copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. chapter 40 community interactionscommunity...
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chapter 40Chapter 40
• Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
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Importance of Community Interactions
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Effects of Competition Effects of Competition Among SpeciesAmong Species
• Ecological Niche: Place & Role Ecological Niche: Place & Role of Each Species in Its Ecosystemof Each Species in Its Ecosystem
• Adaptations Reduce the Overlap Adaptations Reduce the Overlap of Ecological Niches Among of Ecological Niches Among Coexisting SpeciesCoexisting Species– Competitive exclusionCompetitive exclusion (F40.1 p. 821)(F40.1 p. 821) – Resource partitioning Resource partitioning (F40.2 p. 821)(F40.2 p. 821)
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P. aurelia
P. caudatum
grown in separate flasks
grown in the same flask
days
population density
Competitive Exclusion
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Blackburnianwarbler
Cape Maywarbler
black-throatedgreen warbler
bay-breastedwarbler
myrtlewarbler
fora
ging
hei
ght
(fee
t)
0
20
40
60
Resource Partitioning
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Effects of Competition Effects of Competition Among SpeciesAmong Species
• Competition Helps Control Competition Helps Control Population Size and DistributionPopulation Size and Distribution– Keystone species Keystone species (F40.13 p. (F40.13 p.
830)830)
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Keystone Species:Removal dramatically alters the community
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Results of Interactions Between Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their PreyPredators and Their Prey
• Forms of predationForms of predation (F40.3 p. 822)(F40.3 p. 822)
• Predator–Prey Interactions Shape Predator–Prey Interactions Shape Evolutionary AdaptationsEvolutionary Adaptations– Warning coloration Warning coloration (F40.7 p. (F40.7 p.
825)825)
– Warning mimicry Warning mimicry (F40.8 p. 825)(F40.8 p. 825)
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Results of Interactions Between Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their PreyPredators and Their Prey
– Some Predators and Prey Have Evolved Some Predators and Prey Have Evolved Counteracting BehaviorsCounteracting Behaviors
– Camouflage Conceals Both Predators and Camouflage Conceals Both Predators and Their PreyTheir Prey• Camouflage by blending in Camouflage by blending in (F40.4 p. 823)(F40.4 p. 823) • Camouflage by resembling specific objects Camouflage by resembling specific objects
(F40.5 p. 824)(F40.5 p. 824) • Camouflage assists predators Camouflage assists predators (F40.6 p. 824)(F40.6 p. 824)
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Results of Interactions Between Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their Prey?Predators and Their Prey?
– Bright Colors Often Warn of DangerBright Colors Often Warn of Danger• Chemical warfare (F40.11 p. 827)Chemical warfare (F40.11 p. 827)
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Results of Interactions Between Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their PreyPredators and Their Prey
– Some Organisms Gain Protection Through Some Organisms Gain Protection Through MimicryMimicry• Visual and behavioral mimicry Visual and behavioral mimicry
(F40.9 p. 826)(F40.9 p. 826) • Startle coloration Startle coloration (F 40.10 p. 827)(F 40.10 p. 827)
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Results of Interactions Between Results of Interactions Between Predators and Their PreyPredators and Their Prey
– Some Predators and Prey Engage in Some Predators and Prey Engage in Chemical WarfareChemical Warfare
– Plants and Herbivores Have Plants and Herbivores Have Coevolutionary AdaptationsCoevolutionary Adaptations
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SymbiosisSymbiosis
• Parasitism Harms, but Does Not Parasitism Harms, but Does Not Immediately Kill, the HostImmediately Kill, the Host
• In Mutualistic Interactions, Both In Mutualistic Interactions, Both Species BenefitSpecies Benefit– Mutualism Mutualism (F40.12 p. (F40.12 p.
828)828)
– A mutualistic relationship A mutualistic relationship (FE40.1 p. 829) (FE40.1 p. 829)
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Succession: Change In Community Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over TimeInteractions Over Time
• Major Forms of Succession: Primary and Major Forms of Succession: Primary and SecondarySecondary– Primary Succession Can Begin on Bare RockPrimary Succession Can Begin on Bare Rock
• Primary succession Primary succession (F40.15 p. 832)(F40.15 p. 832) – An Abandoned Farm Will Undergo An Abandoned Farm Will Undergo
Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession• Secondary succession Secondary succession (F40.16 p. 833)(F40.16 p. 833)
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0 1000time (years)
lichens and mosson bare rock
bluebell, yarrow balsam fir,paper birch,white spruce,climax forest
blueberry,juniper
jack pine, black spruce,aspen
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0time (years)
200
plowedfield
ragweed,crabgrassand othergrasses
asters,goldenrod,broom sedgegrass
blackberry Virginia pine,tulip poplar,sweet gum
oak-hickory climaxforest
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Succession: Change In Community Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over TimeInteractions Over Time
• Succession Also Occurs in Ponds Succession Also Occurs in Ponds and Lakesand Lakes– Succession in a small freshwater pond Succession in a small freshwater pond
(F40.17 p. 833)(F40.17 p. 833) – Exotic species Exotic species (FE40.2 p. 834)(FE40.2 p. 834)
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Succession: Change In Community Succession: Change In Community Interactions Over TimeInteractions Over Time
• Succession Culminates in the Succession Culminates in the Climax CommunityClimax Community
• Some Ecosystems Are Maintained Some Ecosystems Are Maintained in a Subclimax Statein a Subclimax State– Color variants of “walking sticks” prefer Color variants of “walking sticks” prefer
different plants different plants (F40.18 p. 836)(F40.18 p. 836)
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