copyright © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 13 preventing pregnancy:...

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Preventing Pregnancy: Preventing Pregnancy: Contraceptives and Contraceptives and

AbortionAbortion


Preventing Pregnancy and Protecting Preventing Pregnancy and Protecting Your Sexual HealthYour Sexual Health

Almost half of all pregnancies in the U.S. Almost half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended.are unintended.

Approximately one-third occur in women Approximately one-third occur in women 18-25.18-25.

Half of all sexually active people acquire an Half of all sexually active people acquire an STI by the age of 25.STI by the age of 25.

Knowledge helps minimize the risks Knowledge helps minimize the risks associated with sexual behaviors.associated with sexual behaviors.


Contraceptive BehaviorContraceptive Behavior Birth Control Birth Control

• Any action, method, or practice that controls Any action, method, or practice that controls the number of children born by preventing or the number of children born by preventing or reducing the likelihood of conception.reducing the likelihood of conception.

ContraceptionContraception• Prevents the fertilization of the ovum by Prevents the fertilization of the ovum by

sperm. sperm. Contraceptive BehaviorContraceptive Behavior

• How men and women utilize methods to How men and women utilize methods to prevent pregnancy.prevent pregnancy.


College Students College Students and Birth Controland Birth Control


Contraceptives: Then and NowContraceptives: Then and Now Past and present methods work in a Past and present methods work in a

number of ways for pregnancy prevention:number of ways for pregnancy prevention:• Block the sperm form reaching the egg.Block the sperm form reaching the egg.• Kill or damage sperm.Kill or damage sperm.• Keep eggs from being released each month.Keep eggs from being released each month.• Change the lining of the uterus so the fertilized Change the lining of the uterus so the fertilized

egg cannot attach to it.egg cannot attach to it.• Thicken the mucus in the cervix so sperm Thicken the mucus in the cervix so sperm

cannot easily pass through it. cannot easily pass through it.


Contraceptives: Then and NowContraceptives: Then and Now With the exception of the birth control pill introduced in the With the exception of the birth control pill introduced in the

1960s, there are no new contraceptive methods—all of the 1960s, there are no new contraceptive methods—all of the techniques available today were practiced in ancient times. techniques available today were practiced in ancient times.

Ancient Society—Biblical DaysAncient Society—Biblical Days 1350-1200 BCE1350-1200 BCE Ancient GreeksAncient Greeks Ancient Barrier MethodsAncient Barrier Methods Abortion: Ancient Times—1800sAbortion: Ancient Times—1800s 1800s1800s Early 1900sEarly 1900s Mid-1900sMid-1900s Late 1900s/Early 2000sLate 1900s/Early 2000s


Barrier Methods: Preventing Sperm Barrier Methods: Preventing Sperm from Reaching the Ovafrom Reaching the Ova

These provide a chemical or physical barrier These provide a chemical or physical barrier between the sperm and the ovum:between the sperm and the ovum:• CondomsCondoms• DiaphragmsDiaphragms• Cervical CapCervical Cap• SpongeSponge


Condoms: “No Glove, No Love”Condoms: “No Glove, No Love”

Thin sheath of latex, polyurethane, or animal Thin sheath of latex, polyurethane, or animal intestine that is worked over an erect penis or intestine that is worked over an erect penis or inside the vagina during intercourse.inside the vagina during intercourse.

It is used to prevent pregnancy and to protect It is used to prevent pregnancy and to protect against STIs.against STIs.

Male rubber condoms were first made in 1850.Male rubber condoms were first made in 1850. Female condoms, made of polyurethane, became Female condoms, made of polyurethane, became

available in 1994. available in 1994.


DiaphragmsDiaphragms Small, latex, dome-Small, latex, dome-

shaped cup inserted shaped cup inserted into the vagina.into the vagina.

Covers the cervix.Covers the cervix. Use in conjunction Use in conjunction

with spermicide.with spermicide. Insert up to 6 hours Insert up to 6 hours

before; leave in at before; leave in at least 6 hours after. least 6 hours after.

