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Control of Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Grid Systems Ali KeyhaniProfessor of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, [email protected]
7/22/2008 [email protected]
• Energy technologies have a central role in social and economic developments at all scales.
• Energy is closely linked environmental pollution, degradation to economic development and quality of living.
• We are dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels that have been and will continue to be major cause of pollution and climatic change.
• .
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ChallengesTo develop technology for integration, control of renewable energy sources, control of energy consumption and load management.
To empower energy user for a sustainable living.
Developing Distributed Generation system where energy user is also an energy producer.
�
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� In this talk, an overview of humankind energy use is presented.
� Man and Energy --- the past.
� Man and Energy--- the last hundred years.
� Man and Energy---the future
� Then the talk, focuses on some of the challenges and efforts needed to harness renewable energy sources for a sustainable human society.
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• Early human forays into the Middle East from Africa around 100,000 to 150,000 years ago.
• Around 40,000 years ago, grip of Ice Age loosened, temperature became warmer, humans moved into Central Asia and multiplied quickly.
• 35,000 years ago small groups of people left Central Asia for Europe. Cold temperatures kept them there.
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Primary Energy: All we use comes from the sun.
Solar radiation Key to Sustainability:
Utilize primary energy resource at the same rate at which it is naturally replenished on earth and without externalities.
Source : BMW Group,2000
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EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
Mesopotamia� An area geographically located between the
Tigris
and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to Iraq ,
Khuzestan region of southwestern Iran.
� 8000 B.C people of the area used wood
and wood charcoal and oil.
� Include Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian,
Assyrian Empires.
� Known as “Cradle of civilization”7/22/2008 [email protected]
…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
IRON AGE� The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of
Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC. About half a century later, the Babylonians and Assyrians both became provinces of the Persian Empire which gave way to the Achaemenid Empire.
• Seal of Cyrus, the Great.(550 B.C.)7/22/2008 [email protected]
…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE
• 1895 : Invention of combustion engine.
• 1896 : Henry Ford's first motorcar.
• 1908 - Oil discovered in Persia, Anglo Persian Oil company formed (Later became British Petroleum, BP).
• 1938 - Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
• 1939-1945 - World War II - control of oil supply from Baku and Middle East played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the allies. Cutting off the oil supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war.
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…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE
• 1951 : Anglo Iranian Oil Company nationalized.
• 1954 : Anglo-Persian Oil Company renamed British Petroleum.
• 1979-1981 : Oil prices rise from $13.00 to $34.00.
• 1986 : Chernobyl - Nuclear power plant accident.
• 2003 : (Aug 14) - Major electrical failure causes blackout in New York State and Ontario.
• 2008 (July) - WTI oil price briefly touches US$140 per barrel for the first time driven by supply concerns and the weak US dollar.
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Is an Oil economy Sustainable?• In the long run, an economy that utilizes petroleum as
a primary energy source is not sustainable, because the amount of oil in the Earth’s crust is finite.
• The history of energy use is largely one of substitution. In the 19th century, the world’s primary energy source was wood.
• Around 1890, wood was replaced by coal. Coal remained the world’s largest source of energy until the 1960s when it was replaced by oil.
• No one can predict the future, but the world contains enough petroleum resources to last at least until the year 2100.
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The world average oil production per capita from 1920 to 1999. The curve represents the ratio of world oil production (O) and world population (Pop): i.e. ô = O/(Pop) in barrels per capita per year (i.e. b/c/year). Note well that ô grew exponentially from 1920 to 1973. Next, growth was negligible from 1973 to the all-time peak in 1979. Finally, from its peak in 1979 to 1999, ô decreased at an average rate of 1.20% per year. (i.e. from 5.50 b/c in 1979 to 4.32 b/c in 1999)
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Introduction to current Energy Use
Regional Distribution of Total Energy Use
Oil remains the leading energy source in all regions except Asia Pacific and Europe and Eurasia. Coal dominates in the Asia Pacific Region, while Natural Gas is the leading fuel in Europe and Eurasia. The Asia Pacific region accounted for two-thirds global energy consumption last year.
North America
S. & Cent. America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Africa Asia Pacific
Regional Consumption Pattern 2006
Percentage100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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Energy Sustainability DiscussionPrimary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities.”
Source : BMW Group, 2000
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Global ClimateSolar irradiation enters atmosphere primarily as UV radiation
Earth radiation to space is primarily Infra-red radiation
Composition of atmosphere affects how much energy is absorbed, reflected, transmitted through,….
