copyright © 2011 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 30 medication...
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 30
Medication Administration
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Drug Standards and Legislation
• Standards:– Ensure uniformity
– Predict effects
– United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
– National Formulary (NF)
(continued)
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Drug Standards and Legislation
• Federal legislation:– Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• USP and NF establish drug standards
• State and local legislation
• Health care institution regulations
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Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion
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Drug Nomenclature
• Chemical name– Precise description of composition
• Generic name– Given by U.S. Adopted Names Council
• Trade or brand name– Given by pharmaceutical companies
– Used during marketing
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Drug Action
• Pharmacology– Medication management
– Classification
(continued)
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Drug Action
• Pharmacology– Preparation and route
• Oral
• Parenteral
• Topical
• Inhalants
• Intraocular route
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Drug Interaction
• Effect of one drug on another
• Deliberate combining
• Not all drug combinations therapeutic
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Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
• Side effects– Mild
– Predictable
– Nontherapeutic
• Adverse reactions– Unexpected
– Potentially hazardous
(continued)
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Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
• Food and drug interactions– Drug effects on nutritional status
– Food effects on drug absorption
– Food effects on drug utilization
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Factors Influencing Drug Action
• Genetics
• Age
• Height
• Weight
• Physical conditions
• Mental conditions
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Professional Roles in Medication Administration
• Health care providers– Orders
– Administration of drugs
– Teaching
– Observation
(continued)
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Professional Roles in Medication Administration
• Types of orders:– Stat
– Single-dose
– Standing
– PRN• As needed
• Parts of drug order
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Systems of Weight and Measure
• Metric
• Apothecary
• Household
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Approximate Dose Equivalents
• Converting units of weight and volume– Measurement conversions within metric system
– Measurement conversions between systems
• Drug dose calculations– Pediatric dosages
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Safe Drug Administration
• Guidelines for medication:– Right drug
– Right dose
– Right client
– Right route
– Right time
(continued)
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Safe Drug Administration
• Document:– Critical element
– Only after client has taken drug
• Drug supply and storage– Unit dose form
– Stock supplied drugs
– Narcotics and controlled substances
(continued)
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Safe Drug Administration
• Drug abuse– Addiction
• Physiological or psychological dependence on substance or behavior
(continued)
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Safe Drug Administration
• Drug abuse– Dependence
• Reliance on or need to take drug
• Physiological
• Psychological
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Medication Compliance
• Compliance– Taking medication as prescribed
– Improved through client understanding
• Noncompliance– Inconsistent use as prescribed
– Self-adjusted dosing or scheduling
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Legal Aspects of Administering Medications
• Questioning medication order– Responsible
– Accountable
• Preventing medication errors
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Assessment– Medical history
– Drug history• Allergies
• Prescription drugs
• Over-the-counter drugs
• Complementary therapy– Herbal supplements
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Assessment– Biographical data
– Cultural diversity
– Lifestyle and beliefs
– Sensory and cognitive status
– Physical exam
– Diagnostic and laboratory data
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Diagnosis– NANDA statements
• Deficient knowledge
• Ineffective health maintenance
• Impaired physical mobility
• Disturbed sensory perception
• Readiness for enhanced knowledge
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Planning and outcome identification– NOC for medication administration:
• Knowledge– Medication
• Medication response
• Self-care– Nonparenteral medication
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Assessment
– Administration
– Teaching
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Oral medication administration
• Most common route– Gag reflex
– Consciousness
– Nausea or vomiting
• Medication administration– Sublingual and buccal
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Enteral medication administration
• Delivery through gastrointestinal tube
• Equipment
• Risk for aspiration
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Parenteral medication administration
• Routes– Intradermal
– Subcutaneous
– Intramuscular
– Intravenous
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Parenteral medication administration
• Equipment– Syringes
– Needles
– Ampules and vials
• Angle of injection
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Intradermal medication administration
• Purposes
• Slow absorption
• Small quantity of solution
• Procedure
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Subcutaneous medication administration
• Purposes– Heparin
– Insulin
• Sites
• Procedure
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Intramuscular medication administration
• Purposes
• Sites
• Procedure– Z-track injection
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Intravenous medication administration
• Purposes
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Intravenous medication administration
• Procedure– Infusion pump
– Adding drugs to volume-control administration set
– Administering by intermittent infusion
– Intermittent infusion devices
– Administering intravenous push medications
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Implementation– Topical medication administration
• Eye
• Ear
• Nasal
• Rectal
• Vaginal
(continued)
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Medication Administration and the Nursing Process
• Evaluation– Ongoing responsibility of nurse
• Client’s response to medications
• Changes in client’s condition
• Client’s ability to self-manage