copyright © 2002 prosofttraining. all rights reserved. java programming fundamentals

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.

Java Programming Fundamentals


Lesson 1:Java Runtime Environment

Objectives

• Identify the differences between stand-alone applications and applets

• Describe the role of the Java Virtual Machine• Create a simple Java program• Use Java comments• Compile and execute a Java program• Describe the differences between *.java and *.class files

The Java Virtual Machine

• Stand-alone applications• Applets• Classes• Methods• Bytecode

Java Comments

• Single-line comment• Multiline comment• Javadoc comment

Summary

Identify the differences between stand-alone applications and applets

Describe the role of the Java Virtual Machine Create a simple Java program Use Java comments Compile and execute a Java program Describe the differences between *.java and *.class files


Lesson 2:Data Types,

Variables and Operators

Objectives

• Use primitive data types• Declare a variable• Distinguish between local and class variables• Distinguish between implicit and explicit

casting• Use the operators for primitive types

Data Types

• Primitives– Integers– Floating-point numbers– Character– Boolean

Declaring Variablesand Variable Scope

• Types– Local– Instance– Class

• Default variable values• Variable declaration and initialization• Casting

– Implicit– Explicit

Casting Rules Chart

byte short int long float double

char

Operators

• Arithmetic operators• Relational operators• Logical operators

– Short-circuit• Bitwise operators

AutomaticCasting

• Java automatically casts– bytes or shorts ints– floats doubles

Summary

Use primitive data types Declare a variable Distinguish between local and class variables Distinguish between implicit and explicit

casting Use the operators for primitive types


Lesson 3:Control

Statements

Objectives

• Explain the block structure of Java• Use Java conditional statements• Use Java iterative statements

Code Blocks

• Used to group the contents of a class or a method

• Used to designate all conditional and iterative statements

• Used for exception handling

Conditional Statements

• if statement

• switch/case statement– break statement

Iterative Statements (Loops)

• while loop (entry condition loop)• do while loop (exit condition loop)• for loop• Nested loops (break and continue)

Summary

Explain the block structure of Java Use Java conditional statements Use Java iterative statements


Lesson 4:Methods

Objectives

• Create and use static methods• Return a value from a method• Explain pass by value• Describe overloading methods• Identify the method signature

JavaMethods

• The executable part of a class– Member

Return Statement

• Data types• Void

Calling a Method

• Parameters• Literals

Pass by Value

• A copy of the value of the variable is available to the method; changes to the copy do not affect the original value

Overloading

• Method signature– Name– Parameter list

• Does not include return type

Summary

Create and use static methods Return a value from a method Explain pass by value Describe overloading methods Identify the method signature


Lesson 5:Arrays

Objectives

• Declare and initialize an array• Allocate space for a new array• Describe array indexing• Use the length property• Discuss why arrays are passed by reference• Discuss Java’s garbage collection mechanism• Retrieve command line parameters

What Is an Array?

• Collection of same type• Non-primitive data type

Initializing an Array

• Allocation• Reference• Index

Objects

• Properties• Methods

Using an Array

• length property

1

0

3

1

5

2

MyIntArray

tmpIntArray

Passing an Array to a Method

Garbage Collection

• Variable name reuse• Memory leak

Command Line Parameters

• Always String type data

Summary

Declare and initialize an array Allocate space for a new array Describe array indexing Use the length property Discuss why arrays are passed by reference Discuss Java’s garbage collection mechanism Retrieve command line parameters


Lesson 6:Classes

and Objects

Objectives

• Identify the parts of an object• Create and use instance members• Distinguish between instance and class

members• Define abstraction• Create object references

Object-Oriented Programming

• Refers to the creation of a number of objects that communicate with one another

What Isan Object?

• Instantiation• The new keyword

Instance andClass Members

• Class members– The exception in Java

• Instance members– The rule in Java

• Accessing instance members– Dot notation

• Accessing class members

Abstraction

• What does the object do versus how does it do it?

• Functionality versus implementation

Object References

rachael

tmpEmp

name: "Rachael"dept: "Accounting"salary: 52000

tmpEmp variable

Summary

Identify the parts of an object Create and use instance members Distinguish between instance and class

members Define abstraction Create object references


Lesson 7:Inheritance

Objectives

• Create a new class using inheritance• Create an overridden method

What Is Inheritance?

• Code reuse• Using inheritance

– extends keyword– subclass– superclass– Multiple inheritance

Overriding Methods

• Same signature as the superclass• super.method()

Summary

Create a new class using inheritance Create an overridden method


Lesson 8:Constructors

Objectives

• Use the default constructor• Create a constructor to initialize instance

variables• Call other constructors from the same class

and the parent class• Create a no-arguments constructor• Discuss String characteristics and define the

common methods of String

What Is a Constructor?

