copyright © 2012 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 10 the aquaculture industry
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 10
The Aquaculture Industry
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Aquaculture Basics
• Aquaculture– Growing of animals that normally live in water
• Fin fish (fresh water and saltwater)
• Crustaceans (shrimp, prawns, and crayfish)
• Mollusks (clams and oysters)
• Amphibians (bullfrogs)
• Reptiles (alligators)
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Aquaculture Basics
• Commercial fish growing recently increased– Five million tons of fish produced annually
– Asian countries grow the most
– Overfishing in some areas has challenged demand
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Fish Production
• Several advantages over other agricultural animals– Gain more weight on less feed
– Have higher percentage of edible meat
• Producers have unique production problems– Dissolved oxygen levels must be adequate
– Fish must reach processing plants alive
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Commercial Fish Categories
• Warm water– 60°Farenheit (F) and above
– E.g., catfish, tilapia
• Cold water– 70°F and below
– E.g., trout, salmon
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Catfish Basics
• Most widely grown U.S. fish
• Differ from most freshwater fish– Smooth skin
• No scales
– Produce well in small ponds
– Survive in low oxygen levels
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Catfish Basics
• Channel catfish– Only variety of economic importance
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Catfish Production
• Most grown in southern U.S.
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Catfish Production
• Some grown in open ponds– Females lay eggs in nests
– Eggs placed in tanks or jars
– Eggs rocked for embryo development
– Small fish (fry) placed in tanks to grow
– Fry grow to fingerlings• Placed in ponds or cages until maturity
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Catfish Production
• Submerged cages advantageous over open ponds– Allows closer inspection
– Wastes less feed
– Addresses predator problems
– Makes harvesting easier
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Tilapia Production
• Native to Africa
• Resemble U.S. sunfish– Reproduce prolifically
– Grow rapidly
– Considered good quality
– Hardy• Survive high temperatures, low oxygen, and overcrowding
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Tilapia Production
• Biologists believe they have high commercial potential
• Grow best in South
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Trout Production
• Considered among best-tasting fish– Good eating quality
– High percentage of edible meat
• Production differs from catfish– Smaller quantities
– Northern locations
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Trout Production
• Most grown in concrete raceways– Water is clean, moving, low in temperature, and of
acceptable oxygen
– Disease more easily controlled
– Harvesting easier
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Salmon Production
• Atlantic salmon gaining popularity– Very meaty
– Flavorful
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Salmon Production
• Most U.S. salmon comes from ocean fishing or Norway– In coastal states, stocked in floating net cages anchored
in coves and bays
– Fish harvested after 18 to 24 months
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sport Fishing
• Fish grown for sport fishing– Ponds, lakes, and streams
– Human-made reservoirs
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sport Fishing
• Recreational fishing spurs other industries– Fishing tackle
– Boats
– Guiding services
– Restaurants, hotels, and other businesses
• Private owners charge for fishing
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bullfrogs
• Frog legs considered gourmet
• Supply largely comes from the wild
• U.S. frog production problematic– Bullfrogs are territorial
– Frogs eat live food only
– Predators inhabit areas near water
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Crayfish
• Also known as crawfish or crawdads
• Louisiana– Largest producer
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Crayfish
• Grow in ponds less than 2 feet deep– Placed there in spring
– Eat plants and animals
– Reproduce in late summer
– Harvested in late fall, winter, and early spring
– Packed into porous bags and shipped
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Alligator Farming
• Alligators no longer endangered due to extensive conservation
(continued)
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Alligator Farming
• Efforts perfected growing techniques– Females build nests to lay and cover eggs
– Producers remove, mark, and wrap eggs
– Incubation temperature critical
– Harvested at 26 months• 5 to 6 feet long
– Fed undesirable fish and other by-products
Copyright © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Summary
• Aquaculture one of the newest components of animal agriculture
• Operations very labor-intensive and expensive
• Demand for fish and other aquatic animals continues to grow