Upload File

cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. filecook fireless with contained heat...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. fileCook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy ... , the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 ... Nice looking
4
Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. The most efficient method to deplete deforestation and desertification. The number one method to complement solar cookers. By Faustine Odaba, founder and CEO of NAREWAMA Natural Resources and Waste Management Alliance P. O. Box 60358-00200 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Date of issue: March 2015. Prior coming to the description of the problems and the solution, some example statistics must be made aware to recognize the brisance of this tender subject: • 300 million metric tonnes of trees (300bn kgs) are cut down in Africa annually. • 7000 trees are cut down every single day to feed the city of Nairobi. • Countries like Haïti or Madagascar are completely devastated, just to produce charcoal from wood. • In Africa, the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 (6.6 kgs of wood are charred to obtain just 1 kg of charcoal). More than 100 years ago, the American success-author Margaret Mitchell (Gone with the Wind) wrote the “Fireless Cook Book” 1 . During World War I and II and the years after the wars, fireless cookers were widely in use throughout Europe due to the interrupted energy supply infrastructures. A meal was brought to boil in the morning by any kind of traditional energy, for instance a fire. The pot was inserted into an insulated container such as a hay box or a basket and has been wrapped with several layers of blankets or other textiles. The obtained heat of the food (enthalpy) was prevented from escape thanks to the insulation. The meals continued to cook. When the family came home after school or after work, the food was ready cooked and still hot. Fireless cookers take over the so-called simmering phase of the cooking process entirely. A multitude of heat retaining items have been invented since. Most are not applicable in the developing countries for 2 essential reasons, which restrain the dissemination: 1. They are too expensive (thermos flasks, electric cooling/warming boxes with peltier elements, etc.). 2. A lack of energy (electricity, gas, etc.). For these and some other reasons, the fireless cookers technology had to be improved to match the needs in the developing countries. 1 Mitchell, M., The Fireless Cook Book, 1909, Doubleday, Page & Co., New York

Upload: vuongmien

Post on 15-Apr-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. fileCook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy ... , the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 ... Nice looking

Cookfirelesswithcontainedheatandenthalpy,notwithfuel.Themostefficientmethodtodepletedeforestationanddesertification.Thenumberonemethodtocomplementsolarcookers.ByFaustineOdaba,founderandCEOofNAREWAMANaturalResourcesandWasteManagementAllianceP.O.Box60358-00200Nairobi,[email protected]:March2015.Priorcomingtothedescriptionoftheproblemsandthesolution,someexamplestatisticsmustbemadeawaretorecognizethebrisanceofthistendersubject:

• 300millionmetrictonnesoftrees(300bnkgs)arecutdowninAfricaannually.• 7000treesarecutdowneverysingledaytofeedthecityofNairobi.• CountrieslikeHaïtiorMadagascararecompletelydevastated,justtoproduce

charcoalfromwood.• InAfrica,theaveragecarbonizationratiois6.6to1(6.6kgsofwoodarecharred

toobtainjust1kgofcharcoal).

Morethan100yearsago,theAmericansuccess-authorMargaretMitchell(GonewiththeWind)wrotethe“FirelessCookBook”1.DuringWorldWarIandIIandtheyearsafterthewars,firelesscookerswerewidelyinusethroughoutEuropeduetotheinterruptedenergysupplyinfrastructures.Amealwasbroughttoboilinthemorningbyanykindoftraditionalenergy,forinstanceafire.Thepotwasinsertedintoaninsulatedcontainersuchasahayboxorabasketandhasbeenwrappedwithseverallayersofblanketsorothertextiles.Theobtainedheatofthefood(enthalpy)waspreventedfromescapethankstotheinsulation.Themealscontinuedtocook.Whenthefamilycamehomeafterschoolorafterwork,thefoodwasreadycookedandstillhot.Firelesscookerstakeovertheso-calledsimmeringphaseofthecookingprocess

entirely.

Amultitudeofheatretainingitemshavebeeninventedsince.Mostarenotapplicableinthedevelopingcountriesfor2essentialreasons,whichrestrainthedissemination:

1. Theyaretooexpensive(thermosflasks,electriccooling/warmingboxeswithpeltierelements,etc.).

2. Alackofenergy(electricity,gas,etc.).

Fortheseandsomeotherreasons,thefirelesscookerstechnologyhadtobeimprovedtomatchtheneedsinthedevelopingcountries.