• new keyword• Similarities to methods

– Initialization of object– Pass parameters

• Differences from methods– Same name as class– No return type

• Callback

Using Constructors

• Default constructor– No arguments– Must be explicitly created if there are any

other constructors• Overloading constructors

– Unique parameter types

The Keyword this

• this() as a constructor• Avoiding namespace conflicts• The super keyword

Constructors and Callbacks

• Constructors are a major facilitator in establishing interobject communication

Strings and StringBuffer

• String constructors• String characteristics• Methods of String• StringBuffer

Summary

Use the default constructor Create a constructor to initialize instance

variables Call other constructors from both the same

class and the parent class Create a no-arguments constructor Discuss String characteristics and define the

common methods of String


Lesson 9:Interfaces and Abstract Classes

Objectives

• Define and use interfaces• Define polymorphism• Use abstract classes• Create an abstract method

What Is an Interface?

• Contents of an interface– Abstract methods– Final variables

• Interface functions– Decoupling objects– Providing data type

Polymorphism

• Using one method name to invoke many different methods

What Is an Abstract Class?

• Cannot be instantiated• Can be used for a type

Summary

Define and use interfaces Define polymorphism Use abstract classes Create an abstract method


Lesson 10:Packages and Access Modifiers

Objectives

• Compile and run a class with packages• Identify the packages in the Java 2 API• Identify the various access levels in Java• Describe how access modifiers can be used to

set the access level of a variable, method or class

• Describe the object-oriented programming principle of encapsulation

• Identify accessor and mutator methods

Packages and Access Modifiers

• Packages– import statement

• Access modifiers– public– protected– package– private

Java 2 Application Programming Interface

• Organized into packages such as– java.lang– java.awt– java.io– java.util– java.net

Encapsulation

• Accessor– Method that reads a variable

• Mutator– Wrapping variables and methods together

ObjectEncapsulation

Data 1Data 2Data 3Data 4

Summary

Compile and run a class with packages Identify the packages in the Java 2 API Identify the various access levels in Java Describe how access modifiers can be used to

set the access level of a variable, method or class

Describe the object-oriented programming principle of encapsulation

Identify accessor and mutator methods


Lesson 11:Swing Components

Objectives

• Distinguish between the AWT and Swing• Identify the general organization of the Swing

class structure• Define and use Swing widgets and containers

What Is the AWT?

• Heavyweight components– Peer components

• AWT 1.0– Container propagation– Single-method event-handling

• AWT 1.1– New event model

What Is Swing?

• Lightweight components– No peer components– All Java

• Customizable• Model View Controller (MVC) programming

paradigm• Included in Java 2 (JDK 1.2)

Basic Swing Components

• JComponent• JLabel• JButton• JTextField• JTextArea• JScrollBar

• ImageIcon• JScrollPane• JPanel• JFrame• JFileChooser• JApplet

Graphical Widgets

• The graphical components with which users interact– JButton– JLabel– JScrollBar

SwingContainers

• Two types– Top level (includes JFrame, Window)– Lower level (includes JPanel, JScrollPane)

Summary

Distinguish between the AWT and Swing Identify the general organization of the Swing

class structure Define and use Swing widgets and containers


Lesson 12:Layout Managers

Objectives

• Define a layout manager• Set a layout manager for a Container• Effectively use FlowLayout, GridLayout, BorderLayout and BoxLayout

• Nest containers and layout managers to form more complex GUI layouts

• Separate a complex design into its component containers and layout managers

What Is a Layout Manager?

• FlowLayout• GridLayout• BorderLayout• BoxLayout• CardLayout

• GridBagLayout• GridLayout• OverlayLayout• ScrollPaneLayout• ViewportLayout

FlowLayout

• Centers components on each line in a flowing manner

GridLayout

• Adds components in a gridlike format

BorderLayout

CENTER

EAST

WEST

SOUTH

NORTH

BoxLayout

• Allows either a horizontal or a vertical layout of components

CombiningLayouts

Button 1

Button 2

Button 3

Button 4

Summary

Define a layout manager Set a layout manager for a Container Effectively use FlowLayout, GridLayout, BorderLayout and BoxLayout

Nest containers and layout managers to form more complex GUI layouts

Separate a complex design into its component containers and layout managers


Lesson 13:Graphics in Java

Objectives

• Identify the AWT class structure for graphics• Gain access to a container’s graphic context

by overriding the paint(Graphics g) method

• Use methods of the Graphics class via the graphics context

• Effectively use the Color and Font classes

Graphics Class

• The graphics context is used to access the functionality of the Graphics class (an abstract class)

