copyright 2006 - john wiley & sons, inc chapter 14 managing the changing needs of it development...
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Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Chapter 14Managing the Changing Needs of IT Development and Use
HCI: Developing Effective Organizational Information Systems
Dov Te’eni
Jane Carey
Ping Zhang
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Roadmap
6Affective
Engineering
9Organizational
Tasks
4Physical
Engineering7
Evaluation8
Principles & Guidelines
11Methodology
12Relationship, Collaboration
& Organization
10Componential
Design
3Interactive
Technologies
5Cognitive
Engineering
Context Foundation Application
Additional Context
1Introduction
2Org &
BusinessContext
13Social &
Global Issues
14Changing Needs of ITDevelopment & Use
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Learning Objectives
Understand recent changes in IT use and their impact
Understand recent trends in IT development Understand the potential challenges these
changes and trends may present for HCI development
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Introduction
From a historical perspective, computing devices have evolved from vacuum tubes and later transistors to silicon chips.
Consequently, the uses of these devices have challenged and changed many aspects of our work, our lives, and even our values.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Emerging IT Use Changes and the Impacts We briefly examine three categories of
recent development and trends in IT use and impacts: ubiquitous computing, social computing, and value sensitive design
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Ubiquitous Computing
Broadly speaking, there are two views of ubiquitous computing (also know as Ubicomp). The convergent device (one-does-all) view
posits the computer as a tool through which anything, and indeed everything, can be done
The divergent device (many-do-all) view, by contrast, offers a world where microprocessors are embedded in everything and communicating with one another
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Ubicomp
Ubiquitous computing: integrating computation into the environment instead of having computers as distinct objects.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Ubicomp
Integrating computation into the environment instead of having computers as distinct objects has the advantage of enabling people to move around and interact with computers more naturally than they normally do.
Ubicomp slowly moves into our lives and becomes reality.
Ubicomp, also called “Pervasive Computing”, represents a major evolutionary step in line of computing work.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Ubicomp
Ubiquitous computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live in the world with people.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation Design Space.
Instead of a single screen-based user interface (UI), humans will interact with a number of devices
These computers range from highly personal and mobile appliances to systems that are integrated in everyday environments and are more or less invisible.
The design space for the UI becomes much larger than with conventional personal computers
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
User Experience. Many of us now routinely carry several
"intelligent" devices. Our daily environments are often inhabited by
digital devices These devices are interconnected
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Task-Centric Evaluation Techniques may be Inappropriate. The majority of usability techniques are task-centric. If the user’s tasks are known, then an evaluation is performed to determine the fitness of the system and its interface for completing that task.
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Social Implications. Ubicomp can sense, understand, and react
to phenomenon in the physical world and to record those phenomena.
Security, privacy, control, and visibility are among the important social issues.
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Social computing Community computing Online community
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Communityware: software that allows large decentralized groups of people to form communities, share preferences and knowledge, and perform social activities.
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Communityware
Figure 14.1 Overview of Communityware for Conference Participants
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Communityware
The second example of communityware is “Babble,” a system that can support communication and collaboration among large groups of people over computing networks.
Specifically, Babble is for knowledge communities to support the creation, management, and reuse of knowledge in a social context.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Value Sensitive Design (VSD) Value sensitive design: a theoretically
grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner throughout the design process.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Value: an object’s property that has economic worth or is regarded as being important in life of someone or a group.
