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Comparative Analysis ofComparative Analysis of

Political DevelopmentPolitical Development

United StatesUnited States

ChinaChina

PhilippinesPhilippines


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONHistorical EventsHistorical Events

Geography & PeopleGeography & People

SocioSocio--Economic SituationEconomic SituationForeign Military RelationsForeign Military Relations

Internal Security ForcesInternal Security Forces


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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippines

Historical EventsHistorical Events

Britains American colonies broke withBritains American colonies broke withthe mother country in 1776 and werethe mother country in 1776 and wererecognized as the new nation of the Unitedrecognized as the new nation of the UnitedStates of America following treaty of ParisStates of America following treaty of Parisin 1783.during the 19in 1783.during the 19thth and 20and 20thth centuriescenturies37 new states were added to the original37 new states were added to the original

13 as the nation expanded across the13 as the nation expanded across theNorth American continent. The economy isNorth American continent. The economy ismarked by steady growth, lowmarked by steady growth, lowunemployment and inflation and rapidunemployment and inflation and rapid

advances in technology.advances in technology.


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For centuries China stood as a leadingFor centuries China stood as a leadingcivilization, outpacing the rest of the worldcivilization, outpacing the rest of the worldin arts and sciences. After World War II,in arts and sciences. After World War II,the Communists has taken over andthe Communists has taken over andestablished a dictatorship. In 1978, Dengestablished a dictatorship. In 1978, DengXiaoping gradually introduced marketXiaoping gradually introduced market

oriented reforms and decentralizedoriented reforms and decentralizedeconomic decision making. Outputeconomic decision making. Outputquadrupled by 2000. Political controlquadrupled by 2000. Political controlremain tight while economic controlsremain tight while economic controls

continue to be relaxed.continue to be relaxed.


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The Philippine Islands became aThe Philippine Islands became aSpanish colony during 16Spanish colony during 16thth century; theycentury; theywere ceded to the U.S. in 1898 followingwere ceded to the U.S. in 1898 followingthe Spanishthe Spanish--American War. The islandAmerican War. The islandattained their independence in 1946 afterattained their independence in 1946 afterJapanese occupation in World War II. TheJapanese occupation in World War II. The

2121--year rule of Ferdinand Marcos ended inyear rule of Ferdinand Marcos ended in1986, when a widespread rebellion forced1986, when a widespread rebellion forcedinto exile. In 1992, the US closed its lastinto exile. In 1992, the US closed its lastmilitary bases on the island.military bases on the island.


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GeographyGeography

LocationLocation::

North America, bordering theNorth America, bordering theNorth Atlantic Ocean and the North PacificNorth Atlantic Ocean and the North PacificOcean, between Canada and Mexico.Ocean, between Canada and Mexico.

Area

Area::

9,631,418 sq.km. About half the9,631,418 sq.km. About half thesize of Russia. Slightly larger than China.size of Russia. Slightly larger than China.


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GeographyGeography

ClimateClimate::

Mostly temperate, but tropical inMostly temperate, but tropical inHawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska.Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska.

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources::

Coal, copper, lead, uranium, gold,Coal, copper, lead, uranium, gold,iron, mercury, nickel, silver, petroleum,iron, mercury, nickel, silver, petroleum,natural gas, timber, etc.natural gas, timber, etc.


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GeographyGeography

LocationLocation::

Eastern Asia, between North KoreaEastern Asia, between North Koreaand Vietnam.and Vietnam.

AreaArea::

9,596,960 sq.km. Slightly smaller9,596,960 sq.km. Slightly smallerthan the US.than the US.


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GeographyGeography

ClimateClimate::

extremely diverse; tropical inextremely diverse; tropical insouth to subarctic in north.south to subarctic in north.

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources::

Coal, iron ore, petroleum, naturalCoal, iron ore, petroleum, naturalgas, mercury, tin, lead, aluminum, zinc,gas, mercury, tin, lead, aluminum, zinc,uranium hydropower potential (worldsuranium hydropower potential (worldslargest), etc.largest), etc.


