Controls of TemperatureControls of TemperatureChapter 17 NotesChapter 17 Notes

-Why Temperature Changes from -Why Temperature Changes from Place to Place-Place to Place-

LATITUDELATITUDE SEASONSSEASONS ALTITUDE (ELEVATION)ALTITUDE (ELEVATION) TIME OF DAYTIME OF DAY Urban AreasUrban Areas LAND VS. WATERLAND VS. WATER LOCATION NEAR BODY OF WATERLOCATION NEAR BODY OF WATER

LATITUDELATITUDE

LatitudeLatitude- - degrees north degrees north and south of and south of the equator. the equator.

Places near the Places near the equator get the equator get the most intense most intense rays from sun rays from sun and thus absorb and thus absorb the most heat.the most heat. Vertical Ray Focused on Equator.

First Day of Spring and Autumn

ALTITUDE (ELEVATION)ALTITUDE (ELEVATION) In the troposphere, temperature In the troposphere, temperature

decreases with an increase in decreases with an increase in altitude.altitude.

Normal lapse rateNormal lapse rate- 3.5 °F - 3.5 °F lowerlower for every 1,000 feet you go up.for every 1,000 feet you go up.

45°

20°

Near Large body of waterNear Large body of water

So, being near a large body of water prevents temperatures from going So, being near a large body of water prevents temperatures from going to the extremes (very high or very low). Thus, extreme temperatures to the extremes (very high or very low). Thus, extreme temperatures usually occur a fair distance away from a large body of water. usually occur a fair distance away from a large body of water.

TIME OF DAYTIME OF DAY

WarmestWarmest- early - early to late to late afternoon afternoon (between 2 and (between 2 and 5 p.m.)because 5 p.m.)because it takes time it takes time for the surface for the surface to heat up.to heat up.

CoolestCoolest- just - just before dawn before dawn (5 (5 a.m.)because a.m.)because it takes time it takes time for the for the surface to surface to cool off.cool off.

TIME OF DAYTIME OF DAY

However, weather conditions However, weather conditions play a large role as does the play a large role as does the season which impacts time of season which impacts time of

sunrise and sunset. These time sunrise and sunset. These time of day conditions are the truest of day conditions are the truest

under a clear sky with very under a clear sky with very little wind from midnight to little wind from midnight to

midnight.midnight.

The Effects of CloudsThe Effects of Clouds

• Nighttime: clouds keep the earth warmer

• Daytime: clouds keep the earth cooler

Urban AreasUrban Areas Urban areas are warmer…why?Urban areas are warmer…why?

LAND VS. WATERLAND VS. WATER

Earthly surfaces Earthly surfaces absorb absorb differentdifferent amounts of amounts of energy. Biggest energy. Biggest difference is difference is between land between land and water…and water…why?why?

Average July Surface Temperature

LAND VS. WATERLAND VS. WATER

Specific heatSpecific heat- - the amount of the amount of energy energy needed to needed to raise the raise the temperature temperature of 1 gram of of 1 gram of stuff, 1°C. stuff, 1°C.

Substance Specific Heat

Water 1.00 Mud 0.60 Ice 0.50 Wood 0.42 Dry air 0.24 Beach sand 0.19 Rock 0.18

So, the higher numbered values mean more heat energy is needed to raise temperature.

LAND VS. WATERLAND VS. WATER

Land Land heats heats upup quickerquicker and and cools cools downdown quickerquicker than than water.water.

Water needs Water needs more energy to more energy to change its change its temperature than temperature than land (specific land (specific heat).heat).

Water heats up Water heats up slowlyslowly and cools and cools down down slowlyslowly..

Southern Southern hemisphere hemisphere has a has a smaller smaller temperaturtemperature variation e variation than the than the Northern Northern hemispherehemisphere… Why?… Why?

OCEAN CURRENTS AND OCEAN CURRENTS AND WIND DIRECTIONWIND DIRECTION

Windward-when winds blow from ocean to coast. Windward-when winds blow from ocean to coast. Leeward-when winds blow from coast to ocean. Leeward-when winds blow from coast to ocean.

Windward

Leeward

City Comparison: Why the City Comparison: Why the Difference in Temperature?Difference in Temperature?

Rockaway versus Atlantic CityRockaway versus Atlantic City Rockaway versus Denver, ColoradoRockaway versus Denver, Colorado Rockaway versus Melbourne, AustraliaRockaway versus Melbourne, Australia Rockaway versus Miami, FloridaRockaway versus Miami, Florida Rockaway versus Juneau, AlaskaRockaway versus Juneau, Alaska Rockaway versus Pittsburgh, Rockaway versus Pittsburgh,

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania