coppin state university - penn state ae thesis · soil light sand 5% water 80 0.5 to 1.1 0.6 to 1.3...

ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY

Mid-Atlantic Region

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Advisor:

Dr. Stephen Treado

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY

Mid-Atlantic Region

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Advisor:

Dr. Stephen Treado

Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Depth 2: Thermal Storage

Breadth: Acoustics

Breadth: Architectural

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions

Occupant | U.S. Army Legal Service Agency

Location | Undisclosed

Size| 97,000 SF

Total Project Cost| $30 Million

Dates of Construction| Sept 2010 – Sept 2011

Project Delivery Method| Design-Build

Sustainability| LEED Silver Certified

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Introduction


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions

Army Administration Facility

Mid-Atlantic, USA

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Existing Conditions


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Airside

Waterside

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Airside System

DOAU Penthouse

• Penthouse on 4th

floor

• 24,000 CFM Dedicated

Outdoor Air Unit

• 150 Fan Powered

Induction Units each

serving 3 spaces

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Airside

Waterside

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Existing Conditions

Waterside System

CHWP-1

CHWP-2

CHWP-3

1CWP

2CWP

Water Treatment

Evaporative Condensing

Chiller

Compressor1

Compressor2

Compressor3

Evaporator

DOAU 1

Air Separator

Expansion Tank

Bypass Shot

Feeder

TO SPACE

FROM SPACECHILLED WATER SYSTEM

ACCU 1

DOAU 1Bypass

Shot Feeder

Air Separator

TO SPACE

FROM SPACE

Expansion Tank

Boiler1

Boiler2

PHWP 1

PHWP 2

PHWP 3

PHWP 4

SHWP 1

SHWP 2

HWCP 1

HOT WATER SYSTEM• 315 ton Evaporative

Condensing Chiller serves

55 F CHW to DOAU and

FPIU cooling coils

• (2) 1500 MBH Gas-Fired

Boilers serve 180 F HHW

to DOAU and FPIU heating

coils

• Domestic hot water served

by solar hot water heater

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Ground-Source Heat Pump


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Objectives:

• Install a vertical loop ground-source

heat pump system to replace the chiller

and boilers.

• Reduce utility costs

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option



Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Geological Survey

Grout is used

between U-tube and

ground to seal

from air gaps and

surface water

penetration.

55 °F ground temperature

Ground Type Dry Density

lb/ft3

Conductivity Btu/h-ft-F

Diffusivity ft2/day

Soil Heavy Clay 5% Water 120 0.6 to 0.8 0.5 to 0.65

Soil Light Sand 5% Water 80 0.5 to 1.1 0.6 to 1.3

Rock Sandstone - 1.2 to 2.0 0.7 to 1.2

Grout 15% Bentonite/85% SiO2 Sand - 1.0 to 1.1 -

Thermal resistanceground

= 1.0 h-ft-°F/Btu

* Identifying correct

soil characteristics

is integral to proper

system design.

Grout Water

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

System Layout


Vertical-

• 150 to 600 ft. deep.

• Perpendicular to ground

• More expensive to install

• More efficient heat exchange= less piping

Horizontal-

• 6 ft. deep typ.

• Parallel to ground

• Cheaper to install

• Requires much longer piping

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

System Layout


Vertical Loop

500 bores, each 500 ft. deep

20 ft. separation

31

16

251,700 ft. bore length

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

System Layout


Vertical Loop

Pump Manufacturer Flow

[gpm] Head

[ft. w.c.] Pump

Efficiency Motor Size

[hp]

GSWP-1 Bell&Gossett 876 113 73% 22

GSWP-2 Bell&Gossett 876 113 73% 22

Heat Pump Manufacturer

Airflow [cfm]

Sensible MBH

Flow [gpm]

HP-1 McQuay 800 15 3.0

HP-2 McQuay 1,200 19 3.9

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal

Geological Survey

System Layout

Cost Analysis


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Cost Analysis


Initial Investment

Energy Consumption

Utility Costs

Emissions

System

COST

MAT. INST. TOTAL

Geothermal $483,233.64 $185,031.32 $653,372.96

Existing $379,180.00 $233,024.00 $612,204.00

Difference $41,168.96

Electrical Consumption kWh

Geothermal System

Existing System

Total 1,506,655 1,367,278

Difference 139,377

Gas Consumption kBtu

Geothermal System

Existing System

Total 0 666,654

Savings 666,654

Cost Per Year

Geothermal System Existing System

Electric $120,231 $109,109

Gas $0 $5,580

Total $120,231 $114,689

Difference $5,542 / yr = $0.064 / S.F.