1Mitchell,M.,TheFirelessCookBook,1909,Doubleday,Page&Co.,NewYork

Page 2: Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. fileCook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy ... , the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 ... Nice looking

Afirelesscookerforapplicationindevelopingcountriesmustbe

1. Cheapandeasytomake.2. Easytounderstand.3. Easytohandleandapply.4. Safe.5. Nicelooking.6. Capableformulti-purposesapplications.7. Matchwiththelocalpotstandards.

NAREWAMA,togetherwithmanyNGOsthroughoutEasternAfrica,worksforseveralyearsonthedevelopmentoffirelesscookersandestablishedbysurveysandconstantmonitoringactivitiesincooperationwithlocalwomengroups,astandardwhichiswidelyaccepted:

• Thecoverisabasket.• Crudecottonorshreddedragsserveas

insulationmaterial.• Theothertextilesarecottoncloths.

Thefirelesscookerswereintroducedtowomenthroughoutthecountry,inruralandurbanlocations,byseminars.Theseminarstookabout4to6hourseach,dependingonthecookingmethodtoheatthemealsuptoboilingtemperature,likesolarcookers,gasifiersorotherenergysources.

Itturnedoutclearlythattheparticipantsunderstoodtheprocessrightaway.Monitoringtheusersoverseveralyearsshowedthattheycontinuedtheapplicationoffirelesscookers.

It’sacooker,it’sawarmer,it’sacooler.Afirelesscookercontinuestocookwiththeenthalpyofthefooduntilthetemperaturedecreasestobelow80°C(176°F).Thistakesbetween3and4hours,dependingontheinsulationfactorandtheaccuracyoffabrication.Everywater-basedmealcanbepreparedinfirelesscookers(e.g.rice,potatoes,stews,etc.)duringthistime.Largebeansmustbesoakedinwaterforsomehours,though.Bakingandfryingisnotpossible,becausetheoperatingtemperatureoffirelesscookersislimitedto100°C(212°F).Afirelesscookerkeepsfoodwarm.Thefoodcanbepreparedintheafternoonandbeservedlateintheevening.Also,waterforpersonalhygienepurposescanbekeptwarmallnightlong.Thepasteurizationstatusisheldfor6ormorehours.

Afirelesscookercankeepanyfoodcool,duetoitsinsulationcapabilities.Yoghurtcanbeprocessedinaperfectmanner.Thesemulti-purposeabilities,incombinationwithaverylowpriceandtheeasy-to-understandoperationmakeafirelesscookertheperfectitemforeveryhouseholdinthedevelopingcountries.Afirelesscookercantake50percentofthedailycookingtasks–orevenmore.

ProductionoffirelesscookersbyalocalwomeninitiativeinKisumu,Kenya,Sep.3013.Photo:BernhardS.Müller.

Page 3: Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. fileCook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy ... , the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 ... Nice looking

FaustineOdabaexplainsfirelesscookerstoRadhaMuthiah,secretarygeneraloftheGlobalAllianceforCleanCookStoves–GACC(left)andthewifeofKenya’svice-president,Ms.Ruto,duringaconferenceinNairobi,Nov.2013.Photo:AllanZulu.Thesemi-governmentalGermandevelopmentaidorganizationgtz(now:GIZ)ranapilotprogram“SolarCookerFieldTestinSouthAfrica”inco-operationwiththeSouthAfricanDepartmentofMineralsandEnergyforseveralyears.Intheirconclusionpaper“FinalWorkshop,4.Nov.2003inGTZ”,Dr.RolfPosorskiofGTZstated:“Fieldtestshaveproventhatwherepeoplehavesolarcookers,theyusethematleastonceaday38percentofthetime.Theseresultsandextensivemarketstudiesconfirmasubstantiallatentmarketdemandforsolarcookers.”Thisexcursiontothetopic“solarcookers”hasbeeninsertedintentionally.With50percentofallcookingtaskssolvedbyafirelesscookerand38percentbyasolarcooker,just12percentremainforaconventionalcookingmethod.Thiscanbeagasifier,alow-carbonmonoxideemittingcharcoalstoveoraLPGoven.Inmorearidareas,solarcookerscanachieveevenhigherconsiderationsthan38percent.AlthoughthepromotionofLPGgathersincreasingpace–theGACCissupportedbytheShellFoundation–liquefiedpetroleumgascandefinitelynotbeconsideredasasustainablesolutionofenergyscarcityindevelopingcountries.Also,transportationofLPGcanturnouttobecomeaproblem,especiallyinremoteareas.Justtocompletethearguments:LPGemitsCO2.Itshouldalsobeconsidered,thattheso-called“clean”cookstovesarenotclean.Itisadazzlingword,whichratherdescribescleanersolutions.Clean,inthehonestmeaningoftheword,aresolarcookersandfirelesscookersonly.

