control system interoperability: can we talk?...lte-direct) • allseen alliance . 20 there are many...
TRANSCRIPT
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Michael Poplawski
November 13, 2014
Control System Interoperability:
Can We Talk?
DOE SSL Market Development Workshop Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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Welcome to Michigan
http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/michigan-state-2290 http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-michigan-9092
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Objectives
• Discuss some Terminology
• Review some examples of how Interoperability is achieved
• Understand the Standards development process
• Learn about the recent efforts of a some Industry Consortiums developing interoperability specifications
• Enable better Conversations
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Key points
• There are many possible types, or levels of interoperability. • Rarely does one “protocol” define and deliver full “application-
level” interoperability. • Interoperability can, and should be (carefully) specified.
• Not all specifications are similar, even if their purposes appear to be
similar. • Specifications are developed for different purposes, by different
types of bodies, and using different processes. • No specification is perfect.
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System terminology
• Compatibility: Two devices (or a device and a system) are compatible if they can coexist in a system (or in the same physical environment) – that is, operate without corrupting, interfering with, or hindering the operation of the other entity.
• Interoperability: Two devices (or a device and a system) are interoperable if they can both work together to operate as intended, typically facilitated by an ability to share a common defined set of information.
• Interchangeability: Two devices are interchangeable if they can be physically exchanged for each other, and provide a defined level of identical operation in a system without additional configuration.
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Compatibility, Interoperability, Interchangeability
Compatibility
Interchangeability
Interoperability
“You complete me”
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Lighting system evolution
Compatibility
1) Interference with broadcast or communication networks (addressed by FCC, CISPR) 2) Phase controls and LED source issues (focus of NEMA SSL-7a)
Interoperability
1) 0-10V, DALI 2) ZigBee, EnOcean 3) Connected Lighting Alliance, TALQ, ANSI C137
Interchangeability
1) ANSI bases 2) Electrical, mechanical, thermal interface (focus of Zhaga) 3) ANSI C137
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Focus on interoperability
• Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (e.g. controllers, sensors, software) into a system
• Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) need/want
• Helps manage risk of component, manufacturer obsolescence • Facilitates the sharing of data
– Devices share data they generate – Devices can use data generated elsewhere – For adaptive lighting – For non-energy benefits
• Sharing of application data requires a common application definition (sometimes referred to as functional profile) … or an up-to-date “translator”
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Some interoperability specifications & standards
• 0-10V
• DALI
• ZigBee
• Zhaga
• EnOcean
• Insteon
• Ledotron
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0-10V overview
• Separate AC power and control • Analog, one-way communication • Actually two “standards”
– ANSI E1.3, originally developed by the Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) in 1997 for theatrical equipment
– IEC 60929, originally released in 1992 for linear fluorescent systems
• Requires two low-voltage differential wires per control channel, which carry a low-speed signal, directly connected between each control and load
• Impossible to assign individual control devices (dimmers, sensors) to one or many light sources without added wiring
Switched Hot (power)
0-10V +/- AC Power
Hot
Neutral
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0-10V features and challenges
• Features – Cost-effective control – Control zones can be run separate from power zones – Few interoperability problems when all components comply with same
“standard”
• Challenges – Typically (not always) requires line-voltage switching – Costly wiring requirements – Long wire runs can affect performance (e.g. dimming range, accuracy) – “Standards” do not specify whether controls signals should be run as UL Class
1 or Class 2 – Unknowing use of components complying with different “standards” results in
interoperability problems – Limited definition of application requirements
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0-10V dimming control performance
02468
1012
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cont
rol O
utpu
t
Control Input
Manufacturer AManufacturer BManufacturer CLinearSquareS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Ligh
t Sou
rce
Out
put
Light Source Input
Square-Law Light SourceLinear Light Source
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 50% 100%Ligh
t Sou
rce
Out
put
Control Input
Square-law Control + Linear Light Source
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 50% 100%Ligh
t Sou
rce
Out
put
Control Input
Square-law Control + Square-law Light Source
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DALI overview
• Digital, two-way communication • Originally developed in 1990’s as part of IEC 60929 for linear fluorescent
systems – Recently removed, expanded and turned into IEC 62386
• Requires two low-voltage differential wires which carry a low-speed signal, daisy chained across one or more devices
• Easy to assign individual control devices (dimmers, sensors) to one or many light sources without added wiring
DALI +/- AC Power
Hot
Neutral
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DALI features and challenges
• Features – Single interface for Electronic Control Gears and Electronic Control Devices – Addressing of up to 64 individual components per DALI link, at data rates of
1200 bits/second – Allows control and status reporting of wide variety of ballasts, dimmers,
sensors – Presumes that control signal is run as UL Class 1 (with AC)
• Challenges – Addressing of up to 64 individual components per DALI link, at data rates of
only 1200 bits/second – Many manufacturers have “proprietary” extensions, resulting in
interoperability problems with components from other manufactures – Typically time-consuming and complex commissioning – Some manufacturers run control signal as UL Class 2
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DALI … as specified by IEC-62386 Parts 201,202,…210