Pollutant

Total Pollutants lbs/yr

Geothermal System Existing System

CO2 2,003,851 1,899,811

NOX 4,023 3,725

SOX 12,114 10,993

PM10 109 105

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Objectives:

• Install a thermal storage system to

decrease energy consumed by the chiller

• Reduce electric costs

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Chilled Water vs. Ice

Chilled Water:

• Requires Less Chiller Energy

• Easier to Regulate Water Temps

• Cheaper

• Heat Transfer Less Effective

Ice:

• Requires More Chiller Energy

• Difficult to Regulate Water Temps

• More Expensive

• Heat Transfer More Effective

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Chilled Water vs. Ice Partial vs. Full Storage

Partial:

• Chiller runs 24 hours

• Lower chiller capacity

• During on-peak, chiller and

storage supply load

Full:

• Chiller runs 12 hours

• Higher chiller capacity

• During on-peak, storage

supplies load

Tons

Storage Storage

24-hour Period

Chiller Meets

Load

Storage

Meets Load

24-hour Period

Tons

Storage Storage Storage

Meets Load

Chiller

Meets

Load

Chiller

Meets

Load

Chilled Water:

• Requires Less Chiller Energy

• Easier to Regulate Water Temps

• Cheaper

• Heat Transfer Less Effective

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Stratified Tank

Less dense warm water floats over denser cold water,

Thermocline inhibits mixing of warm and cool water

Cold chiller water

enters tank at bottom

and pushes warm water

out top to chiller

Off-Peak

Cold water leaves tank at

bottom to go to loads

and warm water enters

chiller or top of tank

On-Peak

2786 ton-hr

𝑉 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 1440 ∗𝑆 𝑡𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑟

𝐹𝑜𝑀 ∗ 𝛥𝑇[𝐹]

𝑉 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒂𝒍

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

System Layout

Chilled Water

Stratified Tank

120’

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Partial Storage


[gpm] Head

[ft. w.c.] Pump

Efficiency Motor

Size [hp]

CHW-1 Bell&Gossett 600 73 82.5% 11.1

CHW-2 Bell&Gossett 600 73 82.5% 11.1

CHW-3 Bell&Gossett 600 61 82.5% 9.2


Chiller Manufacturer Type Capacity

[tons]

CHLR-1 Mammoth Evaporative Condensing

120


[gpm] Head

[ft. w.c.] Pump

Efficiency Motor

Size [hp]





System Layout

Partial

Full

Chiller Manufacturer Type Capacity

[tons]

CHLR-1 Mammoth Evaporative Condensing

240

Full Storage

System

COST

MAT. INST. TOTAL

Thermal Storage

$222,858.60 $37,335.20 $527,693.80

Existing $172,000.00 $8,475.00 $180,475.00


System

COST

MAT. INST. TOTAL

Thermal Storage $163,358.60 $35,235.20 $466,093.80

Existing $172,000.00 $8,475.00 $180,475.00


Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Cost Analysis Initial Investment

Thermal Storage System

Existing System

TOTAL kWh 1,170,367 1,367,278

SAVINGS 196,911 kWh/yr

Partial Storage Full Storage


Existing System

TOTAL kWh 1,291,252 1,367,278

SAVINGS 76,026 kWh/yr

Partial Storage

Full Storage

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Thermal Storage


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


System Type

Stratified Tank

System Layout

Cost Analysis

Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Cost Analysis Utility Costs

Cost Per Year


Existing System

Electric $69,847 $109,109

Gas $5,580 $5,580

Total $75,426 $114,689

Savings $39,263 / yr = $0.451 / S.F.

Date Year Initial Cost

[$] Savings per Year

[$/yr] Total Savings

[$]

2011 0 $285,618.80

2018 7 $45,448 $318,136

Utility Costs


[$] Savings per Year


[$]

2011 0 $347,218.80

2021 10 $36,763 $367,630

Partial Storage Full Storage

Cost Per Year


Existing System

Electric $61,162 $109,109

Gas $5,580 $5,580

Total $66,741 $114,689

Savings $47,948 / yr = $0.551 / S.F.