Graphics Class Methods

• draw3DRect()• drawArc()• drawLine()• drawOval()• drawPolygon()• drawPolyline()• drawRect()

• drawRoundRect()• fill3DRect()• fillArc()• fillOval()• fillPolygon()• fillRect()• fillRoundRect()

Other Classes

• Color setColor()• Font setFont()

– FontMetrics

Summary

Identify the AWT class structure for graphics

Gain access to a container’s graphic context by overriding the paint(Graphics g) method

Use methods of the Graphics class via the graphics context

Effectively use the Color and Font classes


Lesson 14:The Event

Delegation Model

Objectives

• Describe the event delegation model• Create listener classes that can respond to

events• Register listener classes with their Component sources

• Capture events and deal with them in meaningful ways

What Is an Event?

• What caused the event?• What was the exact nature of the event?• Is additional information available about

the event?

JDK 1.0 Event Handling

• Tightly coupled with the AWT• Inefficient• General• Unruly• Code and event handling could not be

separated

SDK 1.2 Event Handling

• Generating the event object• Sending the event object to the listener• Preparing the listener to receive the event• Example: Creating a closeable JFrame• JFrame convenience methods for event

handling• Example: Event handling and callbacks

Summary

Describe the event delegation model Create listener classes that can respond to

events Register listener classes with their Component sources

Capture events and deal with them in meaningful ways


Lesson 15:Inner Classes

Objectives

• Define an inner class• Recognize the advantages of inner classes

over package-level classes in relation to event handling

• Design and implement inner classes for event handling

What Is an Inner Class?

• A class defined within other classes• Introduced with the SDK 1.2

Inner Classes for Event Handling

• Member inner classes• Anonymous inner classes

Summary

Define an inner class Recognize the advantages of inner classes

over package-level classes in relation to event handling

Design and implement inner classes for event handling


Lesson 16:Java Applets

Objectives

• Compare and contrast Java applets and applications

• Implement the life cycle of an applet through its inherited methods

• Embed an applet into an HTML document• Pass parameters from an HTML document to

its contained applet• Identify applet security restrictions• Convert an applet into an application

JApplet Class Hierarchy

Object

Component

Applet

Panel

Container

JApplet

Applets and Web Browsers

• Applets do not have a main() method• Applets have a life cycle• Applets are started from HTML pages, and

receive information from HTML pages• Because they are program code, applets

should not be trusted

Converting an Application into an Applet

• Use init() method to perform instantiation

• Instantiating the applet is unnecessary• Applets must be derived from JApplet• Applet size should be set within the HTML

document (the Web browser makes it visible)

• Applets must be declared public

Converting an Applet into an Application

• By adding an instance of the JApplet to the JFrame and calling its init() and start() methods, the conversion from JApplet to stand-alone JFrame readily takes place

Summary

Compare and contrast Java applets and applications

Implement the life cycle of an applet through its inherited methods

Embed an applet into an HTML document Pass parameters from an HTML document to

its contained applet Identify applet security restrictions Convert an applet into an application


Lesson 17:Exceptions

Objectives• Differentiate between errors and

exceptions• Differentiate between runtime exceptions

and explicit exceptions• Propagate an exception using the throws

statement• Handle an exception using the try/catch

statement• Create and use a user-defined exception

What Is an Exception?

• Exceptions– Runtime exceptions (unchecked)– Other exceptions (checked)

Exception Class Hierarchy

HandlingExceptions

• Ignore the Exception• Handle the Exception with a try/catch

statement• Throw the Exception to the calling method• Handle the Exception and rethrow it to the

calling method

Creating User-Defined Exceptions

• Creating the exception• Throwing the exception• Exception handling tips

Exception Handling Tips

• Use simple tests instead of try/catch• Choose user-defined exceptions wisely• Use one try/catch block for multiple

exceptions• Do something meaningful with caught

exceptions

Summary

Differentiate between errors and exceptions Differentiate between runtime exceptions and

explicit exceptions Propagate an exception using the throws

statement Handle an exception using the try/catch

statement Create and use a user-defined exception


Lesson 18:Creating Threads

and Thread Methods

Objectives

• Define threads• Create and instantiate threads using two

different techniques• Control single-thread flow• Define the four thread states and their

relationships to thread methods

What Are Threads?

• Multitasking• Multiprocessing• Multithreading

How Operating Systems Handle Multitasking

• Pre-emptive multitasking• Cooperative multitasking

Types of Threads in Java

• Daemon thread• User thread

– Main thread– Other user threads

The Main Thread

main thread

user thread user thread

user thread user thread

Creating Threads

• Subclassing the Thread class• Implementing the Runnable interface• Which technique?