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GeographyGeography

LocationLocation::

Southeastern Asia, archipelago inSoutheastern Asia, archipelago insouth China Sea, east of Vietnam.south China Sea, east of Vietnam.

AreaArea::

300,000 sq.km. Slightly larger300,000 sq.km. Slightly largerthan Arizona, a state of U.S.than Arizona, a state of U.S.


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GeographyGeography

ClimateClimate::

tropical marine; northeasttropical marine; northeastmonsoon (Nov. to Apr) southwestmonsoon (Nov. to Apr) southwestmonsoon (May to Oct).monsoon (May to Oct).

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources::timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt,timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt,

silver, gold, salt, copper.silver, gold, salt, copper.


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USUS CHINACHINA PHILSPHILS

PopulationPopulation 293,027,570293,027,570 1,298,847,6241,298,847,624 86,241,69786,241,697

Growth rateGrowth rate 0.92%0.92% 0.57%0.57% 1.88%1.88%

Birth rateBirth rate14.13 birth14.13 birth

per 1,000 pop.per 1,000 pop.12.98 birth per12.98 birth per

1,000 pop.1,000 pop.25.8 birth per25.8 birth per

1,000 pop.1,000 pop.

Death rateDeath rate8.34 death per8.34 death per

1,000 pop.1,000 pop.

6.92 death per6.92 death per

1,000 pop.1,000 pop.

5.53 death per5.53 death per

1,000 pop.1,000 pop.

*July 2004 estimate

PeoplePeople


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PeoplePeopleNationalityNationality::

Americans (ethnic groups: whiteAmericans (ethnic groups: white

77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%,77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%,Amerindian and Alaskan 1.55, nativeAmerindian and Alaskan 1.55, nativeHawaiian and other pacific islander 0.3%,Hawaiian and other pacific islander 0.3%,other 4%).other 4%).

LanguageLanguage::

English, SpanishEnglish, Spanish


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PeoplePeople

LanguageLiteracyLanguageLiteracy::

age 15 and over can read andage 15 and over can read andwritewrite

on total population: 97%on total population: 97%


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PeoplePeople

NationalityNationality::

Chinese (ethnic groups:HanChinese (ethnic groups:HanChinese 91.9%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,Chinese 91.9%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi,Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi,Korean and other 8.1%)Korean and other 8.1%)

LanguageLanguage::

Standard Chinese or Mandarin,Standard Chinese or Mandarin,Cantonese, Shanghaiese, Fuzhou, HokienCantonese, Shanghaiese, Fuzhou, Hokien--

Taiwanese, Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects.Taiwanese, Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects.


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PeoplePeople

NationalityNationality::

Filipinos (Ethnic groups: ChristianFilipinos (Ethnic groups: ChristianMalay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, ChineseMalay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese1.5%, other 3%1.5%, other 3%

LanguageLanguage::Filipino (based on Tagalog) andFilipino (based on Tagalog) and

English. (Dialects:Tagalog, Cebuano,English. (Dialects:Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray,Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray,

Pampango and Pangasinense )Pampango and Pangasinense )


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SocioSocio--Economic SituationEconomic Situation

GrossGrossDomesticDomesticProductProduct


Purchasing powerPurchasing powerparityparity

$10.99$10.99trilliontrillion

$6.449 trillion$6.449 trillion $390.7 billion$390.7 billion

Real growth rateReal growth rate 3.1%3.1% 9.1%9.1% 4.5%4.5%

Purchasing powerPurchasing powerparity per capitaparity per capita

$37,800$37,800 $5,000$5,000 $4,600$4,600

Composition byComposition by

sectorsector

agricultureagriculture 1.4%1.4% 14.8%14.8% 14.5%14.5%

industryindustry 26.2%26.2% 52.9%52.9% 32.3%32.3%

servicesservices 72.5%72.5% 32.7%32.7% 53.2%53.2%

* 2004 estimate


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Population belowPopulation belowpoverty linepoverty line