Partial Storage

Full Storage

Payback

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Acoustical Breadth


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Objective

Existing Sound Levels

Proposed Solution

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Objective

DOAU Rm. 4071

Rm. 4065

Penthouse

NC 30 max

NC 35 max

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Acoustical Breadth


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Objective


Proposed Solution

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA


DOAU Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts)

Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

(6) Fans 100 97 100 91 88 88

NC 30 18 12 0 0 0

Penthouse Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts)

Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

(2) Boilers 75 75 78 79 66 58

(4) Compressors 75 74 73 71 70 60

(8) Pumps 89 91 91 89 86 83

Total dB 89 91 91 89 86 83

NC 14 13 0 0 1 2

𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑊 + 10 log(4

𝑅)

TL = 20 log(fms) - 47.3

LR = LS – TL + 10 log (S/RR)

Transmission Loss

Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

(2) 20 Ga Steel 19 22 28 30 35 42

3 lb/cu.ft. insul. 0 2 8 14 20 26

6” batt insul. 0 0 0 0 2 8

5/8” GWB 14 20 26 32 38 44

DOAU Rm. 4071

Rm. 4065

Penthouse

NC 35 max

NC 30 max

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Acoustical Breadth


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Objective


Proposed Solution

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Proposed Solution

Transmission Loss

Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

(2) 20 Ga Steel 19 22 28 30 35 42

3 lb/cu.ft. Insul. 0 2 8 14 20 26

6” Batt Insul. 0 0 0 0 2 8

Green Glue 23 40 45 55 53 60

(2) 5/8” GWB 14 20 26 32 38 44

NC 1 0 0 0 1 2

Green

Glue

Transmission Loss

Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

9” R-30 Insul. 0 0 0 1 7 14

9-1/2” Concrete Slab 50 56 62 68 74 80

NC 1 0 2 0 0 0

Penthouse

On Roof

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Conclusion


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Recommendation

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Recommendations

Implementation of ground-source heat pumps:

• $41,000 extra investment

• $5,500 extra each year

• More Emissions

NOT Recommended

Implementation of Thermal Storage:

Partial Storage:


• $48,000 savings each year

• Payback in 7 years

Full Storage


• $39,000 savings each year

• Payback in 10 years

Recommend Chilled Water Thermal Storage-

Partial Storage

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Acknowledgements


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

I Would Like to Thank:

Dr. Treado

Dr. Bahnfleth

Prof. Holland

Prof. Parfitt

Dr. Srebric

Dr. Freihaut

Prof. Ling

Ryan TerMeulen

Mike Kilkeary

Southland Industries

Family

Friends

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Acknowledgements


Building Background

Existing Conditions

Depth 1: Geothermal


Breadth: Acoustics

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Questions


Mid-Atlantic, USA

I Would Like to Thank:

Questions?

Dr. Treado

Dr. Bahnfleth

Prof. Holland

Prof. Parfitt

Dr. Srebric

Dr. Freihaut

Prof. Ling

Ryan TerMeulen

Mike Kilkeary

Southland Industries

Family

Friends

Images

www.southlandind.com

www.ashrae.org

www.b-es.org

www.mcquay.com

www.anmascorp.com

www.architerials.com

www.esource.com

www.greengluecompany.com

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Appendices


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Appendices


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Lc = 𝑞𝑎𝑅𝑔𝑎 + 𝑞𝑙𝑐−3.41𝑊𝑐 𝑅𝑏+ 𝑃𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑅𝑔𝑚+ 𝑅𝑔𝑑𝐹𝑠𝑐

𝑡𝑔 − 𝑡𝑤𝑖 + 𝑡𝑤𝑜

2 − 𝑡𝑝

where,

Fsc = short-circuit heat loss factor

Lc = required bore length for cooling, ft

Lh = required bore length for heating, ft

PLFm = part-load factor during design month

qa = net annual average heat transfer to ground, Btu/h

qlc = building design cooling block load, Btu/h

qlh = building design heating block load, Btu/h

Rga = effective thermal resistance of ground (annual pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu

Rgd = effective thermal resistance of ground (peak daily pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu

Rgm = effective thermal resistance of ground (monthly pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu

Rb = thermal resistance of bore, h-ft-°F/Btu

tg = undisturbed ground temperature, °F

tp = temperature penalty for interference of adjacent bores, °F

twi = liquid temperature at heat pump inlet, °F

two = liquid temperature at heat pump outlet, °F

Wc = system power input at design cooling load, W

Wh = system power input at design heating load, W

Loop Head Pressure

Q,gpm=292tons/500bores=0.58tons/bore*3 gpm/ton=1.75 [gpm/bore] dbranch = 1-1/4”

dheader = 6”