� Similar to a car window
IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Proven Energy Resources around the world
Petroleum Natural Gas Coal
Region 2002 preserved Resources (10^9 bbls)
R/P (years)
2002 proved Reserves (10^12 SCF)
R/P years 2002 preserved Reserves (10^9 tonnes)
R/P
(years)North America 49.9 10.3 252.4 9.4 257.8 240
S. & Cent.America 98.6 42 250.2 68.8 21.8 404
Europe & Eurasia 97.5 17 2155.8 58.9 355.4 306
Middle East 685.6 92 1979.7 >100 ???? >500
Africa 77.4 27.3 418.1 88.9 55.3 247
Asia Pacific 38.7 13.7 445.3 41.8 292.5 126
World 1047.7 40.6 5501.5 60.7 984.5 204
Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that year.
BP website – www.bp.com7/22/2008 [email protected]
Energy SustainabilityProved reserves at end 2006
Oil Reserves
0100200300400
500600700800
Asia Pacific North America S & Cent.America
Africa Europe & Asia Middle East
Region
Tho
usan
d m
illio
n ba
rrel
s
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• The age of petroleum is coming to an end, and the future is dangerously insecure.
• Oil demand will shortly exceed the production capacity of even the largest suppliers. The world economy is moving towards an uneasy transition.
• The open question is when the peak oil usage occur. Can the world renewable and green sources of energy be able to continue the industry in the same way as it is at present.
• Global warming is an engineering problem, not a moral crusade. Until we solve the problem, it's hypocrisy to pretend we can stop.
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Remarks:• Accepted age for the Earth and the rest of the solar
system is about 4.55 billion years. It took billion of years to produce world oil, gas and coal reserve.
• Recorded history of Homo Sapiens is about 5000 years old.
• For 5000 years, man used wood , wood charcoal , wind and water power .
• Since the industrial revolution, man has been using coal.
• Man has been using oil for one hundred years. How long would it last?
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CONCLUSION
� The parallel issue that is also in a concern is the Global warming.
� For a sustainable life and preventing Global warming, man must minimizing the dependence on oil.
� Renewable and Green Energy
�Smart Grid7/22/2008 [email protected]
What is the Concept of Green Energy
?
Power generation using environmental-friendly energy sources.
1. Hydrogen Based Resources
� Fuel cells
2. Renewable Energy Sources
� Photovoltaic cells
� Wind power
3. Storage Devices
� Ultra capacitors
� Batteries
� Flywheels
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What are the Benefits of Smart Grid ?
• Installation near to the local loads.
• Power losses of distribution network can be reduced by reducing the power flow in the transmission lines.
• On-site standby power systems during grid outages
• Peak load shaving
• Modular structure makes system expansion easy. e.g. fuel cell-micro turbine or micro turbine-battery systems.
• Combined heat and power (CHP) applications.
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CONTROL OF SMART GRIDCONTROL OF SMART GRID
Voltage Control- Reactive Power Control
Load Frequency Control
P and Q control
Inverter output line-to-line voltage can be represented by the vector –
Three-phase inverter output current scan be represented by - , ,
[ ]TiCAiBCiABi VVVV =
iAi iBi iCi7/22/2008 [email protected]
� Island Operation –
� P and Q control
� Load Frequency Control
� Voltage Control
� Smart Grid Parallel Operation with local Utility System� Load Frequency is controlled by local utility system (load
regulation)
� Voltage is controlled by local utility system.
� Smart Grid controls its loads (Load Management)
� Smart Grid controls it P and Q injection( Inverter Control).
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Smart Grid Operation
� Challenges� Loss of local utility system.