12%12% 10%10% 40%40%

UnemploymentUnemploymentraterate

6%6% 10.1%10.1% 11.4%11.4%

Budget RevenuesBudget Revenues$1.782$1.782trilliontrillion

$265.8 billion$265.8 billion $11.56 billion$11.56 billion

Public DebtPublic Debt62.4% of62.4% of

GDPGDP 30.1%30.1% 77%77%

* 2004 estimate



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AgricultureAgricultureProductsProducts

12%12% 10%10% 40%40%

IndustriesIndustries 6%6% 10.1%10.1% 11.4%11.4%

ExportsExports$1.782$1.782trilliontrillion

$265.8 billion$265.8 billion $11.56 billion$11.56 billion

ImportsImports

62.4% of62.4% of

GDPGDP 30.1%30.1% 77%77%Reserves of ForexReserves of Forex& Gold& Gold

$412.7$412.7billionbillion

$85.94 billion$85.94 billion $16.87%$16.87%

External DebtsExternal Debts $1.4 billion$1.4 billion $197.8 billion$197.8 billion $57.96 billion$57.96 billion

* 2004 estimate



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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippines Internal Security ForcesInternal Security Forces

The United States has a fragmentedThe United States has a fragmentedsystem of police administration comprisingsystem of police administration comprisingsome 19,000 separate municipal andsome 19,000 separate municipal andcounty law enforcement agencies and ancounty law enforcement agencies and anestimated 21,000 additional federal, state,estimated 21,000 additional federal, state,and local agencies with specializedand local agencies with specializedjurisdictions of responsibility.jurisdictions of responsibility.

The principal law enforcement agenciesThe principal law enforcement agencies

of the federal government are:of the federal government are:-- Dept of JusticeDept of Justice -- US Postal ServiceUS Postal Service-- FBIFBI -- DEADEA-- US Marshal SvcUS Marshal Svc -- US Coast GuardUS Coast Guard

-- US Secret SvcUS Secret Svc -- US Custom SvcUS Custom Svc


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Foreign Military RelationsForeign Military RelationsChina maintains diplomatic relationsChina maintains diplomatic relations

with most countries in the world, butwith most countries in the world, but

makes acknowledging its claim to Taiwanmakes acknowledging its claim to Taiwanand severing any official ties with itsand severing any official ties with itsgovernment a prerequisite for diplomaticgovernment a prerequisite for diplomaticexchanges. It also actively opposes foreignexchanges. It also actively opposes foreigntravels by Taiwan independencetravels by Taiwan independence

proponents.proponents.Military branches: Peoples LiberationMilitary branches: Peoples LiberationArmy (PLA) comprises ground forces,Army (PLA) comprises ground forces,Navy, Air Force and II Artillery CorpsNavy, Air Force and II Artillery Corps(strategic missile forces).(strategic missile forces).


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Internal Security ForcesInternal Security ForcesPeoples Armed Police (internal securityPeoples Armed Police (internal security

troops, normally state security body buttroops, normally state security body but

included by the Chinese as part of theincluded by the Chinese as part of thearmed forces and considered to be anarmed forces and considered to be anadjunct to PLA), militia.adjunct to PLA), militia.

THE Public Security Bureau (PSB) hasTHE Public Security Bureau (PSB) hastwo major ties to its organization: there istwo major ties to its organization: there is

the policy making Ministry, the Gong Anthe policy making Ministry, the Gong AnBu, as differentiated from the provincialBu, as differentiated from the provinciallaw enforcement agencies of the Gong Anlaw enforcement agencies of the Gong AnJu.Ju.


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Foreign Military RelationsForeign Military RelationsThe Philippines is a founding andThe Philippines is a founding and

prominent member of the association ofprominent member of the association of

Southeast ASIAN Nations (ASEAN). It isSoutheast ASIAN Nations (ASEAN). It isalso an active participant of the Asiaalso an active participant of the Asia--Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), aPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), amember of the Group of 24 and one of themember of the Group of 24 and one of the51 founding members of the United51 founding members of the United

Nations on October 24, 1945.Nations on October 24, 1945.Military branches: Armed Forces of theMilitary branches: Armed Forces of thePhilippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includesPhilippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includesCoast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force.Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force.


