporium secundum (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleisch. On ground in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5693, 5697, 5700,5701,

5708; idem, 13/IV/72, No. 6031, 6033, 6037; 14/IV/72, No. 6098. Malaya.

Acroporium secundum (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Fleisch. var. angustifolium Fleisch.

Corticolous in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5699. Java, Malaya.

Acroporium sigmatodontium (C. Muell.) Fleisch. Decaying wood in evergreen forest, 1,000 m, 14/IV/72, No. 6101. Ceylon, South Indochina, Malesia, Entrecasteaux Islands, New Caledonia, New

Guinea, Tahiti.

Acroporium stramineum (Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch. On twigs in shrubby forest, 14/ IV/72, No. 6070, 6075,6079,6088, 6093; idem, in

deciduous forest, 13/IY /72, No. 6053, 6060.

South Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia.

Acroporium cf. vincensianum Ther. Decaying wood in forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 6032, 6038. Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaya.

Trichosteleum boschii (Doz. & Molle.) Jaeg. Decaying wood in forest, 13/IV/ 72, No. 5997,; idem, 14/ IV/72, 1,000 m, No. 5997;

wood on banks, 650 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5712. India, Indochina, Malesia, Japan, New Guinea, Fij i.

BRYOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF MALAYSIA

Trichosteleum procerum Dix. var. laevifolium Dix.

Decaying wood in deciduous forest.

21

By the habit of the plant, the form and the ornamentation of the leaves, the long

seta (4 em), this plant may be identical to the Bornean taxon.

Acanthorrhynchium papillatum (Harv.) Fleisch.

Base of trunk in evergreen forest, 900 m, 13 / IV/ 72, no. 5998.

Nepal. South Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji.

Acanthorrhynchium papillatum (Harv.) Fleisch. form. penangense nov. form.

Dffert a specie typica, cellulis fol ii longioribus, cellulis alar·ibus luteis, seta breviori

jJropagulisque.

The typical species bas already been recorded by I. Theriot in his study of

Deschamps's collections from Penang Hill, which I found again for the second

time. The character of this species is very constant in the Far East and

found to be in sympatry with the forma penangeuse; it is convincing that,

on the genetic level, they are belonging to two different species.

Endemic.

Ectropothecium buitenzorgii (Bel.) Jaeg.

Decaying wood in evergreen forest, I ,000 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5992, 6000; idem, 14/

IV/72, No. 6033,6096.

From Ceylon to Malesia.

Ectropothecium chamissonis (Hornsch.) Jaeg.

Twigs in evergreen forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV /72, No. 6079; on banks, 1,000 m, 13/IV 1

72, No. 6035.

Thailand, Malaya, Banka, Moluccas.

Ectropothecium ichnotocladum (C. Muell.) Jaeg.

Decaying wood, in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/72, No. 5706.

Himalaya, South Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea.

Ectropothecium intorquatum (Doz. & Molk.) Jaeg.

Trunks along the border of evergreen forest, 1,000 m, 13 / lV /72, No. 5994.

Java, Sumatra, Moluccas, Sulawesi.

Ctenidium lychnites Mitt.

Decaying wood in evergreen forest, 13/IV /72, No. 6001.

Khasia Hills, Nilghiri, Ceylon, Philippines.

22 TIX1ER

LIVERWORTS

A. CORTICOLOUS & TERRESTRIAL

Jamesioniella sp. On banks, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 6013.

Eucalyx sp. On banks in deciduous forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 6046.

Bazzania malaccensis (St.) P. Tix. Corticolous in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5686 . Malaya.

Bazzania spiralis (Reinw., Blume & Nees) W. Meyer Same location, 1,000 m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5687,5688. South Indochina, Malesia, New Hebrides.

Acromastigum bidenticulatum Ev. Corticolous in evergreen forest, 1, 100 m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5617. Ma1esia.

Acromastigum echinatum (Gotts.) Ev. On decaying wood in forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV / 72, No. 6017, 6037. Banka, Borneo, Malaya.

Acromastigum laevigatum (Mitt.) Ev. ·Corticolous in forest, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 6011, 6012. Borneo.

Lepidozia sp. On decaying wood in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/ IV/72, No. 5720.

Schistochila cf. lineari/olia Jack. & St. On trunk in forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV / 72, No. 6114. Samoa.

Herberta cf. herpocladioides Sc. & Mill. Twigs in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5691.

Hawaii.

Herberta cf. pusilla (St.) Hattori. On decaying wood in forest, 1,000 m, 14/IV /72, No. 6117.

Korea.

Chiloscyphus ceylanicus (St.) nom. ms. On decaying wood in forest, 1,100 m, 14/IV /72, No. 6114. Ceylon.

IJ RY OLO GICAL KN OWLED GE OF MAL AYSIA

Chiloscyphus decurrens Nees Twigs in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5684. Java.

Ch iloscyphus flaccidens St.

23

Twigs in shrubby forest, I, I 00 m, 16/IV / 71, No. 5 716; idem, 14/ IV /72, No. 6076,

6113. Himalaya, Sikkim.

Mastigophora die! ados (Brid.) Nees Corticolous in shrubby forest, 1, I 00 m, No. 5719. Pantropical.

Trichocolea pluma Mont. Same location, 1,100 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5718. Pan tropical.

Pleurozia gigantea (Weber) Lindh. On twigs in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, very common, 16/IV /71, No. 5681; 5722;

idem, 14/ IV/72, No. 6115,6119. St. Helena, Tanzania, Mascarrene, Sumatra, Java, Annam, Luzon, Ambon, New

Caledonia.

Radula formosa (Meiss.) Nees On trunks in forest, 14/ IV/ 72, No. 6099,6053. South-East Asia and Oceania.

Radula miquel ian a Tayl. Same location, 900 m, 13/IV /72, No. 6021. From Sumatra to New Caledonia.

Cheilolejeunea verrucosa St. On twigs in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 14/IV /72, No. 6067. Sumatra.

Colura cf. superba (Mont.) S.J.A. Same location, 14/ IV /72, No. 6122. South-East Asia.

Pycnolejeunea arietina P. Tix. Hanging on twigs in shrubby forest, 900 m, 14/IV /72, No. 6069. Endemic.

Xenolejeunea meyeniana (St.) Schust. & Kachr. On barks in forest, 900 m, 13/IV/72, No. 6014. South-East Asia.

24 TIXIER

Thysananthus spathulistipus Rein., Blume & Nees

Twigs in forest, 1,000 m, 13 / IV/72, No. 6019, 6023, 6024; idem, 14/IV/72,

No. 6063.

From Madagascar to New Hebrides.

Drepanolejeunea tenera Goeb.

Corticolous, 1,100 m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5617.

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Vietnam.

Frullania apiculata Auct.

On twigs in shrubby forest, 13/IV/72, No. 6023; idem, 14/IV/72, No. 6060,6072,

6077, 6120.

From Ceylon to New Guinea.

Frullania integristipula (Nees) Nees

Corticolous in shrubby forest, 1,100 m, 16 / IV/72, No. 5621.

Known from the locality previously collected by R.E. Holttum, Malesia.

Frullania picta St.

On barks in forest, 900 m, 13 / IV/72, No. 6022.

Burma, Penang, Ambon.

Frullania pullei Verd.

Cortico1ous in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV /62, No. 6056.

New Guinea.

Frullania ternatensis Gottsche

Twigs in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV 17 1, No. 5684, 5689; on barks in deciduous

forest, 900 m, 13 / IV/72, No. 6057.

Indochina, Malesia.

B. EPIPHYLLOUS

Radula formosa (Meissner) Nees

Epiphyllous in shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5669.

Pan tropical.

Cheilolejeunea verrucosa St. Same location, 16/IV/71, No. 5675; idem, 14/ IV/72. No. 5983.

Sumatra.

l'•'l ,, ,, • I

Bl1YOLOCICAL KNOWLEDGE OF MALAYSIA 25

Cololejeunea falcatoides Bx. In evergreen forest, 900 m, 13 /!V /72, No. 5968, 5969.

Sumatra, Java, Ceylon, Borneo, Malaya, Cambodia, Thailand, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Caledonia.

Cololejeunea floccosa (Lehm. & Lindh.) St. Same location, 800 m, J 3/IV /72, No. 5965, 5967, 5971. Indochina, China, Japan, Malesia.

Cololejeunea goebelii Scbiffn. Same location, 800 m, 13/!V/72, No. 5967. Japan, coastal China, Indochina, Malaya, Java.

Cololejeunea oshimensis (Hor.) Bx. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/1V /71, No. 5669, 5673, 5674; idem, 14/ IV /72, No.

5975, 5977, 5979; in evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV/72, No. 5965, 5966,

5969, 5970. China, Japan, Indochina, Malaya, Java, Sulawesi, New Caledonia.

Cololejeunea pecu/iaris Herz. In shrubby forest, 16/ IV/71, No. 5669, 5673; idem, 14/IV/72, No. 5983. Java, Malaya.

Cololejeunea stephanii Bx. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 14/IV/72, No. 5973, 5974, 5975. Malaya, Java.

Cololejeunea tenet/a (St.) Bx. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV /71, No. 5667, 5669. Java, Sumatra.

Colura sp. In shrubby forest, 16/IV /71, No. 5669, 5672, 5673, 5675, 5676, 5677, 5679.

Colura sp. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/72, No. 5667,5669, 5671, 5672.

Drepano[ejeunea micholitzii Herz. In shrubby forest, I ,000 m, 16/lV /71, No. 5668; idem, 14/IV /72, No. 5972 , 5977. From Chittagong to New Caledonia.

Drepanolejeunea malayana Groll. nom. sol. In evergreen forest, 13 / !V/72, No. 5967, 5968, 5971; in shrubby forest, 1,000 m,

14/IV/72, No. 5972, 5983. Endemic.

trXIER

Drepanolejeunea tenera Goeb. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/7I, No. 5677. Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

Drepanolejeunea thwaitesiana Mitt. In Shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 14/IV/72, No. 5973. Indochina, Malesia.

