Contributions from: Edouard Bugnion, Jack Lo, and Parthas Ranganathan

Presented at the First Workshop on Computer Architecture Evaluation Using Commercial Workloads(held with HPCA-4, Las Vegas, February 1, 1998)

3G :The Next Generation

Sridhar Rajagopal

Outline

3G Wireless

The World of Mobile Multimedia

Introduction - 3G Standards

Implementation Issues

My idea of the future

3G Wireless

1G– Analog voice communications (AMPS)

2G– Digital voice– Data Services

Low to Medium rate (9.6 kbps) – DAMPS, GSM, IS-95

3G– Integrate Multimedia Services– High Data Rates – Adaptability of mobile device to the environment.– Unite different communication platforms

Different standards Different means of communication

Mobile Multimedia Services

Mobile Multimedia Services

The World of Mobile Multimedia

Take Part in a Video Conference from a Remote Location

Share Information to Feel Closer Get What You Want When You Want It! Explore your Intellectual Curiosity in a Mobile

Environment Various Security Functions Electronic Account Settlement in a Mobile

Environment

http://www.nttdocomo.com/….

Modes Of Operation

Packet Data Services Real Time Services Mixed Services

– Supports variable rates of transmission

– Different QoS requirements

– Different rates for different environments 2 Mbps : Indoor 384 kbps : Pedestrian 144 kbps : Vehicular

Adaptability of the Mobile

Communication : Anytime, Anywhere……..

A ‘Single Appliance’ that can work at– Indoor : Wireless /(Wired Ethernet)

– Outdoor : Wireless

– Home : Cable Modem / DSL / Wireless

REASON for Adaptability : driven by COST – Wires are here to stay!

United we Stand

Different 2G standards

– GSM, IS-95.

Work in the African Jungles, the Sahara Desert, Antartica?

Harmonization :

– UMTS/IMT-2000 : ETSI,ARIB,3GPP,ANSI,ITU

Goal :

–Global Communication

3G Layer Structure

Physical Layer

SignalingServices

PPP

Packet DataApplication

TCP UDP

VoiceServices

OSILayers

3-7

OSILayer

2

OSILayer

1

Circuit DataApplication

High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services

MediumAccessControl(MAC)

Link AccessControl (LAC)

LAC Protocol Null LAC

MACControlStates

Best Effort Delivery(RLP)

Multiplexing

IP

QoS Control

http://www.itu.int/imt/2-radio-dev/index.html

Wireless Network Configuration

http://www1a.mesh.ne.jp/...

Mobile Communication Network

3G Standards - Radio Access Network

Improved Capacity (3 dB)

Coverage & Link Budget Improvements

Power, the Common Resource– Adjust Power to limit interference & get QoS.

Multiple Parallel Services on a single connection– OVSF

Link Improvements– Multiuser Detection, Transmit Diversity, Adaptive Antennas….

Asynchronous Base Station operation

3G Standards - Radio Access Network

Interfrequency Handover

– Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) [ Macro & Micro Overlap]

– ‘Hot Spots’

SCR’s

Support for Adaptive Antenna Arrays

TDD Mode

The Air Interface

5 MHz Bandwidth

– Resolve more multipaths, capacity

Basic Chip Rate

– 4.096 Mcps

Basic Frame Length– 10ms

Transport Channels

Unidirectional

Dedicated / Common

Broadcast Control (DL) Forward Access (DL) Paging (DL) Random Access (UL) Dedicated (UL/DL)

Channel Structure

Pilot

Npilot

bits

TPC

NTPC

bits

Data

Ndata

bits

Tslot

= 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k= 0 . . 6)

DPDCH

DPCCHFBI

NFBI

bits

TFCI

NTFCI

bits

FDD

UPLINK

TPC

NTPC

bits

Tslot

= 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)

Data2

Ndata2

bits

DPDCH

TFCI

NTFCI

bits

Pilot

Npilot

bits

Data1

Ndata1

bits

DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

FDD

DOWNLINK

TPC

NTPC

bits

Data2

Ndata2

bits

DPDCH

TFCI

NTFCI

bits

Pilot

Npilot

bits

Data1

Ndata1

bits

DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH

FDD

DOWNLINK

1 Frame = 16 slots

Spreading and Modulation

QPSK Modulated

Scrambling Code Length = 1 Frame (40960 chips)

Truncated Complex Gold Code (218 -1 ) for Scrambling

Uplink– Users distinguished by Scrambling Codes

Downlink– Users distinguished by their Walsh codes

– Scrambling code to distinguish cells.

Channel Coding

Rate 1/3 Convolutional Code– Low Delay , Moderate Error (10-3)

Concatenated Rate 1/3 + Outer RS + Interleaving– High Quality (10-6 BER)

Turbo Codes– High Rate, High Quality

Random Access Channel

For Acquisition of a Dedicated Channel

MS selects spreading codes for preamble/message

MS selects spreading factor for message

Randomly selects signature & access slot for burst

MS - Closed Loop Power Control

Transmits

If no ACK, repeat!

Implementation Issues

‘Single Appliance’ How should the hardware look? Current Application

– Nokia 9110 Communicator Embedded AMD 486 processor 2 Mb user data 8 Mb memory GEOS Operating System (ver 3.0) Dimensions: 158 x 56 x 27 mm Weight: 253 g Data speed :14,400 bps

Implementation Issues

Various applications have different needs– Desired Bandwidth

– Error Rate

– Security

All applications can use the same memory. Make it Software- reconfigurable. MIT Oxygen Project :

– Microchip wiring that can be automatically reprogrammed for different tasks.

– Software controlled Logic Operations

– Software controlled wire routing.

Implementation Issues

Adaptation to different environments– Seamless handover

Reconfigurability issues

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Support– Internet services on Mobile appliances.

Directions :– Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGA’s

– mNIC

My Idea of the Wireless Future

A laptop 5 times lighter Have a mobile phone attached Ear plug for hands-free talking Size adjustable Low Power Can be attached in front of you Wireless access, anytime, anywhere Can be folded & kept in your pocket! Low COST! Reusable Paper Printer at the Bottom

The Past ……….

The Future is here …….