conversation analysis-preference structure
DESCRIPTION
ppt on Conversation Analysis. Text taken from YULE (Pragmatics). Preference and Non-preference structures. Video: Jurgen Handke 2012. in “The Virtual Linguistic Campus” from www.linguisticsonline.com Turn Taking in ConversationTRANSCRIPT
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CONVERSATION, PREFERENCE STRUCTURE
DISCOURSE AND
CULTURE.
LINGUISTICS.TEACHER: VALERIA GRAZIANO.
GROUP MEMBERS:Nadya Tolaba.
Agustina Giacinty.Adela Pérez del Viso.
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Interaction and Conversation
Interaction and Conversation.Metaphors: a dance; traffic
crossing an interaction.Best Metaphor: MARKET
ECONOMY.A SCARCE COMMODITY: the
FLOOR. The right to speak.
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Turn, Turn-taking, TRP
Turn: to have control of the right to speak. To hold the floor.
When control is not fixed in advance: anyone can try to get control: TURN-TAKING.
Turn-taking depends on every local management system (convention)TRP: Transition Relevance Place: possible-change-of-turn point.
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How Conversation is viewed
Speakers are viewed as taking turns at holding the floor.
They accomplish change of turn smoothly: aware of the local management system for taking turns.
Speakers may cooperate and share the floor equally.Speakers could be in competition, fighting to keep the floor.Patterns: according to social groups.
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VIDEO.
Jurgen Handke 2012.
“The Virtual Linguistic Campus”www.linguisticsonline.com
Turn Taking in Conversation.
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VIDEO. JURGEN HANDKE.
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PAUSES and OVERLAPS
• Pauses: silence between turns.• Pauses can be: simple hesitations or
Silences.• Overlaps: both speakers trying to
speak at the same time. • With pauses and Overlaps: NO
FLOW, no SMOOTH RHYTHM to their transitions, SENSE of DISTANCE, ABSENCE OF FAMILIARITY or ease.
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PAUSES, OVERLAPS, BACKCHANNELS
• Pauses: silence between turns.• Pauses can be: simple hesitations or
Silences.• Overlaps: both speakers trying to
speak at the same time. • With pauses and Overlaps: NO FLOW,
no SMOOTH RHYTHM to their transitions, SENSE of DISTANCE, ABSENCE OF FAMILIARITY or ease.
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Silences
• One “silence” could be NOT attributable to one speaker (Ex. P.73).
• If the silence is attributed to the second speaker and becomes significant: ATTRIBUTABLE SILENCE.
In that case Speaker A turns over the floor to Speaker B and S.B. does not talk. That silence is communicating something.
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OVERLAP• The normal expectation: one speaker
at a time.• Overlap: a problem for the local
management system.• Typically: when both speakers attempt
to initiate talk.• May be due to: a) unfamiliar
conversation b) expression of solidarity or closeness.
• It solves: 1 speaker draws attention to be allowed to finish.
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TRP• Transition Relevance Place.• Normally Speaker B will wait for a
possible TRP before jumping in.• Dominant people will avoid providing
TRPs. • Avoid TRPs: avoid an open pause at
the end of a syntactic unit. The speaker PROTECTS HIS TURN.
• Extended turn: S A. indicates at first there is a larger structure to your turn. (Ex. P.75). Discussions/ Storytelling.
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BACKCHANNELS• Ways of indicating we are listening.• Head nods, smiles, other facial
expressions, gestures.• Backchannels: one way of signalling
we are listening. (uh,uh; mm)• They indicate the listener is following
and not objecting to what the speaker says.
• Normal expectation: backchannel. No backchannel is significant.
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• Even within a community of speakers: sufficient variation to cause potential misunderstanding.
• The expectation to lead a conversation very active and at a speed rate (or not): CONVERSATIONAL STYLE.
• High involvement style.• High considerateness style. (non
interrupting, not impossing style)
CONVERSATIONAL STYLE.
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• AUTOMATIC PATTERNS in the structure of conversations.
• They consist of a FIRST PART and a SECOND PART. (by different speakers)
• S. A creates the expectation of the 2nd utterance in S.B.(of the same pair)
• Greetings and Goodbyes/ Question/answer sequences/ Ex: P.77
ADJACENCY PAIRS
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• Insertion sequence: one adjacency pair within another. (Ex p.78).
• The delay in answering or accepting: the S.B is not uttering the expected response: represents distance between what is expected. Delay is MEANINGFUL.
ADJACENCY PAIRS
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• Yule, G, Pragmatics, Oxford U.P. Hong Kong, 1996. Units 8 to 10.
• www.linguisticsonline.com The Virtual Linguistics Classroom.
SOURCES.