control of rhynchophorus ferrugineus in italy€¦ · emergency measures ministry of agriculture...
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Control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineusin Italyin Italy
Sandro Nardi-Raffaele Griffo-Maurizio De Santis-Bruno Faraglia
Emergency measures
Ministry of AgricultureDecree
DM of 9 november 2007
Commissiondecision
2007/365/CE and 2008/776/CE
Different Acts at regional level
RPW REGULATIONS
Council directive 2000/29/CE
Cutting and destroying measures
CONTROL MEASURES
Sanitation of infestedpalms
Other subsidiarymeasures
Pruning of esternal leaves
CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES
Cover of the soil under the plant with a strong
canavas
Cover of the upper part of the palmstipe with a strong net or canavas
CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES
Cutting of the stipe (on the right) or of the infested part of the stipe (on the left)
CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES
•Grinding or chipping in to small pieces associatedwith low temperature
•Grinding or chipping in to small pieces associatedwith chemical o biological treatments
Transport to a station of grinding or chipping
CUTTING AND DESTROYING MEASURES
SANITATION MEASURES
Example of integratedapproach Regionaldecree n. 357/2009
Marche Region
Integrated approach
Sanitation of infestedpalms
Spherical pruning dendrochirurgy
1° Treatment
2°- 3°- 4°Treatments
Plants submitted to sanitation shall be periodically inspected
•Showers (Different groups)
•Endotherapy (Bari, Campania and others)
•Dendrochirurgy (Palermo)
•Nematodes (Marche, Campania and others)
•Mass trapping (Marsala and Grottammare)
•Entomopath. Fungi (Dipropalm)
•MicroWaves (Campania and Lazio)
EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
MEANS AND METHODS OF CONTROL
• Preventive trials
• Curative trials
EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
Preventive methods of control
Periodic sprays with chemical compounds ‐Trials to evaluate the efficacy of two different products containingentomopathogenic nemathodes, species Steinernema carpocapsae,applied on adult non infested Phoenix canariensis to preservethemselves from R. ferrugineus attacks
Endotherapy
Showers
Mass trapping
Mass trapping
Preventive methods of control
Mass trapping – two years experience
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
6/6
13/6
20/6
27/6 4/7
11/7
18/7
25/7 1/8
8/8
15/8
22/8
29/8 5/9
12/9
19/9
26/9
3/10
10/1
017
/10
24/1
031
/10
7/11
14/1
121
/11
28/1
15/
1212
/12
19/1
226
/12
2/1
9/1
16/1
23/1
30/1 6/2
13/2
20/2
27/2 6/3
13/3
20/3
27/3 3/4
10/4
17/4
24/4 1/5
8/5
15/5
22/5
29/5 5/6
12/6
19/6
26/6 3/7
10/7
17/7
24/7
31/7 7/8
14/8
21/8
28/8 4/9
11/9
18/9
25/9
2/10
9/10
16/1
023
/10
30/1
0
Num
ero
tota
le d
i ad
ulti c
attu
rati
Preventive methods of control
Mass trapping
0
20
40
60
Catt
ure
tota
li
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940
Posizione (n° trappola)
Preventive methods of control
n. ofcau
ght‐
adults/trap
n. trap and position
Experimental trialsENDOTHERAPY – Assessing translocation
and persistence ability
n. 2 replications
Winter - Spring
SFR Campania – UNINA – Parco Regionale dei Campi Flegrei –
Intrachem Italia - Syngenta - Isagro Italia
Soil application
Endotherapic Trial description
Dose of product Dose of a.iAbamectina 100 ml/pianta 1,90% 1,9 ml/piantAzadiractina A 120 ml/pianta 5% 6,0 ml/piantClotianidin 15 gr/pianta 50% 7,5 gr/piant
Soil treatmentAzadiractina A 400 ml/pianta 5% 20 ml/piantaClotianidin 30 gr/pianta 50% 15 gr/pianta
Active ingredient %Endotherapy
101 Abamectin 0,03 0,016 0,013 0,011 0,015 0,012 0,016201 Abamectin 0,024 0,021 0,023 0,03 0,015 0,014 0,018103 Clotianidin 0,92 0,84 0,84 0,8 0,6 0,56 0,32203 Clotianidin 0,8 0,84 0,84 0,8 0,64 0,56 0,44102 Azadiractin 1,28 0,68 0,16 1,28 0,64 0,28 0,12202 Azadiractin 0,88 1,24 0,44 2,56 1,88 0,56 0,28
day 14 day 24 day 35Plant A.I. day 1 day 10day 3 day 8
Endotherapy
Assessing translocation and persistence ability ofproducts (values in mg/Kg)
Treatment 20th december 2008
0,8
0,62
0,38
0,96
0,3
1,26
0,42
0,20,0170,0130,0150,02050,0180,01850,027
0,56
0,840,840,86
1,08
1,92
a gg 1 a gg 3 a gg 8 a gg 10 a gg 14 a gg 24 a gg 35
Abamectina
Clothianidin
Azadiractina
/kg
105 Clotianidin 0,16 0,064 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01205 Clotianidin 0,08 0,012 < 0,01 <0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01104 Azadiractin < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01204 Azadiractin < 0,01 < 0,02 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01
Plant A.I. day 1 day 3 day 24day 8 day 10 day 14 day 35
Application to the soil
Assessing the translocation and persistenceability of products (values in mg/Kg)
Treatment 18 december 2008
EndotherapyEndotherapy ‐‐ Treatment 6 Treatment 6 maymay 20082008
values in mg/KgSampling date
08/05/09 11/05/09 15/05/09 18/05/09 21/05/09 01/06/09 11/06/09
n.pianta P.A. Values obtained mg/kg
101 Abamectina 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01
201 Abamectina 0,01 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01
102 Azadiractina 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,01 <0,01 <0,01
202 Azadiractina 0,02 0,04 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,01 0,01
103 Clothianidin 0,03 0,03 0,018 0,015 0,01 0,01 0,01
203 Clothianidin 0,04 0,03 0,026 0,2 0,2 0,01 0,01
EndotherapyEndotherapy ‐‐ Treatment 1 JULY 2009Treatment 1 JULY 2009
02/07/2009 07/07/2009 11/05/2009( on the sawdust)
n.pianta P.A.