Must be fitted by Must be fitted by health care provider.health care provider.


Cervical CapCervical Cap

Small, thin, cup-Small, thin, cup-shaped device made shaped device made of plastic or latex.of plastic or latex.

Fits tightly over cervixFits tightly over cervix Use in conjunction Use in conjunction

with spermicide.with spermicide. Offers protection for Offers protection for

up to 48 hours.up to 48 hours. FemCap available in FemCap available in

U.S.U.S.


SpongeSponge

The The TodayToday sponge is a 2-inch plastic foam disc that sponge is a 2-inch plastic foam disc that contains spermicide.contains spermicide.

Moisten with water and insert into vagina to cover Moisten with water and insert into vagina to cover cervix.cervix.

Intercourse can take place immediately.Intercourse can take place immediately.


SpermicideSpermicide

A chemical contraceptive.A chemical contraceptive. It works by killing sperm or making them inactive.It works by killing sperm or making them inactive. Place directly into the vagina, or on the diaphragm Place directly into the vagina, or on the diaphragm

or cap.or cap. Suppositories need time to melt before sex.Suppositories need time to melt before sex.


Hormonal Methods: Preventing Hormonal Methods: Preventing OvulationOvulation

These methods use artificial hormones These methods use artificial hormones (estrogen and progesterone) to prevent (estrogen and progesterone) to prevent ovulation:ovulation:• Birth control pillsBirth control pills• Skin patchSkin patch• Vaginal ringVaginal ring• InjectionsInjections• implantsimplants


Birth Control Pills: “The Pill”Birth Control Pills: “The Pill”

Oral contraceptives are used by 30% of womenOral contraceptives are used by 30% of women• Widely used by women in their teens and 20sWidely used by women in their teens and 20s

Combination pill Combination pill • Contains both estrogen and progestin Contains both estrogen and progestin

Mini-pillMini-pill• Contains progestin-only Contains progestin-only

Continuous-dose pillsContinuous-dose pills• Breakthrough bleedingBreakthrough bleeding


Getting the Facts: Birth Control PillsGetting the Facts: Birth Control Pills

Do birth control pills affect my sex drive?Do birth control pills affect my sex drive? Yasmin and YazYasmin and Yaz Most pills come in packs of 28.Most pills come in packs of 28. What are the side effects associated with What are the side effects associated with

the pill?the pill?


Skin Patch Skin Patch

A 2-inch adhesive patch that a woman wears on A 2-inch adhesive patch that a woman wears on her buttocks, chest, back, arm, or abdomen.her buttocks, chest, back, arm, or abdomen.

Artificial estrogen and progesterone are Artificial estrogen and progesterone are released. released.


Vaginal RingVaginal Ring

The The NuvaRingNuvaRing is a flexible plastic ring that is is a flexible plastic ring that is placed monthly in the upper segment of the placed monthly in the upper segment of the vagina.vagina.

About 2 inches in diameter, the ring continuously About 2 inches in diameter, the ring continuously releases low doses of estrogen and progestin.releases low doses of estrogen and progestin.


Implants and InjectionsImplants and Injections

ImplantsImplants• Norplant is a single Norplant is a single

rod, the size of a rod, the size of a match stick, that match stick, that contains progestin.contains progestin.

• Implanted under Implanted under the skin in the the skin in the upper arm.upper arm.

• Effective for 3 Effective for 3 years.years.

InjectionsInjections• Depo ProveraDepo Provera• Administered every Administered every

3 months.3 months.• The “shot” is The “shot” is

injected into the injected into the woman’s arm woman’s arm muscle or buttock.muscle or buttock.


Intrauterine Methods: Blocking Sperm Intrauterine Methods: Blocking Sperm and Preventing Implantationand Preventing Implantation

Creates Mild Creates Mild Infection in UterusInfection in Uterus• Hormonal IUSHormonal IUS

Contains progestinContains progestin Replace every 5 Replace every 5

years.years.

