converting non-edible biomass to petfood...draganovic et al., 2014. cheaper feed manufacturing with...
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Converting non-edible biomass to petfood
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Dejan MiladinovicQC manager - NMBU
Centre for Feed Technology
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Centre for Feed Technology
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Mission - Being a full value chain supplier
➢ Educative assignments (M.Sc. and
Ph.D. Programs at NMBU; Seminars)
➢ Experimental feed processing
(technical & technological)
➢ Feed evaluation
• Technical
• Nutritional
Norwegian Centre for Feed Technology
Photo Archive NMBU
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Mission to perform
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Humanized petfood implicates the supply of the raw materials
• Humanization is key driver of global growth and resistance to recession
• About 4% annual growth until 2022
• Customers shapes the market: excellence, novel materials, regulations, sustainability, etc..
PetfoodIndustry 2016; Acute Market Reports
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Dog Blog
The Franklin Institute
DeviantArt
Pet food production resistant to the risk factors that challenge the world food supply
1. High protein content2. Can replace more FM than plant proteins3. Can it be sustainable?
Pet food
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Need to move away from 1st generation pet-food resources
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• Feeding of casein resulted in a more prominent villi structure than that observed after feeding soyprotein (Dunsford et al. 1993)
Casein
• Several results suggest that feeding of soy protein produced a heavier, more protein dense bowel in dogs
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Casein
• Feeding casein to dogs:
1. Healthier colonic tissue as defined by greater surface area and depth of crypts, and
2. Enhanced mucosal energetic activity
(Hallman et al. 1993)
phosphoprotein
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Casein – can it be sustainable?
phosphoprotein
▪ 30 kg of supplemented protein material in feed(8-13% moisture) = 100 lit. milk
▪ 100 lit. milk = 4 kg casein
– can it be sustainable?
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
1. Ideal ingredients in the ‘grain-free’ petfood; 2. Essential amino acids; low glycaemic index;3. Fibre from pea concentrates good
water and oil binding capacity
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
4. Excelent AA profile (Lys. + Arg.)
5. High digestibility and nutritional value, resembling to fish protein
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
Deutschland.de
albumin : globulin – 87%1 : 9
Duranti et al., 1981
16 % protein in seeds
Lupin
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Pellet morphology (16% added water)Addition of 20% lupine protein concentrate as good as fishmeal
Fish meal based
20% lupine protein concentrate
20% soy protein concentrate
20% rapeseedprotein
concentrate
Draganovic et al., 2014
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Cheaper feed manufacturing with LPC
Draganovic et al., 2014
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We need a functional pet food!!
adrants.com
Swanson et al., 2003
Nutritional genomics - relationship between genome, nutrition and health
Humans and animals react differently dependingon their genetic variations
dnanutricoach.com
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Pets are not what they eat, butcertainly they can eat based on what
they are
Source: The Body Healer
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We need a pet-food revolution!
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 2
kopassulogi.wordpress.com
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Safety issues
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• Insects play a crucial role within the foodcycle as a processors of natural waste;
• Do not require the land area as crops;• A key sustainability driver: ability to replace
fishmeal
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Microalgae proliferating once a day
Arthrospira maxima - Spirulina
Chlorella sp.
carbohydrate 20% fat 20% protein up to 45% fiber 5% minerals and vitamins 10% Nannochloropsis
up to 60% of their overall biomass as lipids,
carbohydrates 20-23%fat 6-8%protein 45-58%calcium up to 150mg/100gphosphorus 100-120mg/100g
isolated protein fractions 56.9%
(Gerde et al. 2013)
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n-3 fatty acids or protein from sustainable resources
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Yeast – proliferating every 2-3 hours
Candida utilis - Torula Saccharomyces c. – bakers yeast
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Yeast – 5% cell wall
• Beta-glucans (autolisate) – activates macrophagesthat destroy patogens• MOS (mannan-oligosaccharides) – carbohydratesfrom the cell wall prevent pathogen colonization bybinding them and excreting with feaces
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?+ =
Eating WOOD!?
No problem if it comes as PROTEIN!
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The Norwegian forest is a largenational bioresource
✓ ~ 43% of Norwegian land area
✓ Standing biomass: ~ 912 million m3
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Trees as raw material ?!
➢ Cellulose 40 – 45 %
➢ Hemicellulose 25 – 30 % five-carbon sugars C5H10O5 (sugar monomers,
glucose, mannose, galactose..)
➢ Lignin 20 – 27 % (non-fermentable)
polymer of six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 (glucose)
Tree biomass consists of:
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Production of GGM from Spruce
• Wood chips or sawdust,
• Water + steam explosion (14.5 bar) + 10 minutes reaction,
• Removal of solids, multiple rounds of filtration to fractionate the desired product.
Wood Prebiotics Project at NMBU
Bjørge Westereng & Leszek Michalak
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Production of GGM from Spruce
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Production of GGM from Spruce
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> 5kDa selected as suitable range for prebiotics;
< 5kDa collected and upconcentrated by nanofiltration;
Monosaccharide composition 4 : 1: 0.6
Man : GlC : Gal
44.8 kg
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Foremost anti-nutritional factor in common-use feedstuff raw materials
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Galactoglucomannancandy 30% less sugar
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37
Source: Foods of Norway in All About Feed
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Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet3
8
New enzymes make the green resources available
Aggregats of microfibriles
Source: Vaaje-Kolstad, Westereng, Horn, Liu, Zhai, Sørlie, Eijsink. Science, 2010
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
(LPMOs) have qualities we haven’t
seen before
LPMO
Commonenzymes
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Yeast produced from wood –a potential high-value feed resource
Yeast:
• ~ 55% crude protein
– 6-10% nucleic acids
• Favorable amino acid composition
• 2-10% lipids
Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture 402–403, 1–7
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Evaluated yeast in diets for salmon:
1. Candida utilis - torula
2. Kluveromyces marxianus – milk yeast
3. Saccharomyces cereviciae - brewers yeast
Centre of excellence FOODS OF NORWAY
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Digestibility of protein in salmon fed 30% yeasts
Pro
tein
dig
esti
bilit
y (
%)
Source: Øverland et al., 2013, Aquaculture
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Nitrogen retention (%) - salmonfed 30% yeast
Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture, 402–403 1–7
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BIOFEED – Research Council of Norway, Havbruk / BioTek 2021 2015-2018
Biorefining macroalgae
High ash content
Anti nutritional factors
Dioxine & Iodine
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Biomass Process Application
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3
Generation 3 Generation 3
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Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3
Hanaeus et al. 1997
“Ecological" village in northern Sweden
• Utilization of nutrients from human urine and faeces showed that about half of the N and P from human urine disposed was successfully collected
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• If collected, P available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global P demand,
• In 2050 - P from urine (with population increase) can get to 2.16 million metric tons and similar mass from feces,
• The available P from urine and feces produced in urban settings is currently approximately 0.88 million metric tons Mihelcic et al. 2011