Page 4: Cook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy, not with fuel. fileCook fireless with contained heat and enthalpy ... , the average carbonization ratio is 6.6 to 1 ... Nice looking

Just12percentoftraditionalcookingfuelisnecessaryforcookingpurposes,iffirelesscookersandsolarcookersareused,wheneverpossible.Source:„Whatifthesundoesnotshine?“,aPowerPoint™ presentationbyFaustineOdabaandBernhardMüller.2Firelesscookerscomplementallknowncookingmethods,exceptbakingandfrying.Consideringthebeginningofthispaper,thisleadstotheresults,thatthecutdowntreesinAfricacanbereducedfrom300,000,000tonnesperyearto36,000,000tonnes.7,000cutdowntreesjustforNairobiperdaycouldbe840only.AlreadydevastatedcountrieslikeMadagascarorHaitiwillhavetimetoreinstateforestsandhealthysoils.Also,thewidelyspreadchildlaborcouldbereduceddrasticallyby88percent.Householdairpollutioncanbereducedbyexactlythesameratio.Despitethefact,thatfirelesscookersareanacceptedtechnologyinthedevelopingcountries,leadingorganizationsintheindustrialcountriescontinuetoignorethem.Forthisreason,thedisseminationoccurswithacertainviscosity.TheNGOsinEasternAfricaaredesperatelysearchingforfundsandotheraidstoacceleratetheirefforts.Duetothecircumstancesthatruralpeoplespeakjusttheirlocaldialectandthatapartareevenanalphabets,thepublicationofseminarsandtransportationtotheplacesoftheeventscannotbepaidbytheNGOsentirely.Also,speciallytrainedpersonnelwithknowledgeofthelocaltraditions,languagesandhabitsneedstobehired.AllofthatistoocostlyfortheNGOs.Toreducedeforestation,desertification,CO-andCO2-emissions,childlabor,indoorairpollution,fueltransportandothernegativeimpactsby88percent,thereisasolution:FirelessCookers.Therateofaccelerationofthedisseminationisuptoyou.

2PowerPointisaregisteredTradeMarkoftheMicrosoftCorporation.


Fireless and Steam-pressure Cookers

Enthalpy and thermochemistry.pdf

Molar Enthalpy

Standard Enthalpy (Ch_6.6)

Enthalpy, Entropy, and Spontaneity Explained. Review of Enthalpy Change

Bond Enthalpy

Enthalpy ChangesSMPLFD.pptx

Enthalpy rotor HUgo

4 Enthalpy

Enthalpy - chem.ws

Enthalpy Changes

12 Thermodynamics 12.1 Types of Enthalpy Change 12.2 Born-Haber Cycles 12.3 Enthalpy Changes – Enthalpy of Solution 12.4 Mean Bond Enthalpy 12.5 Entropy

Internal Energy, Heat, Enthalpy, and Calorimetry - … Energy, Heat, Enthalpy, ... Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function that is mathematically defined as: H = E + PV What is Enthalpy

Standard Enthalpy Formation

N01 Enthalpy Method

Enthalpy of Formation

H is called the enthalpy. The enthalpy change for a system

C13 enthalpy change

Enthalpy answers.pdf

Enthalpy of Solution

Chem Enthalpy

GITAL VOLTMETER TECHNIQUES fireless World

Enthalpy of Neutralization

ENTHALPY - handouts

Calorimetry & Enthalpy Changes

Thermatic Fireless Cooker

The Fireless Cookbook

Enthalpy (H)

Sensible Heat and Enthalpy Calculationsmetalurji.mu.edu.tr/Icerik/metalurji.mu.edu.tr/Sayfa/MME 2009... · Enthalpy Increments with Phase Changes Seperate the enthalpy increments

Enthalpy 5.1.1 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2.3 5.2.4. Defining the term Enthalpy Is defined as the heat content contained by a substance. The word is derived from

Enthalpy and Calorimetry

Energy-, Steam- Fireless Technology

WHISPER Enthalpy R-410A HFC - Kalor Krakówkalor.com.pl/upload/Dokumentacja techniczna_WHISPER ENTHALPY 0102-0604.pdf · 3 WHISPER_ENTHALPY_0102_0604_201203_EN WHISPER Enthalpy HFC

Lattice enthalpy

The fireless cook book;