Lejeunea sp. In evergreen forest, 800 m, I 3/IV / 72, No. 5970: in shrubby forest, I ,000 m, I 4/IV I

72, No. 5984.

Leptolejeunea epiphylla (Mitt.) St. In evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5969. From Ceylon to New Caledonia and Tahiti.

Leptolejeunea foliicola St. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5669. Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas.

Leptolejeunea picta St. In evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV/72, No. 5965, 5966, 5967, 5968, 5969, 5970,

5971. Sumatra, Cambodia, Borneo.

Leptolejeunea radiata (Mitt.) St. In evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV/72, No. 5972, 5973; idem, in shrubby forest,

No. 5974. Indochina, Java, Formosa, Sulawesi.

Lepto/ejeunea vitrea (Nees) St. In evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5967. South Indochina, Malesia.

Lopholejeunea herzogiana St. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5669.

Philippines.

Microlejeunea cucullata (Nees) St. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5677. South-East Asia and Oceania.

Osmolejeunea sp. Epiphyllous in shrubby forest, I,OOO m, 14/IV/72, No. 5974.

Thysanant/zus spathulistipus Reinw. Blume Nees In shrubby forest , 1,000 m, 14/IV/72, No. 5979. From Madagascar to New Hebrides.

BRYOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF MALAYSIA 27

Tuyamael/a molishii (Schiffn.) Hattori In evergreen forest, 800 m, 13/IV /72, No. 5965; in shrubby forest, 14/IV / 72, No.

5978, 5981.

Japan, South Vietnam, Malaya.

Xenolejeunea ceylanica (Gottsche) Kachroo & Schuster. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 14/ IV / 72, No. 5976, 5983.

Ceylon, Indochina, Malesia.

Xenolejeunea falsinervis (Sde-Lac.) St. In evergreen forest, 800 rn, 13/IV/72, No. 5967. Vietnam, Cambodia, Penang, Java.

Xenolejeunea longiloba (St.) Kach. & Schust. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5667,5669, 5670, 5678. South-East Asia.

Frul/ania apiculata Auct. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/ IV !7 I , No. 5 576; idem, 14/IV /72, No. 5973, 5977,

5978. From Ceylon to Hawaii.

Frullania notarisii St. In shrubby forest, 1,000 m, 16/IV/71, No. 5675. Borneo.

Neohattoria perversa (St.) Schuster Epiphyllousinshrubbyforest, 1,000m, 16/ IV/71, No. 5675;idem, 14/IV/72, No.

5977,5983. Philippines.

CONCLUSION

The community floristic coefficients between Kedah Peak and eleven regions in Tropical Asia, Malesia, Melanesia and Pacific islands are established basing on the mosses and liverworts as enumerated in this list. The value of C.F.C. may be proportional to the distance bet-ween Malaya and the region considered. This is more evident in mosses than liverworts; but the knowledge of the latter is poorer than of that of mosses. It can be remarked that New Caledonia and Ceylon bas the same C.F.C. For a bryological point of view, the tropical Asian-Ocea-nian world is continous from the beginning of wet regions (Ceylon) to the end of the warm ones (New Caledonia, Noumea, average temperature, 20"C). It seems probably that, the regional divisions based on the bry-ological elements, are closer to reality than that based on the phaneroga. mic plants.

28 TIXIER

COMMUNITY FLORISTIC COEFFICIENTS FOR MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS

Mosses Liverwort s

Regions Kedah Fraser's Kedah Peah Hill Peak

Eastern Asia 14 10 13 (Japan, Cbina, Formosa)

India (Dekkan+Himalaya) 20 20 5

Cey lon 26 30 11

Indochina sensu lata 60 70 53

Malaya 61 68 53

Western Malesia 61 77 74 (Java, Sumatra, Borneo)

Philippines 58 63 38

Eastern Malesia 54 56 41 (Celebes, Moluccas, etc.)

Melanesia 31 20 23 (New Guinea, New Hebrides)

New Caledonia 30 10 18

Pacific Islands 16 14 11

LITERATURE

1926. DIXON, H .N.-A list of Mosses of the Malay Peninsula.

Gard. Bull. Str. Sett l. 4 : 1-46.

1971. TIXIER, P. -A Contribution to the Bryological Knowledge of Fraser's Hill

Station (Malaysia). Gard. Bull . Singapore, 25 (3): 335-353.

1972 . TIXIER, P.-Motint Maquiling Bryoflora (Luzon).

Gard. Bull. Singapore, 26: 137-153.

1972. TIXIER, P.- Contribution a !'etude des Lejeuneacees du Pacifique. Bull . Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, 58 (3-4): 9-12.

PENANG

T HAILAN D ) ' ·j"' ..... i.

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. J ....

K E D A H

KEDA H PEAK D.

o 5 PATANi

L __ ~.._____, Map of northern Malaysia showing the area under study.

C. F. C. OISTRlBUTION

throught tropical wet Asia& Oceania '

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\ epiphylles J zone EPIXYLES & EPIPHYLLES

in FRUTICEOUS FOREST

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