cool season crops - purdue agriculture · january 23, 2014 wyndham indianapolis west liz maynard...

Indiana Horticultural Congress January 23, 2014 Wyndham Indianapolis West

Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA

Cool Season Crops

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.

What Are Cool Season Crops? Hardy Half-hardy

Asparagus Onion Beet Broad beans Parsley Carrot Broccoli Peas Cauliflower Brussels sprouts Radish Celery Cabbage Rhubarb Chard Chives Spinach Chicory Collards Turnip Chinese cabbage Garlic Globe artichoke Horseradish Endive Kale Lettuce Kohlrabi Parsnip Leek Potato Mustard Salsify Source: O.A. Lorenz and D. N. Maynard, Kno$'s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 1980.

Why Grow Them? u Interest in local food creates year-round demand u Product available for early Spring, late Fall, Winter u Suitable for season extension structures u Current Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana

consumption

Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014

Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature

Plant Family Crop Opt Min MaxGDD Base

°FCarrot Carrot 60-65 45 75 38Carrot Celery 60-65 45 75Carrot Parsley 60-65 45 75Carrot Parsnip 60-65 40 75Goosefoot Beet 60-65 40 75 40Goosefoot Chard 60-65 40 75Goosefoot Spinach 60-65 40 75Onion Chives 55-75 45 85Onion Garlic 55-75 45 85Onion Leek 55-75 45 85Onion Onion 55-75 45 85 35Pea Broad beans 60-65 40 75Pea Peas 60-65 45 75 40Sunflower Chicory 55-75 45 85Sunflower Endive 60-65 45 75Sunflower Lettuce 60-65 45 75 40

Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J. 2007. Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature

Plant Family Crop Opt Min MaxGDD Base

°FMustard Broccoli 60-65 40 75 40Mustard Br. sprouts 60-65 40 75Mustard Cabbage 60-65 40 75Mustard Cauliflower 60-65 45 75Mustard Ch. cabbage 60-65 45 75Mustard Collards 60-65 40 75 40Mustard Kale 60-65 40 75Mustard Kohlrabi 60-65 40 75Mustard Mustard 60-65 45 75Mustard Radish 60-65 40 75Mustard Rutabaga 60-65 40 75Mustard Turnip 60-65 40 75

Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J. 2007. Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Tatsoi Feb. 2013 in high tunnel Kale 4/21/2013 in high tunnel

Spinach, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel LeNuce, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel

Temperature and Daylength Effects u Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality

Major Nutrients Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH Micro Response

---------lb./A-------- High Med. Carrot Carrot 100 27 102 6.5 B Cu, Mn

Carrot Celery 200 60 348 6.8 B Cu, Mn

Carrot Parsley 100 11 77 6.5 Mn B, Cu, Zn

Carrot Parsnip 100 42 117 6.5 B Cu, Mn

Goosefoot Beet 100 29 101 6.5 B, Cu Mn, Zn

Goosefoot Chard 100 7 55 6.5 B, Cu, Mn, Zn

Goosefoot Spinach 170 16 72 6.5 B, Cu, Zn Mn

Onion Onion 190 130 240 6.5 Cu, Mn, Zn

Pea Peas 40 14 30 6.5 Mn

Sunflower Endive 100 18 113 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn

Sunflower Lettuce 100-140 40 180 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn

Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient RecommendaSons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.

P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.

Major Nutrients


P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.

Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH

High Med.---------lb./A--------

Micro Response

Mustard Br. sprouts 140 16 47 6.5 B,+Cu,+Mn

Mustard Broccoli 140 4 44 6.5 B Cu,+Mn

Mustard Cabbage 140 32 136 6.5 B Cu,+Mn

Mustard Cauliflower 140 21 53 6.8 B Cu,+Mn

Mustard Collards 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn

Mustard Kale 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn

Mustard Mustard 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn

Mustard Radish 50 3 22 6.5 Mn B,+Cu,+Zn

Mustard Rutabaga 100 47 146 6.5 B Cu,+Mn,+Zn

Mustard Turnip 90 18 69 6.5 B Cu,+Mn,+Zn

Major Nutrients


u Nitrogen u Take into account N from prior crop and organic materials

u Phosphorus u Use maintenance levels when soil P is more than 35-40 ppm u No more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm

u Potassium u Use maintenance levels when

u soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16

u No more needed if u soil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16

