copyright © 2002 by w. b. saunders company. all rights reserved. chapter 2 relevant theories and...

Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2

Relevant Theories andTherapies for Nursing Practice

Chapter 2

Relevant Theories andTherapies for Nursing Practice

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SlideSlide


The mind as an icebergThe mind as an iceberg

2-22-2 (Fig. 2-1)(Fig. 2-1)

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FreudFreud

Personality Structure Id

Ego

Superego

Levels of Awareness Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Personality Structure Id

Ego

Superego

Levels of Awareness Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Developmental Stages

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Developmental Stages

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

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Erikson

• stressed ego

• psychosocial aspects of development

• considers life span development

• studied healthy people

Freud

• stressed id

• psychosexual aspects of development

• personality formed by age of 5

• studied neurotic people

Erikson vs. FreudErikson vs. Freud

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Needs Satisfactions

Security

Anxiety Empathetic between child and mother

Can be described; observable behaviors

Individuals strive for anxiety reduction

Needs Satisfactions

Security

Anxiety Empathetic between child and mother

Can be described; observable behaviors

Individuals strive for anxiety reduction

SullivanSullivan

Self System Good-me

Bad-me

Not-me

Security Operations Selective

inattention

Dissociation

Self System Good-me

Bad-me

Not-me

Security Operations Selective

inattention

Dissociation

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4 Phases of Interpersonal Process Orientation

Identification

Working

Resolution

Described 4 Levels of Anxiety

4 Phases of Interpersonal Process Orientation

Identification

Working

Resolution

Described 4 Levels of Anxiety

PeplauPeplau

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Ideas about Nursing Focus is on client

Nurse is participant observer

Nurse has awareness of role

Nursing is investigative

Nurses use theory

Developed process recording

Ideas about Nursing Focus is on client

Nurse is participant observer

Nurse has awareness of role

Nursing is investigative

Nurses use theory

Developed process recording

Peplau, cont.Peplau, cont.

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Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operations

Formal operations

Schema Developed to organize and understand the world

Processes Used to Develop Schemata Assimilation

Adaptation

Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operations

Formal operations

Schema Developed to organize and understand the world

Processes Used to Develop Schemata Assimilation

Adaptation

PiagetPiaget

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Needs Hierarchy Physiological needs

Psychological needs

Meta-needs

Beliefs about Humankind Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans

A person does the best he/she can at the time

With adequate understandable information, a person will make good decisions

Man has a higher nature

Needs Hierarchy Physiological needs

Psychological needs

Meta-needs

Beliefs about Humankind Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans

A person does the best he/she can at the time

With adequate understandable information, a person will make good decisions

Man has a higher nature

MaslowMaslow

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Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10) Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment

Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13) Want to please other and be considered “good”

Develop social concern and conscience

Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if ever)

Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 accepted standards and tries to decide between them

Acts in accord with internalized standards

Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10) Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment

Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13) Want to please other and be considered “good”

Develop social concern and conscience

Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if ever)

Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 accepted standards and tries to decide between them

Acts in accord with internalized standards

KohlbergKohlberg

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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Focus:

- internal experience

- defense mechanisms

- transference and past relationships Therapist: more non-directive

Cognitive Therapy Focus:

- thoughts/cognitions

- correcting cognitive distortions Therapist: active and directive

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Focus:

- internal experience

- defense mechanisms

- transference and past relationships Therapist: more non-directive

Cognitive Therapy Focus:

- thoughts/cognitions

- correcting cognitive distortions Therapist: active and directive

PsychotherapiesPsychotherapies

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Interpersonal Therapy Focus: interpersonal relationships

Problems:

- Grief

- Role disputes

- Role transition

- Interpersonal deficit

Therapist: active and directive

Interpersonal Therapy Focus: interpersonal relationships

Problems:

- Grief

- Role disputes

- Role transition

- Interpersonal deficit


Psychotherapies, cont.Psychotherapies, cont.

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Behavioral Therapy Focus: learning more adaptive behavior

Applications: - Operant conditioning

- Modeling

- Systematic desensitization

- Aversion therapy

- Relaxation

- Assertiveness


Behavioral Therapy Focus: learning more adaptive behavior

Applications: - Operant conditioning

- Modeling

- Systematic desensitization

- Aversion therapy

- Relaxation

- Assertiveness


Psychotherapies, cont.Psychotherapies, cont.

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copyright © 2002 by w. b. saunders company. all rights reserved. chapter 2 relevant theories and...

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