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Internal Security ForcesInternal Security ForcesThe security umbrella provided by theThe security umbrella provided by the

mere presence of the U.S. Air Force 13mere presence of the U.S. Air Force 13thth

Air Force at Clark AirBase in theAir Force at Clark Air

Base in thePhilippines augmented the Philippine AirPhilippines augmented the Philippine Air

Force external defense capabilities, whichForce external defense capabilities, whichdeterred incursions from other nations ordeterred incursions from other nations orwould be aggressors.would be aggressors.


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Government &Government &

ConstitutionalConstitutional

FrameworkFramework


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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippinesCountry name: Republic of the PhilippinesCountry name: Republic of the Philippines

Government type:Government type: RepublicRepublicCapital:Capital: ManilaManilaIndependence: June 12, 1898 (from Spain)Independence: June 12, 1898 (from Spain)ConstitutionConstitution February 02, 1987 effectiveFebruary 02, 1987 effective

February 11, 1987.February 11, 1987.The 1935 constitution seemed to serveThe 1935 constitution seemed to serve

the nation well. It gave the Philippines 26the nation well. It gave the Philippines 26years of stable, constitutional government.years of stable, constitutional government.By the late 1960s however, many Filipinos

By the late 1960s however, many Filipinoscame to believe that the constitution onlycame to believe that the constitution only

provided a democratic cloak for aprovided a democratic cloak for aprofoundly oligarchic society. Aprofoundly oligarchic society. Aconstitutional convention was called toconstitutional convention was called to

rewriterewrite


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StructureStructure

of theof the

GovernmentGovernment


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GovernmentGovernmentStructuresStructures

USUS CHINACHINA PhilsPhils

Executive Branch:Executive Branch:

Chief of StateChief of State President & VPPresident & VP President & VPPresident & VP President & VPPresident & VP

Head ofHead ofGovernmentGovernment

PresidentPresidentPremier & VicePremier & Vice--

PremierPremierPresidentPresident

CabinetCabinet CabinetCabinet State CouncilState Council CabinetCabinet

Logistical Branch:Logistical Branch:Bicameral

BicameralCongressCongress Unicameral NatlUnicameral NatlPeoples CongressPeoples Congress

Bicameral

BicameralCongressCongress

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

Supreme CourtSupreme CourtSupreme PeoplesSupreme Peoples

CourtsCourtsSupreme CourtSupreme Court

U.S courts ofU.S courts of

AppealAppeal

Local PeoplesLocal Peoples

CourtsCourts

Phil. Courts ofPhil. Courts of

AppealAppeal

U.S. districtU.S. districtCourtsCourts

Peoples CourtsPeoples CourtsRegional TrialRegional Trial

courtscourts

State andState and

County CourtsCounty Courts

Municipal TrialMunicipal Trial

CourtsCourts


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Election &Election &

PoliticalPolitical

PartiesParties


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Election &Election &PoliticalPoliticalPartiesParties

USUS CHINACHINA PhilsPhils

Elections:Elections:

President & VPPresident & VP 4 years terms4 years terms

On the sameOn the sameticket by aticket by acollege ofcollege of

representativesrepresentatives

President & VPPresident & VP 5 years terms5 years terms

President & VPPresident & VP 66years terms onyears terms onseparate ticketsseparate tickets

PremierPremier

nominated bynominated bypresidentpresident

SenateSenate yearsyearstermsterms

SenateSenate 66years termsyears terms

House ofHouse ofrepresentativesrepresentatives 33

years termsyears terms

Political Parties &Political Parties &Leaders:Leaders:

DemocraticDemocraticparty, Greenparty, Green

party,party,LibertarianLibertarian

party,party,RepublicanRepublican

partyparty

ChineseChineseCommunist PartCommunist Part

& 8 registered& 8 registeredsmall partiessmall partiescontrolled bycontrolled by

CCP.CCP.

