copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. bi101: general biology spring, 2007 purpose of this...

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007

• Purpose of This Course– “BI101 provides the opportunity for nonscience majors

to learn, by participating in lectures and laboratories, the biological concepts and material that the Biology Department faculty deems most critical to any educated individual. In short, if you only take a single Biology course while at Western Oregon University, this is it!!”

(BI101 Syllabus, Spring 2007)

• Topics to be Covered:– Nature of Science Ch1

– Evolution Ch14-17

– Diversity Ch18-23– Ecology Ch39-41


BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGYSPRING, 2007

• Course MechanicsREAD YOUR SYLLABUS!!!!

• Key Points:– Lab & Lecture Lab Attendance (position in LACC)

– Exam Dates & Grading (last term’s grades)

– Final Exam Date & Time• NO ALTERNATIVES Dept Policy Incomplete

• How to Succeed– At least 2 hrs of study for every 1 hr in class (5 hrs in class)

– Be Able to WRITE the Answers to the Study Questions

FROM MEMORY


What is Science?

• One Process of Knowing– Not the Only Way of Knowing– One Part of Each Individual’s “Metaphysic”

• Based on Three Assumptions– A Universe is Out There– It Operates According to Constant Rules– We Can Discover the Nature of the Universe and Its Rules

• Results in Models of the Universe & Its Rules– NOT the Universe– Analogous to a Map

• Theory = Scientific Model – Best Map Provides Most Accurate Predictions of the Terrain– Best Theories Make the Most Accurate, Dependable and Encompassing

Predictions

• Importance of Probability & Statistics– Best Theory Predicts What Happens Most Often– Exceptions Weaken, but do Not Invalidate, the Theory

• Not Anecdotal


“The Scientific Method”

• Observation• Hypothesis• Prediction• Experiment

– Variables• Controlled• Independent• Dependent

– Experimental Situation vs Control Situation

• Analysis• Conclusion• Communication


Biology

• Characteristics of Organisms

• Are Viruses Alive?

• Hierarchy of Organisms

• Classification of Organisms


Evolution is a Theory (as is gravity)

• Summary of Darwin’s Theory: O1 – exponential population growth

• O2 – resources are limited• OO3 – more born than survive to reproduce • I1 – individuals compete for resources• O4 – there is variability among the individuals in a

population• O5 – some variability is inherited• I2 – some inherited variability will improve an

individual’s chances of surviving to reproduce• I3 – over generations, population will be of

individuals with the favorable variants


ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• Common Ancestry– (not man descended from apes)

• Descent with Modification


COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION

• Natural Selection Produces Variation

• Organisms Produce the Needed Traits

• Evolution Produces Increasingly More Perfect Organisms


Chapter 14 Principles of Evolution

• How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?• Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept

of Evolution• Exploration of New Lands: Staggering Diversity of

Life• Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed

Over Time– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado

River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)


14.1

• 14.1.1 Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution

• 14.1.2 Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life

• 14.1.3 Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado

River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)


eggs in nest fossilized feces (coprolites)

bones footprints skin impression


14.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?

• 14.1.4 Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary Explanations for Fossils

• 14.1.5 A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved• 14.1.6 Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old• 14.1.7 Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for

Evolution• 14.1.8 Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution

– Figure 14.4 Darwin’s finches, residents of the Galapagos Islands (p. 269)

– Figure E14.1 A painting of Charles Darwin as a young man (p. 270)– Figure E14.2 One species of Galapagos island tortoise (p. 271)


Large ground finch, beaksuited to large seeds

Small ground finch, beaksuited to small seeds

Warbler finch, beaksuited to insects

Vegetarian tree finch, beaksuited to leaves


14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work?

• Figure 14.5 A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning (p. 272)


Relatively constant resourcesand population size over time

Potential forrapid reproduction

Competition for survivaland reproduction

Variability instructures and behaviors

NATURAL SELECTION:On the average, the fittest

organisms leave the most offspring

Some variabilityis inherited

EVOLUTION:The genetic makeup of the population

changes over time,driven by natural selection

Observation

Conclusion based on observation


14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work?

• 14.2.1 Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance

• 14.2.2 Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time– Figure 14.6 The evolution of the

horse (p. 272)


35

50

25

5

1

0

Merychippus

Hyracotherium

Mesohippus

Hipparion

AnchitheriumArchaeohippus

Pliohippus

Equus

Paleotheres

graz

ing

mill

ions

of

year

s ag

o

toothforefoot

brow

sing


14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has

Occurred?• 14.3.1 Fossils Provide Evidence of

Evolutionary Change Over Time• 14.3.2 Comparative Anatomy Gives

Evidence of Descent with Modification– 14.3.2.1 Homologous Structures Provide

Evidence of Common Ancestry•Figure 14.7 Homologous structures (p. 274)


Pterodactyl

Bird

Bat

Dolphin

Seal

Dog

Sheep Shrew

humerus

ulna

metacarpalsphalanges

radiuscarpals

Human

GRASPINGRUNNINGSWIMMINGFLYING



Occurred?– 14.3.2.2 Functionless Structures Are

Inherited from Ancestors•Figure 14.8 Vestigial structures (p. 275)


Salamander

Baleen whale

Boa constrictor



Occurred?– 14.3.2.3 Some Anatomical

Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments•Figure 14.9 Analogous structures (p.

276)



Occurred?• 14.3.3 Embryological Similarity

Suggests Common Ancestry– Figure 14.10 Embryological stages

reveal evolutionary relationships (p. 276)



Occurred?• 14.3.4 Modern Biochemical and

Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms


14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by

Natural Selection?• 14.4.1 Controlled Breeding

Modifies Organisms– Figure 14.11 Dog diversity illustrates

artificial selection (p. 277)


14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by

Natural Selection?• 14.4.2 Evolution by Natural Selection

Occurs Today– 14.4.2.1 When Fewer Predators Are Present,

Brighter Coloration Can Evolve– 14.4.2.2 Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide

Resistance– 14.4.2.3 Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural

Selection– 14.4.2.4 Selection Acts on Random Variation to

Favor the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments


14.5 A Postscript by Charles Darwin

copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. bi101: general biology spring, 2007 purpose of this...

Documents

individuals metaphysicbased

i1 individuals

early biological thought

types of fossils

general biology spring

accurate predictions

evolutionary thought

biological concepts