Summary

Define threads Create and instantiate threads using two

different techniques Control single-thread flow Define the four thread states and their

relationships to thread methods


Lesson 19:Thread

Synchronization

Objectives

• Define synchronization in relation to object monitors

• Control thread racing using thread synchronization

• Convert non-atomic to atomic processes to avoid thread racing

• Use sophisticated methods for controlling threads

• Stop, suspend and resume threads• Explain thread deadlock

What Is Thread Synchronization?

• Controlling threads in a predictable manner

Thread Racing

• Two threads trying to access the same data

Synchronized and the Object Monitor

• synchronized keyword• Threads waiting in a queue to obtain an

objects monitor• All synchronized methods of an object use a

single monitor

Thread Race Condition

• Competing for resources• Synchronizing the methods• Atomic processes

Sophisticated Thread Synchronization

• Consumer/producer scenario

Stopping, Suspending and Resuming Threads

• Stopping a thread• Suspending a thread• Resuming a thread

Summary

Define synchronization in relation to object monitors

Control thread racing using thread synchronization

Convert non-atomic to atomic processes to avoid thread racing

Use sophisticated methods for controlling threads

Stop, suspend and resume threads Explain thread deadlock


Lesson 20:Streams and Serialization

Objectives

• Define a stream• Differentiate between byte streams and

character streams• Recognize the abstraction of byte streams

through the InputStream and OutputStream classes

• Recognize the abstraction of character streams through the Reader and Writer classes

• Create and use file objects

Objectives (cont’d)

• Use System.in and System.out to perform stream operations

• Nest streams using wrapper classes to enhance basic stream behavior

• Perform file I/O• Define object serialization• Use serialization to save an object to a file• Explain the transient keyword

What Is a Stream?

• A path of information from a source to a destination

InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer

• JDK 1.0 (bytes)– InputStream– OutputStream

• JDK 1.1 (characters)– Reader– Writer

Files

• Instantiating a file object• Working with a file object

– Methods of File– Directories– FileDialog/FileChooser

Stream Classes of java.io.*

• System.in and System.out• Reading bytes from System.in• Converting a byte stream into a character

stream• Wrapper streams• File I/O

Serialization

• The process of object serialization– Marking an object for serialization– Writing the object to file– Reading the serialized object from a file

• Transient variables and security

Summary

Define a stream Differentiate between byte streams and

character streams Recognize the abstraction of byte streams

through the InputStream and OutputStream classes

Recognize the abstraction of character streams through the Reader and Writer classes

Create and use file objects

Summary (cont’d)

Use System.in and System.out to perform stream operations

Nest streams using wrapper classes to enhance basic stream behavior

Perform file I/O Define object serialization Use serialization to save an object to a file Explain the transient keyword


Lesson 21:Networking in Java

Objectives

• Define networking, IP addresses, the Domain Name System, and ports

• Discuss the socket model and socket-to-socket communication

• Explain the client/server model• Write a single-threaded client/server echo

system• Write a multithreaded client/server echo

system

What Is Networking?

• Computers communicating across distances• Java networking

– TCP/IP– UDP

Connecting Computers Across the Internet

• IP addresses– Dotted quad– 32 bits– IPv6

• DNS• Sockets• Well-known ports

Well-Known Ports and Their Protocols

Port Protocol

21 FTP

23 Telnet

25 E-mail

79 Finger

80 HTTP

119 NNTP/Usenet

Networking Classes of java.net.*

• Common networking classes– InetAddress– Socket– ServerSocket

The Java Client/Server Model

• Server– Delivers information– ServerSocket object– accept method returns a socket

• Client– Requests information from the server– Connects to server with socket

Building the EchoServer

• The client– Step 1: getConnection– Step 2: sendMessage– Step 3: receiveMessage

• The server– Step 1: getConnection– Step 2: receiveMessage– Step 3: sendMessage

MultithreadingYour Client/Server Model

• Modifications to the server• The Connection class• The Client class• Running the threaded client/server example

Summary

Define networking, IP addresses, the Domain Name System, and ports

Discuss the socket model and socket-to-socket communication

Explain the client/server model Write a single-threaded client/server echo

system Write a multithreaded client/server echo

system


Java Runtime Environment Data Types, Variables and Operators Control Statements Methods Arrays Classes and Objects Inheritance Constructors


Interfaces and Abstract Classes Packages and Access Modifiers Swing Components Layout Managers Graphics in Java The Event Delegation Model Inner Classes

Java Applets Exceptions Creating Threads and Thread Methods Thread Synchronization Streams and Serialization Networking in Java


copyright © 2002 prosofttraining. all rights reserved. java programming fundamentals

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