101 Abamectina 0,01 <0,01 <0,01
201 Abamectina <0,01 <0,01 <0,01
102 Azadiractina 0,01 0,02 0,04
202 Azadiractina 0,02 0,02 0,06
103 Clothianidin 0.02 0,06 0,1
203 Clothianidin 0,03 0,05 0,18
on the sawdustvalues in mg/Kg
Mortality in laboratoryMicrogrammi su larve Abamectina
Clothianidin
Mortality in laboratory
Thiamethoxam
Mortality in laboratory
Curative trials
Endotherapy
Showers
Microwaves
Dendrochirurgy
(Chemical compounds, entomopathogenic nemathodsentomopathogenic fungi)
Microwavetreatments
Red Palm Weevil (after 10 minutes of microwave heating)
Optical image Thermal image
No vital sign visible
Preliminary result
Microwave
First application experiencesMicrowave treatments
Efficacy
Damages
ECOPALM –Machine with a CIRCULAR BAND, endowed with electricgenerators of MICROWAVES whichradiate high-frequencyenergy towards the centre of the palm tree
Microwave treatments
Efficacy trials
PlantPlant height
Capitulum width Plant sex
Level of attack
Position of attack
Environmental
temperature
Time of application/mi
nT° outside the palm
Felling afirst che
17A 5 70 female medium apicale 8 °C 90 65 - 70°C after 2417B 2 50 male medium basal 8 °C 90 65 - 70°C immed17C 10 80 male very high apicale 12 °C 80 60 - 68 °C after 24
Damage trail
17D 10 80 femaleno
symptoms
12 °C 45 56 - 58 °C periodicchecks
17E 10 80 female low apical 12 °C 45 57 - 58 °C periodicchecks
Microwave
Preliminary data
Total alive dead Total alive dead Total alive deaFirst survey
larvae 50 0 50 50 22 28 133 85 48pupae 0 0 0 3 0 3 12 2 10adults 35 0 35 16 2 14 22 21 1
Grand total 85 69 167
Second survey (48 hours)larvae 0 50 9 41 55 78pupae 0 0 0 3 2 10adults 0 35 2 14 21 1
Third survey (96 hours)larvae 0 50 8 42 52 81pupae 0 0 0 3 2 10adults 0 35 1 15 21 1
Total alive/dead 0 85 9 60 75 92% death rate 100% 87% 55%
17A 17/C17/B
(*) for 17/B first survey soon after treatment
0
50
8
42
52
81
0 0 0 3 210
0
35
1
1521
10
10
20
30
4050
60
70
80
90
vivi morti vivi morti vivi morti
17 A 17B 17C
larve pupe adulti
Final data alive / dead
17 D
Damage trail
small externalburns tissue
Microwave
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Curative trials
APPROCCIO INTEGRATO
STEP 1
Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgySTEP 2
Knock down treatmentSTEP 3
Enhancement and maintenance treatments
System that combine different means of control useful to reach the sanitation of the infested plant
Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy
STEP 1
INTEGRATED APPROACH
STEP 1
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy
Spherical pruning/Dendrochirurgy
STEP 1
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Washing and knock down treatment
• It is necessary to wash the top of the sipe with about50 lts. of water sprayed with 3‐5 bar of pressure
•Treatment spraying a chemical insecticide and/or entomopathogenic nematodes (10‐20 lts.)
STEP 2
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Applied STEP 1 and 2, Three more treatments shall be carried on tocomplete sanitation activity and avoid reifestation of susceptible plants:
• 1° treatment 30 days later STEP I and II
• 2° treatment 60 days later STEP I and II
• 3° treatment 180 days later STEP I and II
In the experimental trials to evaluate the efficacy of STEP I and II, treated plants havebeeen dissected and checked 20 days later STEP Iand II to verify alive and dead individuals of R. ferrugineus.