• Copper IUDCopper IUD Copper Copper Replace every 10-12 Replace every 10-12

yearsyears


The Symptothermal Method:The Symptothermal Method:Fertility AwarenessFertility Awareness

Natural Family PlanningNatural Family Planning• Predicting ovulation and avoiding intercourse Predicting ovulation and avoiding intercourse

during this fertile time. during this fertile time. • There are three methods:There are three methods:

Basal Body TemperatureBasal Body Temperature The Calendar MethodThe Calendar Method Cervical Mucus MethodCervical Mucus Method


Basal Body TemperatureBasal Body Temperature


Withdrawal and AbstinenceWithdrawal and Abstinence

WithdrawalWithdrawal• Coitus interruptus is Coitus interruptus is

one of the oldest one of the oldest methods of birth methods of birth controlcontrol

• Effectiveness Effectiveness depends on man’s depends on man’s ability to withdraw ability to withdraw prior to ejaculationprior to ejaculation

AbstinenceAbstinence• Refraining from Refraining from

sexual intercourse.sexual intercourse.• 100% effective in 100% effective in

preventing preventing pregnancy and STIspregnancy and STIs

• Outercourse is an Outercourse is an alternative.alternative.


Advantages and Disadvantages of OutercourseAdvantages and Disadvantages of Outercourse


Permanent Contraceptive Methods: Permanent Contraceptive Methods: Surgical SterilizationSurgical Sterilization

Female SterilizationFemale Sterilization• Tubal ligationTubal ligation• Surgical procedure in Surgical procedure in

which the fallopian which the fallopian tubes are severed; tubes are severed; this prevents sperm this prevents sperm from meeting egg. from meeting egg.


Permanent Contraceptive Methods: Permanent Contraceptive Methods: Surgical SterilizationSurgical Sterilization

Male SterilizationMale Sterilization• VasectomyVasectomy• In-office procedure In-office procedure

that removes all or that removes all or part of the vas part of the vas deferens, the duct deferens, the duct which transports which transports sperm from testes sperm from testes to the penis. to the penis.

Post vasectomy pain Post vasectomy pain syndromesyndrome


Emergency ContraceptionEmergency Contraception

Aka Morning-after pill or Plan BAka Morning-after pill or Plan B Prevents pregnancy by keeping woman’s Prevents pregnancy by keeping woman’s

ovaries from releasing an egg and also by ovaries from releasing an egg and also by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus to thickening a woman’s cervical mucus to keep sperm from joining an egg.keep sperm from joining an egg.

Take within 72 hours of unprotected sex.Take within 72 hours of unprotected sex. Available without prescription for those 17 Available without prescription for those 17

and older.and older.


Abortion: A Personal ChoiceAbortion: A Personal Choice

Therapeutic Abortion Dates Back to Therapeutic Abortion Dates Back to Ancient TimesAncient Times

Historical Timeline of Abortion:Historical Timeline of Abortion:• 55thth Century Century• 99thth-18-18thth Century Century• 1919thth Century Century• 2020thth Century Century• 2121stst Century Century


Abortion TrendsAbortion Trends


The Abortion Pill: Medication AbortionThe Abortion Pill: Medication Abortion Use Within 63 Days of PregnancyUse Within 63 Days of Pregnancy Three Step Procedure:Three Step Procedure:

• The abortion pill (Mifepristone, or RU-486)The abortion pill (Mifepristone, or RU-486) This pill blocks progesterone, the lining of the uterus This pill blocks progesterone, the lining of the uterus

breaks down and pregnancy cannot continue.breaks down and pregnancy cannot continue.

• MisoprostolMisoprostol This pill is taken up to 3 days later, causing cramping This pill is taken up to 3 days later, causing cramping

and bleeding. and bleeding.

• Follow-upFollow-up To ensure the abortion was complete.To ensure the abortion was complete.


AbortionAbortion In-clinic AbortionIn-clinic Abortion

• AspirationAspiration• D&CD&C• Induction abortionInduction abortion• Dilation and ExtractionDilation and Extraction

Feelings After an AbortionFeelings After an Abortion• Wide range of feelingsWide range of feelings


Sexual Life EducationSexual Life Education

Concluding PointsConcluding Points

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