Head loss through branch = 0.5 ft / 100 ft

For Nominal Size 1-1/4”, ft= 0.022

90° elbow: K = 30 ft, ft =0.022

K = 30(0.022) = 0.66

L= 3.5 ft

Total Equivalent Branch Length:

Actual pipe length 1235 ft (4) 90° elbows 14 ft_

Total 1249 ft

0.5 ft100 ft* 1249 ft = 6 ft Head

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Appendices


Mid-Atlantic, USA

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

98 92 89 92 83 80 80

106 100 97 100 91 88 88

- 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

- 157 569 816 725 428 222

- 84 75 77 68 67 70

(2) 20 Ga steel - 19 22 28 30 35 42

3 lb/cu.ft. insulation - 0 2 8 14 20 26

6" batt insulation - 0 0 0 0 2 8

5/8" GWB - 14 20 26 32 38 44

- 51 31 14 0 0 0

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

- 0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

- 160 55 33 28 22 22

- 47 32 18 4 5 5

- 30 18 12 0 0 0

DOAU Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts)

Inlet (six fans)

TL

Ls-TL [dB]

Ls [dB]

Penthouse R

Penthouse αn

Inlet (one fan)

f [Hz]

NC

f [Hz]

Receiving αn

Receiving R

LR [dB]

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

75 72 72 75 76 63 55

78 75 75 78 79 66 58

66 69 68 67 65 64 54

72 75 74 73 71 70 60

85 80 82 82 80 77 74

94 89 91 91 89 86 83

94 89 91 91 89 86 83

- 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

- 393 1428 2049 1822 1076 559

- 69 66 64 62 62 62

(2) 20 Ga steel - 19 22 28 30 35 42

3 lb/cu.ft. insulation - 0 2 8 14 20 26

6" batt insulation - 0 0 0 0 2 8

5/8" GWB - 14 20 26 32 38 44

- 36 22 2 0 0 0

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

- 0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

- 245 85 51 42 34 34

- 34 24 6 5 6 6

- 14 13 0 0 1 2

Ls-TL [dB]

f [Hz]

Receiving αn

NC

LR [dB]

Receiving R

Penthouse αn

Penthouse R

Ls [dB]

TL

Total Inlet dB

Penthouse Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts)

f [Hz]

Inlet (1 boiler)

Inlet (2 boilers)

Inlet (8 pumps)

Inlet (1 pump)

Inlet (1 compressor)

Inlet (4 compressors)

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

106 100 97 100 91 88 88

78 75 75 78 79 66 58

94 89 91 91 89 86 83

106 100 98 101 93 90 89

- 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

- 454 1649 2366 2103 1243 645

- 79 72 73 66 65 67

9" R-30 Insulation - 0 0 0 1 7 14

9.5" Concrete Slab - 50 56 62 68 74 80

- 30 16 12 0 0 0

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

- 0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

- 853 294 176 147 118 118

- 22 13 11 0 1 1

- 1 0 2 0 0 0

Total Inlet dB

Roof Penthouse Sound Power (dB re: 10E-12 watts)

f [Hz]

Inlet (2 boilers)

Inlet (8 pumps)

Inlet (six fans)

Receiving αn

NC

LR [dB]

Receiving R

Ls-TL [dB]

Penthouse αn

Penthouse R

Ls [dB]

TL

f [Hz]

𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑊 + 10 log(4

𝑅)

TL = 20 log(fms) - 47.3

LR = LS – TL + 10 log (S/RR)

Alexander Quercetti

Mechanical Option

Appendices


Mid-Atlantic, USA

Partial Storage Simple Payback


[$] Maintenance

[$] Utility Savings

[$/yr] Savings per Year


[$]

2011 0 $285,618.80

2012 1 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448

2013 2 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $90,896

2014 3 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $136,344

2015 4 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $181,792

2016 5 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $227,688

2017 6 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $272,688

2018 7 $2,500 $47,948 $45,448 $318,136

Full Storage Simple Payback


[$] Maintenance

[$] Utility Savings

[$/yr] Savings per Year


[$]

2011 0 $347,218.80

2012 1 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763

2013 2 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $73,526

2014 3 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $110,289

2015 4 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $147,052

2016 5 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $183,815

2017 6 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $220,578

2018 7 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $257,341

2019 8 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $294,104

2020 9 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $330,867

2021 10 $2,500 $39,263 $36,763 $367,630

coppin state university - penn state ae thesis · soil light sand 5% water 80 0.5 to 1.1 0.6 to 1.3...

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