copyright ©2011 by pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 3: theory and research...
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Chapter 3: Theory and Research
MAN-10Research Methods
Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Parsimony
Keep It Simple Silly
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Theory vs. Ideology
– Certainty of answers
– Type of knowledge system differs
– Type of assumptions differ
– Use of normative statements differ
– Use of evidence differs
– Demand for logical consistency differs
– Transparency differs
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• Theory – Conditional
– Uncertainty
– Expanding
– Rigorously tested
– Empirical evidence
– Neutral
– Logical
• Ideology– Absolute
– Fixed
– Avoids tests
– Partial
– Contradictory
– Circular
Theory vs. Ideology
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Theory vs. Ideology Example - Divorce
• Theory– Family are strongest
when they have resources (income, education, housing, maturity, respect etc.) and low stress (constant employment, happy marriage, good health, etc).
• Ideology– Society is facing a moral
decay leading to divorce, women working outside the home, and loss of the “traditional family”
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Parts of a Theory1) Assumptions
• Assumptions
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Parts of a Theory2) Concepts
• Theoretical concept – Symbol– Definition– Jargon
• Level of abstraction
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Parts of a Theory2) Concepts
• Single vs. concept clusters– Concept clusters
• Simple vs. complex concepts– Concept classification
– Ideal type
– Typology
• Scope
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Parts of a Theory2) Concepts
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Parts of a Theory2) Concepts
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Parts of a Theory3) Relationships
• Kinds of relationships– Positive
– Negative
– Interaction effect
– Contingent relationship
• Propositions
• Hypothesis
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Parts of a Theory4) Units of Analysis
• Individual
• Group
• Organization
• Region
• Country
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Aspects of Theory1) Direction of Theorizing
Deductive Inductive
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Aspects of Theory2) Level of Analysis
• Micro-level theory
• Macro-level theory
• Meso-level theory
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Aspects of Theory3) Focus of Theory
• Substantive theory
• Formal theory
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Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation
• Theoretical explanation
• Prediction
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Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation
• Causal explanation– Temporal order
– Association
– Eliminating alternatives
– Specifying the mechanism in a causal relationship• Causal mechanism
– Outlining the causal chain
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Positive relationship
Positive and negative relationship
Positive path relationship
Diagrams of Causal Relationships
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Diagrams of Causal Relationships
Complex relationships
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Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation
• Structural explanation– Sequential
theory
– Network theory
– Functional theory
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Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation
• Interpretive explanation
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Aspects of Theory5) Range of Theory
• Empirical generalization
• Middle-range theory
• Theoretical frameworks– Structural functionalism
– Exchange theory
– Symbolic interactionism
– Conflict theory