copy of project 2011
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Project management is the disciplineof planning, organizing, securing andmanaging resources to bring aboutthe successful completion of specificproject goals and objectives.
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A project is a temporary endeavor,having a defined beginning and endundertaken to meet unique goals andobjectives,usually to bring aboutbeneficial change or added value.
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T he primary challenge of projectmanagement is to achieve all of theengineering project goals and objectiveswhile honoring the preconceived projectconstraints.
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T ypical constraints are scope, time, andbudget . T he secondary²and moreambitious²challenge is to optimize theallocation and integration of inputsnecessary to meet pre-defined
objectives.
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T wo forefathers of project managementare Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques.and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5management functions which form the
foundation of the body of knowledgeassociated with project and programmanagement
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A project manager is a professional inthe field of project management.
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Project managers can have theresponsibility of the planning, execution,and closing of any project, typicallyrelating to construction industry,engineering, architecture, computing, or
telecommunications.
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A project manager is the personaccountable for accomplishing the statedproject objectives. Key projectmanagement responsibilities includecreating clear and attainable project
objectives, building the projectrequirements, and managing the tripleconstraint for projects, which is cost,time, and scope.
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A traditional phased approach identifiesa sequence of steps to be completed. Inthe "traditional approach", we candistinguish 5 components of a project (4stages plus control) in the development
of a project:
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Project initiation stage;Project planning and design stage;Project execution and constructionstage;Project monitoring and controllingsystems;Project completion.
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Project Management: Unofficial Definition
Project management is about organization
Project management is about changing people¶s behavior
Project management is about
decision making
Project management is about creating an environment conducive togetting critical projects done!
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Project Management: Official Definition
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. It implies± a specific timeframe± a budget
± unique specifications± working across organizational boundaries
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Why Projects FailFailure to align project withorganizational objectivesPoor scopeUnrealistic expectationsLack of executive sponsorshipLack of project managementInability to move beyond individual andpersonality conflictsPolitics
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Why Projects Succeed!
Project Sponsorship at executive levelGood project charter Strong project managementT he right mix of team players
Good decision making structureGood communicationT eam members are working toward
common goals
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Why this matters to YOU
Most of us get to where we are by sometechnical or specific set of skills
If you want to get things done, you needa good blend of ± B usiness knowledge± People management
± Knowledge of organizational politics± AND an area of technical expertise
Th ose are t h e people t h at make t hi ngs h appen!
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CAPITAL INVESTMENT
PHYSICAL ASSETS
INTANGIBLE ASSETSSTRATEGIC INVETMENTTACTICAL INVESTMENT
MANDATORY INVESTMENTEXPANSION/DIVERSIFICATION
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT
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IMPORTANCE
LONG-TERM EFFECTSIRREVERSIBILITY
SUBSTANTIAL OUTLAYS
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DIFFICULTIES
MEASUREMENT PROBLEMSUNCERTAINITY
TEMPORAL SPREAD
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PROJECT PLANNING
³Must Ask´ questions for planning successful ProjectsH ow would you describe your projects?Wh at are yours Goals and Objectives?Wh o will benefit from your project?Will you be creating an y product or services?Wh at kind of sc hedule do you anticipate?
Will you need an y partners or collaborators?Will you need an y information or advice?Wh at risks s hould you plan to manage?
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Project Analysis
Market Analysis
Technical AnalysisFinancial AnalysisEconomic AnalysisEcological Analysis
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Technical Analysis
A vailabilit y of raw material, Power and ot her InputsProduction Process
Equipment and Mac hines
Treatment of effluentsTec hnolog y ±Social point of view
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Financial Analysis
Investment outlay and cost of ProjectMeans of Financing
Cost of Capital
Projected ProfitabilityBreak-Even PointProjected Financial Position
Level of Risk
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Economic Analysis
Different Economic Benefits and Costs in termsof Shadow pricesImpact on Distribution of IncomeImpact on level of saving and InvestmentSelf-Sufficiency, Employment and Social order
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Ecological Analysis
Environment-Polluting IndustriesLikel y damage
Cost of Restoration
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Idea Generation:Existing Ideas¶ Analysis
T ruly innovative and novel: 3-4%Rest 96% ??Modification of existing ideas.T hree ways:EnhancementExtensionSpecialization
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Idea Generation:
ExtensionAddition of extra features.Examples:T oothbrush with built-in toothpaste;Pen with torchlight;T he changing face of mobile phones;
Memory sticks with MP3 players;Wristwatch with calculators;Cinema Multiplexes;
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Idea Generation:
SpecializationCreating your own niche out of a largefield.
Examples:Low cost airlines (Ryan Air, Air Deccan) ;B outique financial advisory services;Super-specialty hospitals (Fortis Heart
Centre) ;Executive Search firms (CxOs only, financeprofessionals only) .
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Ex isting Products
Modified Products New Products
Ex isting Markets
IdentifiableMarkets
NewMarkets
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IDEA GENERATION
OBJECTIVES OF NEW IDEA
INNOV A TIVE PRODUCTCOST REDUCTION
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTINCRE A SE IN C A PCITY UTILIS A TION
IMPROVEMENT IN CONTRIBUTION M A RGIN
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IDEA GENERATION
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Monitoring the EnvironmentEconomic Sector
Economic SectorState of the Economy
Overall rate of growthGrowth rate of Primary, Secondary, and tertiary sectorCyclical fluctuations
Trade surplus/ Deficit
Balance of Payment Situation
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Monitoring the EnvironmentGovernment Sector
Industrial PolicyGovernment Programmes and Projects
Tax Framework Subsidies, Incentives and Concessions
Import and Export PoliciesFinancing Norms
Lending Conditions
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Monitoring the Environment
Technological Sector
Emergence of New Technologies
Access to Technical-how, Foreign as well as indigenous
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Monitoring the Environment
Socio-demograp hic Sector
Population trendsAge shifts in population
Income distributionEducation Profile
Employment of Women
Attitude toward consumption and Investment
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Monitoring the Environment
Competition Sector
Number of firms in the industry and the market share of the top few
Degree of homogeneity and differentiation among products
Entry barriers
Marketing policies and practices
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Monitoring the Environment
Supplier Sector
Availability and cost of raw materials and sub-assemblies
Availability and cost of energy
Availability and Cost of Money
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Corporate Appraisal
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Corporate AppraisalMarketing and Distribution
Production and Operation
Production and Operation
Research and Development
Corporate Resources and Personnel
Finance and Accounting
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Marketing and Distribution
Market imageProduct line
Market shareDistribution network
Customer loyaltyMarketing and distribution cost
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Production and Operation
Condition and capacity of plant and Machinery
Availability of Raw material, sub-assembles and Power
Degree of Vertical Integration
Location advantage
Cost structure
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Research and Development
Research capabilities of the firm
Track record of new product development
Laboratories and testing facilities
Coordination between research and operations
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Corporate Resource and Personnel
Corporate image
Dynamism of top management
Competence and commitment of Employees
State of industrial relations