Value Sensitive Design (VSD)
Human Value Definition
Human Welfare
Refers to people’s physical, material, and psychological well-being
Ownership and Property
Refers to a right to possess an object (or information), use it, manage it, derive income from it, and bequeath it
PrivacyRefers to a claim, an entitlement, or a right of an individual to determine what information about himself or herself can be communicated to others
Freedom From Bias
Refers to systematic unfairness perpetrated on individuals or groups, including pre-existing social bias, technical bias, and emergent social bias
Universal Usability
Refers to making all people successful users of information technology
TrustRefers to expectations that exist between people who can experience good will, extend good will toward others, feel vulnerable, and experience betrayal
Autonomy Refers to people’s ability to decide, plan, and act in ways that they believe will help them to achieve their goals
Table 14.1 Frequently Studied Human Values with Ethical Import
Human Value Definition
Informed Consent
Refers to garnering people’s agreement, encompassing criteria of disclosure and comprehension (for “informed”) and voluntariness, competence, and agreement (for “consent”)
Accountability Refers to the properties that ensures that the actions of a person, people, or institution may be traced uniquely to the person, people, or institution
CourtesyRefers to treating people with politeness and consideration
Identity Refers to people’s understanding of who they are over time, embracing both continuity and discontinuity over time
Calmness Refers to a peaceful and composed psychological state
Environmental Sustainability
Refers to sustaining ecosystems such that they meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations
Table 14.1 Frequently Studied Human Values with Ethical Import
Cases illustrating concepts
Case 1: Room with a View: Using Plasma displays in Interior Offices
Janice is in her office, writing a report. She’s trying to conceptualize the report’s higher-level structure, but her ideas won’t quite take form. Then she looks up from her desk and rests her eyes on the fountain and plaza area outside her building.
The view is a plasma screen not from a window.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Case 1: Room with a view
(a) “The Watcher” (b) The HDTV Camera (c) “The Watched”
Figure 14.2 Plasma Displays in Interior Offices
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Five aspects of this particular VSD that deserve discussion.
1. Multiple Empirical Methods. 2. Direct and Indirect Stakeholders. 3. Coordinated Empirical Investigations 4. Multiplicity of and Potential Conflicts among
Human Values 5. Technical Investigations
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Case 2: UrbanSim: Integrated Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Simulation
In many regions in the United States (and globally), there is increasing concern about the environment
UrbanSim predicts patterns of urban development
Case 2: UrbanSim
UrbanSim illustrates important aspects of Value Sensitive Design
1. Distinguishing Explicitly Supported Values from Stakeholder Values.
2. Handling Widely Divergent and Potentially Conflicting Stakeholder Values
3. Designing for Credibility, Openness, and Accountability
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
VSD and HCI development
1. VSD is a great effort to reflect what we as humans consider important in our lives.
2. VSD seeks to be proactive 3. VSD enlarges the values context 4. VSD contributes a unique methodology 5. VSD distinguishes between usability and
human values with ethical import 6. VSD identifies and takes seriously two
classes of stakeholders: direct and indirect 7. VSD is an interactional theory 8. VSD builds from the psychological proposition
that certain values are universally held
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Emerging IT Development Changes Open source: the same appearance,
meaning and operation holds true for all the user’s interactions within the same application.
Open Source Definition: determines whether a piece of software can be regarded as open-source software by listing 10 conditions.
Open Source Rules
F Free Redistribution2 Source Code Derived Works Integrity of The Author's Source Code No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor Distribution of License License Must Not Restrict Other Software License Must Be Technology-Neutral
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation
The decentralized and engineering-driven approach of open source projects can be at odds with corporate processes and usability engineering methodologies. There is a common notion that open source systems have poor user interfaces.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Component Based Software Development (CBSD) Component based software development:
using or reusing existing software components to build new software applications.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Challenges on HCI Design and Evaluation Developing software components with
user interfaces that can be adapted to diverse reuse situations is challenging, so are the planning and conducting of usability and user experience evaluations, when the potential users, user tasks and use context are unknown ahead of time when the components are built.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing Outsourcing: turning over a segment of
business to another business. Offshoring: relocation of business processes
(including production/manufacturing) to a lower cost location.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Offshore outsourcing: the practice of hiring an external business to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product will be sold or consumed.
Global sourcing: outsourcing to firms in other countries.
Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Freelancer: a self-employed person working in a profession or trade in which full-time employment by a single employer is also common.
Freelancing: using freelancers to obtain outsourcing result.
Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Challenges on HCI Design and Evaluation It has been believed that design (including
analysis) and interface must be done together with the customer, while coding, IT documentation, IT maintenance, and other “back-end” tasks do not require close proximity with customers and can be done by less costly programmers abroad [Mann, 2004]. Thus the higher-wage jobs, involving design and interface, must still be performed in the U.S.
Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Summary
In this chapter, we take a forward looking perspective and examine a number of most recent radical changes in technology development
Specifically, we review technology development in ubiquitous computing, mobile computing, social computing, and value sensitive design and the use of these technologies in our daily lives for work or leisure.
We also examine several new ways of developing applications such as open source, component based systems development, and outsourcing.