LDP, LP, NPC, PDPLDP, LP, NPC, PDP--

Laban, PMP,Laban, PMP,AksyonAksyon

Demokratiko Party,Demokratiko Party,Reporma, PROMDIReporma, PROMDI

Political PressurePolitical Pressure No substantialNo substantialpoliticalpolitical

Bayan Muna, BagongBayan Muna, Bagong

AlyansangAlyansangMakabayan, LeagueMakabayan, League


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Political Issues & CurrentPolitical Issues & Current

DevelopmentDevelopment


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Political IssuesPolitical Issues


Affirmative Action,Affirmative Action,Budget & Taxes,Budget & Taxes,

Campaign & PoliticalCampaign & Political

Reform, Crime &Reform, Crime &Drugs, Education,Drugs, Education,Environment,Environment,

Euthanasia (rightEuthanasia (right--toto--die) Foreigndie) ForeignRelations, GayRelations, Gay

Rights, guns, HealthRights, guns, HealthCare, Immigration,Care, Immigration,Intl Trade, LaborIntl Trade, LaborUnions, Jobs &Unions, Jobs &business, Socialbusiness, Social

Security & Seniors,Security & Seniors,women Issueswomen Issues

Sovereignty claimsSovereignty claimsover Taiwan,over Taiwan,

censorship ofcensorship ofpolitical speech,political speech,health problemshealth problemsrelated to air &related to air &water pollution,water pollution,progressing HIVprogressing HIV--

AIDS epidemic andAIDS epidemic andhundreds of millionshundreds of millionsof cigarette smokers,of cigarette smokers,Government limitsGovernment limits

population growthpopulation growth 1 child per family.1 child per family.

Regional conflict &Regional conflict &terrorism, Labor,terrorism, Labor,

Womens Issue,Womens Issue,Human Rights &Human Rights &Democratization,Democratization,

Health & Education,Health & Education,Economic & SocialEconomic & Social

Equity, OverEquity, Overpopulation,population,population control,population control,VAT, Oil price hikedVAT, Oil price hiked

& other& othercommoditiescommodities


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CURRENT DEVELOPMENTCURRENT DEVELOPMENT::The Peoples Republic of China in anThe Peoples Republic of China in an

attempt to limit its population growth, hasattempt to limit its population growth, hasadopted a policy which limits urbanadopted a policy which limits urban

families to 1 child & rural families to twofamilies to 1 child & rural families to twowhen the 1when the 1stst is female. Males areis female. Males areconsidered to be more economicallyconsidered to be more economicallyvaluable in rural areas.valuable in rural areas.

On Oct. 15, 2003, using a Long marchOn Oct. 15, 2003, using a Long march2F rocket and Shenzhou V manned2F rocket and Shenzhou V mannedspacecraft, the PRC became the 3spacecraft, the PRC became the 3rdrd

country to put human being into spacecountry to put human being into spacethrough its own endeavors.through its own endeavors.


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CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:CURRENT DEVELOPMENT:

The country attains a moderateThe country attains a moderateeconomic growth, bouyed by remittanceseconomic growth, bouyed by remittances

by its large, diasporic overseas Filipinoby its large, diasporic overseas Filipinoworkforce, booming informationworkforce, booming informationtechnology, albeit in a constricted ITtechnology, albeit in a constricted ITcategorycategory call services outsourced fromcall services outsourced from

the United Statesthe United States and cheap but highlyand cheap but highlyunionized labor in other sectors.unionized labor in other sectors.


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Governance ProblemsGovernance Problems &&

Political GapsPolitical Gaps


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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippines-- The U.S has at times been criticized forThe U.S has at times been criticized for

violation of human rights including racialviolation of human rights including racialdiscrimination.discrimination.

-- As of 2004 the U.S has possibly theAs of 2004 the U.S has possibly theworlds largest population at over 2 millionworlds largest population at over 2 millioninmatesinmates..

-- One of the largest industrialized nations inOne of the largest industrialized nations inthe world without a nationalized healthcarethe world without a nationalized healthcaresystem.system.

-- Suicide rate exceeds its homicide rate, butSuicide rate exceeds its homicide rate, but

is still lower than most other industrializedis still lower than most other industrializednations.nations.

