copyright © 2009, 2006 by mosby, inc., an affiliate of elsevier inc. all rights reserved. chapter 2...

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2

Body Structure, Color, and Oncology


Chapter 2

Lesson 2.1

2-2

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2-3

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify anatomic structures of the human body.

Define and spell word parts related to body structure, color, and oncology.

Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder oncology terms.

Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms


Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Human Body

cell: basic unit of all life tissue: similar cells that perform a specific

task organ: two or more kinds of tissue that

together perform special body functions system: a group of organs that work together

to perform complex body functions


Body CellsBody Cells

The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes. cell membrane: boundary of a cell cytoplasm: substance outside nucleus of a cell nucleus: central structure containing

chromosomes


Body Cells (cont’d.)Body Cells (cont’d.)


Types of TissuesTypes of Tissues

muscle tissue: produces movement nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and

from the brain connective tissue: connects, supports,

penetrates, and encases various body structures

epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels


Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Human Body

chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23

genes: regions within the chromosome (determine hereditary characteristics)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell


Body CavitiesBody Cavities

cranial cavity: brain spinal cavity: spinal cord thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus,

trachea, bronchi abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines,

kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters

pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum


Body Cavities (cont’d.)Body Cavities (cont’d.)


Combining Forms of Body StructureCombining Forms of Body Structure

aden/o – Gland cyt/o - cell epitheli/o - epithelium fibr/o - fiber hist/o - tissue kary/o - nucleus lip/o - fat


my/o - Muscle neur/o - Nerve organ/o - organ sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue system/o - system viscer/o - internal organs


Organization of the Human Body (cont’d.)Organization of the Human Body (cont’d.)


Types of Tissues (cont’d.)Types of Tissues (cont’d.)


Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure TermsCombining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms

cancer/o, carcin/o – cancer, unregulated, abnormal cell growth

eti/o - cause gno/o - knowledge iatr/o – physican, medicine, treatment lei/o - smooth onc/o – tumor, mass path/o - disease rhabd/o – rod shaped, striated somat/o - body


Combining Forms for ColorsCombining Forms for Colors

chlor/o - green chrom/o - color cyan/o - blue erythr/o - red leuk/o - white melan/o - black xanth/o - yellow


PrefixesPrefixes

dia- through, complete dys- painful, abnormal, difficult, labored hyper- above, excessive hypo- below, imcomplete, deficient meta- after, beyond, change neo – new pro- before


SuffixesSuffixes

-al, -ic, -ous – pertaining to -cyte - cell -gen – substance or agent that produces or

causes -genesis – origin, cause -genic – producing, originating, causing -logist – one who studies and treats -logy – study of -oid - resembling


-oma – tumor, swelling -osis – abnormal condition -pathy - disease -plasia – condition of formation, development,

growth -plasm – growth, substance, formation -sarcoma – malignant tumor -sis – state of -stasis – control, stop, standing


Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast

Word Root cyt/o path/o sarc/o

Suffix – made of the root word -cyte -pathy -sarcoma


Suffixes Containing “gen”Suffixes Containing “gen”

-gen: substance that produces or causes

Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer

-genic: producing, originating, causing

Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells -genesis: origin, cause

Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors


Clicker QuestionClicker Question

Which of the following is a suffix that means

disease?

a) cyt/o

b) -pathy

c) path/o

d) -cyte


Oncology Terms Built from Word PartsOncology Terms Built from Word Parts

Adenocarcinoma – cancerous tumor of glandular tissue Adenoma – tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign) carcinoma – cancerous tumor (malignant) chloroma – tumor of green color (malignant, from myloid tissue) Epithelioma – tumor composed of epithelium (benign or malig.) Fibroma – tumor composed of fibrous tissue (benign) Fibrosarcoma – malignant tumor of fibrous tissue Leiomyoma – tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign) Leiomyosarcoma – malignant tumor of smooth muscle Lipoma – tumor composed of fat (benign)


Liposarcoma – malignant tumor of fat Melanocarcinoma – cancerous black tumor Melanoma – black tumor (usually skin) Myoma – tumor composed of muscle (benign) Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal or tumor) Neuroma – tumor composed of nerve (benign) Rhabdomyosarcoma – malignant tumor of striated

muscle Sarcoma – tumor of connective tissue (bone or

cartillage) highly malignant


Analyzing Terms that Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and SuffixAnalyzing Terms that Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix

“Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.


Pronunciation GuidePronunciation Guide

The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. The pronunciations are only approximate;

however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student.