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There are many possible levels of interoperability
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
Application Network Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
Transport End-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
Physical Media, Signal, and
Binary Transmission 1
2
3
4
5
7
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption 6
OSI Model
• Verbal • Written
• Face-to-face • Letter, Email • Telephone
• Horse, Vehicle, Airplane • Wired • Wireless
• English, French • Dialect
• Jargon • Lingo • Colloquialisms
Physical
Format
Transport
Language
Application Specific
“Human” Model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
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There are many possible levels of interoperability
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
Application Network Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
Transport End-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
Physical Media, Signal, and
Binary Transmission 1
2
3
4
5
7
OSI Model
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption 6
“Internet” Model
Application
Transport
Physical and Data
Link
Internet
TCP UDP
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
IPv4 IPv6 DSL DOCSISEthernet ISDN PPP
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There are many possible levels of interoperability
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
Application Network Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
Transport End-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
Physical Media, Signal, and
Binary Transmission 1
2
3
4
5
7
OSI Model
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption 6
Simplified OSI Model
Application
Transport & Network
Physical & Data Link
“How is data routed”
“How is data understood”
“How is data created”
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Some more interoperability specifications & standards
• 0-10V
• DALI
• ZigBee
• Zhaga
• EnOcean
• Insteon
• Ledotron
• Connected Lighting Alliance • TALQ Consortium • ANSI C137 “Lighting
Systems”
• LonMark • ZigBee Alliance NAN • Wi-SUN • NTCIP • 3GPP (LTE, LTE-Advanced,
LTE-Direct) • AllSeen Alliance
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There are many possible levels of interoperability
USB
Mouse Driver
Mouse Driver
USB
USB
Mouse Driver A
Mouse Driver B Mouse
Driver B
Generic Mouse Driver
Printer Driver
ISDN
DSL Cable
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
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Facilitating interoperability…
• Gateways, drivers, schemas serve as bridges between devices and systems, providing or translating across one or more interoperability layers (physical/data link, network/transport, application)
• Protocol changes (e.g. bug fixes, feature additions) require updating the translator
• Some changes happen more frequently than others • Some changes are easier to update than others (e.g. firmware,
driver, software) • Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability (i.e. fewer
translators) can deliver greater system flexibility and performance, but require broader, deeper adoption of specifications/standards
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There are many possible levels of interoperability
Between a Controller and a Luminaire
Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network
Between a Central Management System and Communication Network
Between Field Devices
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Changes are coming…
• Drive for interconnected systems
• Likely not one lighting, building protocol
• Likely not one master command center
• Building, lighting systems look more like IT systems
• Devices and systems that connect to communication networks, exchange data, and make intelligent decisions
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Changes are coming…
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Specifications & standards
Goals • Improve compatibility? • Ensure interoperability?
– At what levels(s)? – For what features?
• Ensure interchangeability? – At what levels(s)? – For what features?
Characteristics • Open? • Licensed? • Fee? • Compliance testing?
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Standard development process
Mature Standard
0) Goal definition
1) Specification
2) Specification Verification
3) Compliance Testing
4) Broad Manufacturer
Adoption
5) Standardization
6) Broad Market Adoption
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(Overly) simple interoperability questions to ask
• What data communication aspects does the specification address? How data is physically created? How it is routed? How it is understood?
• What application-level features and/or performance does the specification guarantee (if any)? Does the specification contain functional profiles? For what types of devices?
• How is compliance with an interoperable specification verified, reported?
• How mature is the specification? Is is open? Licensed? Is there a fee? What is the fee used for? Has it been standardized?
• What other devices/systems or device/system vendors does your product work together with? What “translators” are required? Where do those “translators” physically reside in the system? How are they updated?
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Introduction to TCLA and TALQ
• Industry consortiums • Driven by lighting end-product manufacturers (i.e. lamp, luminaires,
controllers, software – rather than sub-components) • Focused on interoperability • Managed compliance testing and reporting
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Lighting system performance is a function of …
Capability And… Compatibility Interoperability Interchangeability
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Greater interoperability promises to …
• Increase adoption • Increase user satisfaction • Facilitate the deployment of an energy-saving platform (multi-
phase, not limited to initial install choices) • Leverage crowd-source development (software, use cases) • Reduced incremental cost (software vs. hardware) • Communicate measured performance (hours-of-use, energy)
– Simplified utility programs – Decouple increased energy savings from new hardware, installation
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Recommendations
• Let go of the past (experiences, approaches) • Leverage new industry (lighting and non-lighting) specification
development • Figure out how to specify interoperability based on your needs • Demand managed compliance testing • Don’t add to the confusion • Promote, facilitate ecosystem that streamlines the path to mature
standards • Be patient during (and contribute to!) the maturity process
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Michael Poplawski
November 13, 2014
Questions?
DOE SSL Market Development Workshop Pacific Northwest National Laboratory