COPERT 4 Training

4. NOx Emissions

2COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Projected emission factors

• Emission reductions for future vehicle technologies generally follow the rule:

• Limitation:– Real-world behaviour does not (always) follow

emission standards

Current

Future

Current

Future

ES

ES

EF

EF

3COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Learning from our past…CO

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Actual

Copert 2

Removal eff iciency (%) HC

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Removal eff iciency (%) NOx

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Removal eff iciency (%) PM

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Removal eff iciency (%)

4COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Runs executed (Germany)

• Run 1: Original RAINS calculation

• Run 2: COPERT 2 + RAINS Input

• Run 3: COPERT 2 + EC4MACS Input

• Run 4: COPERT 4 + RAINS Input

• Run 5: COPERT 4 + EC4MACS Input

5COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Fuel consumption - France

6COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

NOx Emissions - France

7COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

EGR Technology

1. Part of the exhaust is drawn through a bleed-off valve

2. This is cooled down in a heat exchanger

3. It is fed back to the intake air as an inert gas to absorb combustion heat, decrease T and decrease NOx concentration

Image taken from Volvo Trucks

8COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

SCR Technology

1. Injection of urea (NH2)2CO upstream of a hydrolysis catalyst

2. Urea hydrolysis (NH2)2CO +H2O2NH3 +CO2

3. NOx reduction through ammonia to form N2+H2O

Image taken from Bosch

9COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Heavy duty vehicles

• Emission Level

• EF over ES ratios(Euro V over Euro IV)

0,0

5,0

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Speed (km/h)

NO

x (g

/km

)

SCREGREmission Standard

00,20,40,60,8

11,21,41,6

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Speed (km/h)

EF E

uro

V /

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IV Real SCR/EGR Mix

Emission Standard

10COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

How this is modelled with COPERT

• Both EGR and SCR considered in COPERT for Euro V

• The user needs to provide the %EGR for Euro V trucks

• Calculation:

EFEUROV = %EGR × EFEGR + (100-EGR%) × EFSCR

• Remarks

– SCR is the dominant technology in the market (75% of sales)

– EGR in principle only selected by Scania, although Scania Euro V

trucks with SCR have appeared

– Euro VI trucks will be all equipped with SCR. Large ones will be

equipped with SCR+EGR

– No reliable Euro VI emission factors still in COPERT 4

11COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

EGR vs SCR penetration

• Some values have been already filled in. • These values originate from market surveys

and sales of Euro V trucks in 2008, 2009 and first quarter of 2010. These values therefore reflect our best knowledge for the year 2010.

• The user may change these values if better information is available.

• On the basis of the this analysis, the EGR ratio for 2008 was 26.6% and 24.6% for 2009.

12COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Impact over previous version

HDT Emissions NOx

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New Estimate

Total Emissions NOx

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kt

Old EstimateNew Estimate

Example: AustriaMax Effect 2015HDTs: 15%Road Transport: 7%National Total: 3,8%

13COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Light Duty Vehicles

• Graph obtained by TUG (S. Hausberger) study• Euro 5 based on limited sample (7 cars)• Not yet included in COPERT 4

14COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Impact on emission factors

• Much larger impact expected than correction for HDVs!!!!

-60.0

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COPERT

Emission Standard

First results

15COPERT 4 Training (4. NOx)

Summary

• HDVs– COPERT emission factors reliable up to Euro V– Euro V trucks need EGR/SCR ratio for accurate prediction– No indications yet on Euro VI trucks

• LDVs– COPERT emission factors reliable up to Euro 4– Indications on Euro 5 diesel cars emitting much more NOx

than expected– Euro 5 car emission factors expected summer 2012– First indications on demo Euro 6 show much better

performance overall compared to Euro 5