-- A number of American based corporations,A number of American based corporations,perhaps most visibly McDonalds, cocaperhaps most visibly McDonalds, coca--cola, and Disney, have spread to manycola, and Disney, have spread to manycountries, some of which have displayedcountries, some of which have displayed


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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippinesMajor problems facing China:Major problems facing China:

-- air pollutionair pollution-- acid rain which is damaging theacid rain which is damaging the

forestsforests-- water shortageswater shortages

-- water pollutionwater pollution-- deforestationdeforestation-- trade in endangered speciestrade in endangered species-- frequent typhoonsfrequent typhoons

-- tsunamistsunamis-- earthquakesearthquakes-- International disputes involvingInternational disputes involving

Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Diayu &Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Diayu &

Senkaku Islands, Arunach Pradesh/southSenkaku Islands, Arunach Pradesh/southTibet.Tibet.


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U.SU.S ChinaChina PhilippinesPhilippinesMajor Problems facing the PhilippinesMajor Problems facing the Philippines

-- air pollutionair pollution-- over populationover population-- on going Muslim separatist in Mindanaoon going Muslim separatist in Mindanao-- communist insurgencies in rural areascommunist insurgencies in rural areas

(NPA)(NPA)-- inconsistent government policiesinconsistent government policies-- environmental degradation & typhoonsenvironmental degradation & typhoons-- illegal logging & poor infrastructuresillegal logging & poor infrastructures

-- piracypiracy-- graft & corruptiongraft & corruption-- illicit drugsillicit drugs-- International disputes over SpratlyInternational disputes over Spratly

IslandsIslands


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Insights &Insights &ConclusionsConclusions


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The real questions to U.S. strategy,The real questions to U.S. strategy,therefore, are how they manage thetherefore, are how they manage theAmerican empire, what capabilities areAmerican empire, what capabilities arecritical for sustaining it, on which countriescritical for sustaining it, on which countries

to place their priorities and where toto place their priorities and where toexpand or reduce the empire moderately.expand or reduce the empire moderately.

The much bigger problem is not U.S.The much bigger problem is not U.S.--Chinese relations but JapaneseChinese relations but Japanese--ChineseChinese

strategic competition. Pushing Japan andstrategic competition. Pushing Japan andKorea toward trilateral military cooperationKorea toward trilateral military cooperationwill put the U.S is a powerful position towill put the U.S is a powerful position tomoderate and direct competition. Fixationmoderate and direct competition. Fixationon China could undercut U.S. alliance withon China could undercut U.S. alliance with

Korea & Japan, a formula forKorea & Japan, a formula for economiceconomiccolla secolla se and wars in East Asia.and wars in East Asia.


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There are many ways for investors toThere are many ways for investors totake advantage of Chinas economic boom.take advantage of Chinas economic boom.Cheap and abundant labor will continue toCheap and abundant labor will continue to

attract strong foreign direct investment.attract strong foreign direct investment.This will further loosening of restrictions onThis will further loosening of restrictions onforeign and rising income will create profitforeign and rising income will create profitopportunities from the growth in Chineseopportunities from the growth in Chinese

domestic demand. As a result, earningsdomestic demand. As a result, earningsand profit growth will continue to attractand profit growth will continue to attractforeign capital into China.foreign capital into China.


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If institutions are reformed in favor ofIf institutions are reformed in favor ofthe poor by redistributing economicthe poor by redistributing economicopportunities, protecting the vulnerable, &opportunities, protecting the vulnerable, &enhancing the capabilities of the poor toenhancing the capabilities of the poor to

participate in decision making. Suchparticipate in decision making. Suchsocially inclusive development wouldsocially inclusive development wouldrequire the provision of an enablingrequire the provision of an enablingenvironment for poverty reduction throughenvironment for poverty reduction throughmacroeconomic, political, & institutionalmacroeconomic, political, & institutionalreforms as well as the development ofreforms as well as the development ofprograms that will equalize access toprograms that will equalize access toeconomic resources and socialeconomic resources and socialopportunities. Such policies have theopportunities. Such policies have thepotential to spur propotential to spur pro--poor growth in thepoor growth in theeconomyeconomy

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