copyright ©2011 by pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 3: theory and research...

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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.

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Page 1: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Chapter 3: Theory and Research

MAN-10Research Methods

Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.

Page 2: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parsimony

Keep It Simple Silly

Page 3: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Theory vs. Ideology

– Certainty of answers

– Type of knowledge system differs

– Type of assumptions differ

– Use of normative statements differ

– Use of evidence differs

– Demand for logical consistency differs

– Transparency differs

Page 4: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

• Theory – Conditional

– Uncertainty

– Expanding

– Rigorously tested

– Empirical evidence

– Neutral

– Logical

• Ideology– Absolute

– Fixed

– Avoids tests

– Partial

– Contradictory

– Circular

Theory vs. Ideology

Page 5: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Theory vs. Ideology Example - Divorce

• Theory– Family are strongest

when they have resources (income, education, housing, maturity, respect etc.) and low stress (constant employment, happy marriage, good health, etc).

• Ideology– Society is facing a moral

decay leading to divorce, women working outside the home, and loss of the “traditional family”

Page 6: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory1) Assumptions

• Assumptions

Page 7: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory2) Concepts

• Theoretical concept – Symbol– Definition– Jargon

• Level of abstraction

Page 8: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory2) Concepts

• Single vs. concept clusters– Concept clusters

• Simple vs. complex concepts– Concept classification

– Ideal type

– Typology

• Scope

Page 9: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory2) Concepts

Page 10: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory2) Concepts

Page 11: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory3) Relationships

• Kinds of relationships– Positive

– Negative

– Interaction effect

– Contingent relationship

• Propositions

• Hypothesis

Page 12: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Parts of a Theory4) Units of Analysis

• Individual

• Group

• Organization

• Region

• Country

Page 13: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory1) Direction of Theorizing

Deductive Inductive

Page 14: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory2) Level of Analysis

• Micro-level theory

• Macro-level theory

• Meso-level theory

Page 15: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory3) Focus of Theory

• Substantive theory

• Formal theory

Page 16: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation

• Theoretical explanation

• Prediction

Page 17: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation

• Causal explanation– Temporal order

– Association

– Eliminating alternatives

– Specifying the mechanism in a causal relationship• Causal mechanism

– Outlining the causal chain

Page 18: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Positive relationship

Positive and negative relationship

Positive path relationship

Diagrams of Causal Relationships

Page 19: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Diagrams of Causal Relationships

Complex relationships

Page 20: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation

• Structural explanation– Sequential

theory

– Network theory

– Functional theory

Page 21: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory4) Forms of Explanation

• Interpretive explanation

Page 22: Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3: Theory and Research MAN-10 Research Methods Instructor Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Aspects of Theory5) Range of Theory

• Empirical generalization

• Middle-range theory

• Theoretical frameworks– Structural functionalism

– Exchange theory

– Symbolic interactionism

– Conflict theory