Plant Population

Source: ID-56 2014 and Knott's Handbook

Plant Population Plant

Family CropBet. Row In-row

Ft InMustard Broccoli 3 12-18Mustard Br. sprouts 3 18-24Mustard Cabbage 2-3 12-15Mustard Cauliflower 3 15-18Mustard Ch. cabbage 1.5-3 10-18Mustard Collards 3-3.5 18-24Mustard Kale 2-4 8-16Mustard Kohlrabi 1-3 3-6Mustard Mustard 1-1.5 10-12Mustard Radish 1.25 0.8-1Mustard Rutabaga 1.5-3 5-8Mustard Turnip, greens 0.5-1 1-4Mustard Turnip, root 1.2-1.5 2-3

Source: ID-56 2014 and Knott's Handbook

Weed Management u Mechanical

u Cultivation u Hoe and hand-weeding u It’s a system: row or bed spacing, plant

spacing, equipment, people u Stale seedbed u Flaming u Mulches u Dense planting u Herbicides

u See the ID-56 at mwveguide.org

Harvest

Gast, KLB. 1994. Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF-1175. Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan.

Harvest Crop Harvest Notes

BroccoliFlorets tight, good color, 3 in. diam. 8 in. long, trim off side shoots and leaves.

Br. sproutsBetter after freeze, 1-2.75 in., begin at bottom of stem, remove outer leaves

Cabbage Firm head, 1 lb. min., trim outer leaves

CauliflowerBlanch head during production. min. 4 in., tight florets. Trim outer leaves.

CollardsMarket dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales.

KaleMarket dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales.

MustardMarket dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales.

RadishSize: 1/2 to 1.25 in. diam. Bunch by size. Leave tops on or trim close to root.

RutabagaMin. 1/75 in. diamter. Top and trim and wax for longer storage.

Turnip, greensMarket dictates size. Harvest entire plants or cut leaves for bulk sales.

Turnip, rootMin. 1 in. diam. With tops, short-trimmed, or without tops.

Gast, KLB. 1994. Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF-1175. Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan.

Storage Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32°F u RH 95% for lettuce and

beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb

onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others

Source: USDA ARS. 1968. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/

Storage Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32°F u RH 95% for lettuce and

beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb

onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others

CropLength of Storage

BroccoliBr. sprouts

Cabbage

CauliflowerCh. cabbageCollards

10-14 d3-5 wk

3-6 wk early, 3-4 mo late2-4 wk1-2 mo10-14 d

KaleKohlrabiMustardRadishRutabagaTurnip, greensTurnip, root

10-14 d2-4 wk10-14 d3-4 wk2-4 mo10-14 d4-5 mo

Source: USDA ARS. 1968. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/

Varieties

Beet$%std Beet$other

Asian%Brassicas$std

Asian%Brassicas$other

Broccoli$std

Broccoli$other

Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta

Bull's Blood BoroBaby Pac Choy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial

Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCiccoDetroit Dark Red* Chioggia

Shanghai Green Napa Green Belt

Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize ChoyGreen Magic

MerlinEarly Wonder Gypsy*

Pronto*Gold varieties Pak Man

Red Ace* Golden

Solo Tall Top

Tall Top Forono

Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’

Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’

Cabbage - std

Cabbage - other Carrot-std

Carrot-other

Cauliflower-std

Collards-std

Collards-other

Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion VatesBlue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing

Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop

Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar

Deadon Early

Little fingers-early Edith

GonzalesEarly Thunder Nantes Fremont*

Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange

Red Dynasty Reds NelsonPurple Graffiti

StoneheadSnow Crown

Super Star

Thunderhead


Kale-stdKale-other

Kohlrabi-std

Lettuce-std

Lettuce-other

Mustard-std

Mustard-other

Blue ArmorRed Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts

Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf

Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Red

Green Forest Pablo Salad Types

Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana

Southern Giant Curled

Tuscan types Leaf Types

NancyParis Island Cos

Skyphos


Turnip greens-std

Parsnip-std

Radish - std

Radish - other

Spinach - std

Spinach - other

Rutabaga - std

Turnip - std

? Family Seed Andover

French Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian

Asian Varieties

Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei

Cherriette DonkeyLarge Upright Hakurei*

German Giant Pigeon

Summer Tolerant Purple Top*

Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin

White Icicle Space

Teton

Tyee*

cool season crops - purdue agriculture · january 23, 2014 wyndham indianapolis west liz maynard...

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