copyright © 2007 wolters kluwer health | lippincott williams & wilkins introduction various...

Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

IntroductionIntroduction

• Various aspects of human nature

– Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness

• Neuroscience

– Study of the brain

• The Society for Neuroscience


The Origins of NeuroscienceThe Origins of Neuroscience

• Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece

– Correlation between structure and function

– Hippocrates

• Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence


The Origins of NeuroscienceThe Origins of Neuroscience• Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire

– Views of Greek physician Galen: Localization of function

• Cerebrum Sensation

• Cerebellum Motor

• Ventricles ‘Communicating’ fluids



• Views of the Brain: The Renaissance

– Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function

– Philosophical mind-brain problem


The Origins of NeuroscienceThe Origins of Neuroscience• Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries

– Gray matter and white matter



• Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century

– Gyri, sulci, and fissures



• Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century

– Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord

– Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body



• Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century

– Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity

– Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions



• Localization of Function in the Brain

– Charles Bell

• Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers

• Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers

– Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

• Experimental ablation method


Localization of function from brain injury/strokeLocalization of function from brain injury/stroke

Example: Phineus Gage



• Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d)

– Paul Broca

• Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech



• Localization of Function in the Brain

– Franz Joseph Gall

• Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits



• Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d)

– Regional specialization in different species



• Evolution of the Nervous System

– Natural selection

– Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms

– Rationale for “animal models”



• The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain

– Cell theory

– Cells

– Nerve cells


Neuroscience Today Neuroscience Today

• Reductionist approach

– Levels of analysis

• Molecular

• Cellular

• Systems

• Behavioral

• Cognitive


Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

• Goal of neuroscience:To learn how the nervous system functions

– Brain’s activity reflected in behavior

– Computer-assisted imaging techniques

– New treatments for nervous system disorders

– Non-invasive methods

– Experiments in live tissue


• End of presentation


The Origins of NeuroscienceThe Origins of Neuroscience• Prehistoric ancestors

– Brain vital to life

• Skull surgeries

– Evidence: Trepanation

– Skulls show signs of healing

• Views of ancient Egypt

– Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)


Neuroscience TodayNeuroscience Today• The Neuroscientist

-Education, Training, Research experience

-Clinical vs. Experimental research


Neuroscience TodayNeuroscience Today

• Scientific Process

– Observation

– Replication

– Interpretation

– Verification



• The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research

– Animals: Renewable natural resources

– The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans

• Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.



• The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders

copyright © 2007 wolters kluwer health | lippincott williams & wilkins introduction various...

Documents

neuroscience slide

origins of neuroscience

brain surface

function hippocrates

speech slide

body slide

brain injurystroke example

brain charles bell cerebellum