� Protection-Faults
� Separation Smart Grid from local utility
� Key Technology – Smart Metering
� Real time pricing
� Load Management
� Design of Sustainable Smart Grid- Island operation and Parallel operation with local utility system
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Smart Grid Operation
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� Control system structure:�The inner loop: current control
�The outer loop: voltage control
�Current limiter: limit the inductor current
Active and Reactive Power Control
RSC DSMCCurrentLimiter
Icmd, αβ0*
+
-
+
-
ev,αβ0Vref, αβ0Icmd, αβ0 ei,αβ0
PlantSVPWM
VL, αβ0Ii, αβ0 X
ILVi,cmd,αβ0
Vi X
Linv
Cinv Cinv
5 KVA - 60 Hz240V Delta/ 208 Wye
Transformer
LOAD
U
V
W
x
z
n
y
aIinv
bIinv
cIinv
aIload
bIload
cIload
Cgrass
ca
bc
ab
Vinv
Vinv
Vinv
cn
bn
an
Vload
Vload
Vload
ca
bc
ab
Vpwm
Vpwm
Vpwm
uF1100
PWM controlsignals
INVERTERF240
DSP system
voltages and currentsmeasurement
SignalConditioning
Circuit
GATE DRIVERSKHI- 22
SKM 50 GB 123 D
SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM
240 VUTILITY
SOURCE
mH0.2
Vdc
ca
bc
ab
Vbyp
Vbyp
Vbyp
Linv
Cinv Cinv
5 KVA - 60 Hz240V Delta/ 208 Wye
Transformer
U
V
W
x
z
n
y
aIinv
bIinv
cIinv
aIload
bIload
cIload
Cgrass
ca
bc
ab
Vinv
Vinv
Vinv
cn
bn
an
Vload
Vload
Vload
ca
bc
ab
Vpwm
Vpwm
Vpwm
uF1100
PWM controlsignals
INVERTERF240
DSP system
voltages and currentsmeasurement
SignalConditioning
Circuit
GATE DRIVERSKHI- 22
SKM 50 GB 123 D
SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM
mH0.2
Vdc
ca
bc
ab
Vbyp
Vbyp
Vbyp
RS232Communication
THREEPHASE
RECTIFIERSYSTEM
THREEPHASE
RECTIFIERSYSTEM
2 x 5 kVA Experimental Setup
Analysis, design, & development through simulations and experimental works
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Steady State PerformanceResistive Balanced Load 0.8 lagging balanced load
0.9 leading balanced load Resistive single-phase load
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Steady State PerformanceNon-linear load
In all cases powers are shared within less than 1%
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Transient Performance
Balanced resistive � Balanced 0.8 lagging � Unbalanced resistive7/22/2008 [email protected]
Synchronization to bypass and Free-Running Mode
Phase Error Frequency
DQ Real and Reactive PowersCurrents7/22/2008 [email protected]
Related Refrences
� [1] Keyhani. A., M.N. Marwali, L.E. Higuera, G. Athalye, G. Baumgartner, "An integrated virtual learning system for the development of motor drive systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 17, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 1-6
� [2] Keyhani. A., A.B. Proca, "A virtual test bed for instruction and design of permanent magnet machines," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 14, No. 3, Aug. 1999, pp. 795-801
�
� [3].Jung. J. O and A Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter", IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, volume 22, issue 2, June 2007 Page(s):467 - 476
�
� [4]. Marwali, Mohammad N., Jin-Woo Jung and Ali Keyhani, "Stability Analysis of Load Sharing Control for Distributed Generation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No.3, September 2007, pp. 737-745]
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� [5] Marwari. Mohammad N., Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 21, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 516-526.]
�
� [6]. Dai. Min, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1,Jan. 2008. pp. 343 - 352
�
� [7] Dai. Min, M.N Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "A Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control Technique for a Single Distributed Generation Unit in Island Mode", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 322 - 331
� [8] Dai. Min, Mohammad N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, and Ali Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit with Nonlinear Local Load," IEEE Power Engineering Society 2004 Power Systems Conference & Exposition, October 10-13, 2004, New York city, NY
� .
7/22/2008 [email protected]
Related Papers� [9] Dai. Min, Ali Keyhani, Jin-Woo Jung, and A.B. Proca, "A Low Cost Fuel Cell
Drive System for Electrical Vehicles," Proceedings of the 2003 Global Powertrain Congress Conference and Exposition, vol. 26, Sept. 2003, USA, pp. 22-26
�
� [10].Dai. Min, Mohammad N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, Ali Keyhani, "A PWM Rectifier Control Technique for Three-Phase Double Conversion UPS under Unbalanced Load," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC'05, Vol. 1, pp.548-552, March 2005, Austin, TX
�
� [12] Jung. Jin-Woo. Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Modeling and Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC'05, Vol. 2, pp. 1112-1118, March 6-10, 2005, Austin, TX
�
� [13].Keyhani. A, M. Dai, and J. W. Jung, "Parallel Operation of Power Converters for Applications to Distributed Energy Systems," 2nd IASTED (The International Association of Science and Technology for Development) International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Greece, June 25-28, 2002
�
� [14] Jung. Jin-Woo and Ali Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter", IEEE Transaction on Energy
� Conversion, volume 22, issue 2, June 2007 Page(s):467 - 476
7/22/2008 [email protected]
Related Papers
� M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part I: Voltage and Current Control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1541-1550[Abstract] [PDF Full-Text (738KB)]
� M. N. Marwali, J. W. Jung, and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part II: Load Sharing," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1551-1561
[Abstract] [PDF Full-Text(873KB)]
� http://www.ece.osu.edu/facultystaff/keyhani.htmhttp://eewww.eng.ohio-state.edu/ems
� Thank you for coming
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