In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound.

Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)


Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)

The macron (-) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds.Example: donate (do-nate)

hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma)a as in ate, saye as in eat, beet, seei as in i, mine, skyo as in oats, sou as in unit, mute

- --



Vowels with no markings have the short sound.

Example: discuss (dis-kus) medical (med-i-kal)

a as in at, lad

e as in edge, bet

i as in itch, wish

o as in ox, top

u as in sun, come



An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics.

Example: altogether (all-tu-GETH-er) pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-Tl-

tis)

-- -



Which of the following is analyzed correctly?

a) melan/o/carcin/oma

b) melano/carcin/oma

wr cv wr s

wr wr s

cf

cf


Body Structure Terms Built from Word PartsBody Structure Terms Built from Word Parts

Cytogenic – producing cells Cytoid – resembling cells Cytology – study of cells Cytoplasm – cell substance Dysplasia – abnormal development Epithelial – pertaining to the epithelium Erythrocyte – red blood cell Erythrocytosis – increase in the number of RBC Histology – study of tissue Hyperplasia – excessive development (# of cells) Hypoplasia – incomplete developoment (of an organ

or tissues)


Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)

Karyocyte – cell with a nucleus Karyoplasm – substance of a nucleus Leukocyte – white blood cells Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBC Lipoid – resembling fat Myopathy – disease of the muscle Neuroid – resembling a nerve Somatic - pertaining to the body Systemic – pertaining to a body system Visceral – pertaining to the internal organs


Blood CellsBlood Cells

1. erythrocytes

2. leukocytes



Which of the following means

red blood cell?

a) karyocyte

b) leukocyte

c) erythrocyte

d) cytoplasm


Chapter 2

Lesson 2.2


ObjectivesObjectives

Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to body structure, color, and oncology.

Identify and use in singular and plural endings

Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to body structure, color, and oncology.

Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.


Complementary Terms Built from Word PartsComplementary Terms Built from Word Parts

Cancerous – pertaining to cancer Carcinogen – substance that causes cancer Carcinogenic – producing cancer Cyanosis – abnormal condition of blue discoloration

of the skin caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood

Diagnosis – state of complete knowledge Etiology – study of causes of diseases Iatrogenic – produced by a physician (unexpected

results) Metastasis – beyond control (transfer of a disease

from one organ to another)


Neopathy – new disease Oncologist – physician who studies and treats tumors Oncology – study of tumors (malignant) Pathogenic – producing disease Pathologist – physician who studies diseases

(determines cause of death; autopsy) Pathology – study of disease (cause of disease and

death) Prognosis – state of before knowledge (prediction of

the outcome of a disease) Xanthochromic – pertaining to yellow color Xanthosis – abnormal condition of yellow

(discoloration)


Complementary Terms Not Built from Word PartsComplementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts

Benign – not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery carcinoma in situ – cancer in the early stage before invading

surrounding tissue chemotherapy (chemo) – treatment of cancer with drugs Exacerbation – increase in the severity of a disease or its

symptoms Idiopathic – pertaining to disease of unknown origin inflammation – response to injury or destruction of tissue

characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain in vitro – within a glass, observable within a test tube in vivo – within the living body Malignant – tending to become progressively worse and to

cause death, as in cancer radiation therapy – treatment of cancer with a radioactive

substnace, x-ray, or radiation Remission – improvement or absence of signs of disease



Which of the following terms is built from word parts and can be literally translated to find its meaning?

a) in vitrob) cancer in situc) adenocarcinomad) benign


Table 2-2 Common Plural EndingsTable 2-2 Common Plural Endings

Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form Plural Form -a -ae vertebra vertebrae -ax -aces thorax thoraces -is -es testis testes -ix -ices appendix appendices -ma -mata carcinoma carcinomata -on -a ganglion ganglia -sis -ses metastasis metastases

-um -a ovum ova -us -i fungus fungi -nx -nges larynx larynges -y -ies biopsy biopsies


AbbreviationsAbbreviations

Ca - carcinoma Chemo - chemotherapy Dx - diagnosis Mets - metastasis Px - prognosis RBC – red blood cells XRT – radiation therapy WBC – white blood cells


Read Medical TermsRead Medical Terms

A 54-year-old woman presented to the office with a 3-week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient underwent surgery and was found to have no evidenceof metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery andwas referred to an oncologist for consideration of chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive. Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case.

copyright © 2009, 2006 by mosby, inc., an affiliate of elsevier inc. all rights reserved. chapter 2...

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