STEP 3
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Enhancement and maintenance treatments
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
• 20083 THESIS (2 chemical compounds, 1 EPNs)
• 20093 THESIS (2 EPNs, 1 chemical compounds)
Trial design: n°9 adults P. canariensis ‐ age > 10 years planted in the ground ‐ 3 plants/treatment
Trial site: Grottammare ‐ San Benedetto del Tronto
Date of applications: July ‐ October 2008
Date of the checks: dissection 20 days after the treatment applications
Infestation level: 100 % infested plants
2008
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
42221Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina
96347Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina
20504EPNs
Individuals eliminatedby pruning (%)N. Individuals / plantTREATMENTS
Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgy efficiency
2008
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
33,366,7129Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina
100013Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina
56,443,6404EPNs
Dead %Alive %N° individuals per treatment (meanvalues/plant)
TREATMENT
Knock down treatment application efficiency
2008
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
36,7 ‐ 7554,7Clorpyrifos + Azadiractina
100 ‐ 100100Clorpyrifos + Deltametrina
61,1 ‐ 10065EPNs
Min – Max %
Integrated approach efficiency% (mean value)
(spherical pruning + knock down treatment application)
TREATMENT
Global integrated approach efficiency
2008
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
Trial design : n° 9 P. canariensis ‐ age > 10 yearsplanted in the ground ‐ 3 plants/treatment
Trial Site: Grottammare ‐ San Benedetto del Tronto
Date of applications: July – September 2009
Method and checks: 2 applications (1° at pruning time, 2° after twenty days)Dissection twenty days after the 2°application
Infestation level: 100 % infested plants
2009
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
29/09/0957,8907EPNs
16/09/0945,5685EPNs + Chitosano
02/09/0955218Chemicalinsecticide
Date of pruningIndividuals
eliminated bypruning (%)
N. Individuals / plantTREATMENT
2009
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
Spherical pruning/dendrochirurgy efficiency
40,659,4382,7EPNs
46,653,4373,7EPNs + Chitosano
75,224,898Chemicalinsecticide
Dead %Alive %
N° individualsper treatment
(meanvalues/plant)
TREATMENT
2009
Knock down treatment applications efficiency
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
60 %6 - 2011,7Chemicalnsecticide
76 %105 - 161132,3
EPNs(Steinernemacarpocapsae)
63,4 %210 - 350260,7
EPNs(Steinernemacarpocapsae)+ CHITOSAN
Death rate %
min./maxCocoons/plant
Treatment
82,461 - 6764,3
21,2148 - 343248
6,238 - 212102,3
Death rate %
min./maxLarvae/plant
62 %7 - 4022
85,8 %2 - 32,3
23,3 %6 - 1210
Death rate %min./maxAdults/plant
2009
COCOONS LARVAE ADULTS
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
Knock down treatment applications efficiency
70,6 – 79,2 %74,9EPNs
58,8 – 81,3 %70,8EPNs + Chitosano
86 – 92,6 %88,7Chemicalinsecticide
Min – Max %
Integrated approach efficiency% (mean value)
(spherical pruning + knock down treatment application)
TREATMENT
2009
INTEGRATED APPROACH ‐ EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS
Global integrated approach efficiency
Comparison between EPNs and Chemical insecticide
EPNs ∙ safe for people and environment
∙ performance useful in the temperature range 12 ‐ 33 °C
∙more effective to control individuals in the cocoons
∙ Actually not allowed in public green areas
∙ Only few products allowed for ornamental plants are available (PPO)
∙ performance not limited by temperature
∙more effective to control larvae and adults out of the cocoons
Prodotti chimici
Areas where the pest occurs since more than three years (settlement)
containment
RPW SITUATION IN ITALY
Demarcated areas eradication
Free pest areas no occurrence
Free pestareas
Survey
Preventive measures
Awarness and Advisoring
ACTION PLANE
Aim: no findings and maintaining status
Demarcatedareas
Survey
Preventive measures
Awarness and Advisoring
Curative measures
ACTION PLANE
Aim: no spreading and eradication
Settlementareas
Survey
Preventive measures
Awarness and Advisoring
Curative measures
ACTION PLANE
Aim: no spreading and containment of pest population
Inspections and preventive measures in the nurseries
Survey and checks strongerin the buffer zone
Immediate control measurein presence of findings
ACTION PLANE IN THE DEMARCATED AREAS
Inspections and preventive measures in the nurseries
Stronger survey and checksin the buffer zone
Immediate control measurein presence of findings in the buffer zone
ACTION PLANE IN THE SETTLEMENT AREAS
RPW AND PALM PRODUCTION IN ITALY
Free places of production located in demarcated areas and/or settlement
areas
Nurseries located in Free pest areas
Free sites of production located in demarcated areas and/or settlement
areas
Thank you for your attention