copyright ©2012 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 48 radiologic procedures

Copyright ©2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Chapter 48

Radiologic Procedures


X-rays

• High energy electromagnetic radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an X-ray tube– Also called Roentgen rays

• Aids in diagnosis of tumors, fractures, and other disorders and diseases


X-rays

• Safety– Radiation exposure risk for employees– Wear dosimeter and lead shielding– Risk for patients

• Ask female patients for possibility of pregnancy


Preparing the Patient

• Provide patient support and reassurance• Explain expectations and procedure

– Use clear instructions and ensure understanding• Take special considerations with children


Radiological Procedures

• Cholecystogram– X-ray study of the gallbladder– Contrast media is used to make gallbladder is

visible



• Upper GI series, barium swallow– Patient drinks contrast medium during exam– Radiologist observes flow of substance with a

fluoroscope at different positions– View esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small

intestine– Diagnosis of hiatal hernias, peptic ulcers, and

tumors



• Lower GI series, barium enema– Barium sulfate contrast medium is introduced into

the colon through an enema tube– Radiologist observes flow of barium into lower

bowel– Patients should drink plenty of fluids for days

following the procedure– Diagnose lesions, tumors, and other colon

diseases



• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)– Study of genitourinary system– IV injection of iodine to help define urinary

structures– Requires patient to prepare with laxatives,

enemas, and fasting



• Retrograde pyelogram– Study of the urinary tract– Insertion of a sterile catheter into urinary meatus

through bladder into ureters– Radiopaque contrast medium flows upwards into

kidneys– May be done in conjunction with cystoscopy or

voiding cystogram



• KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)– X-ray of patient’s abdomen– Requires no patient preparation– Diagnose urinary system diseases and disorders,

determine position of IUD, locate foreign bodies in the digestive tract



• Mammography– X-ray of the breast tissue to detect tumors– Early detection is critical– ACS recommends baseline mammography at age

40 and every 1-2 years after



• Body scans– Rapid scanning of single-tissue planes performed

by a process that generates images of the tissues in slices about 1 cm thick

– CT scan– CTAT scan– Diagnose diseases and disorders of breasts or

internal organs



• Nuclear medicine– Uses radionuclides in the diagnosis and treatment

of disease– Almost any organ can be viewed and recorded– Patient ingests, or is injected with, radioactive

material– Patient returns in 24 hours to measure amount of

radioactivity in a particular organ



• Sonographic studies– Internal structures are made visible by recording

reflections of ultrasonic sound waves directed into tissues

– Abdominopelvic cavity ultrasonography– Obstetric and gynecological ultrasonography



• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)– Technique to view structures inside human body– Noninvasive, no radiation exposure– Radio signals are sent from scanner that is

influenced by strong magnetic fields to which the body responds



• MRI, continued– Patient lies on padded table and is placed into a

tunnel-like or open structure for 30 to 60 minutes– Contraindications for patient use

• Pacemakers• Metallic implants• First trimester of pregnancy• Severe claustrophobia• Obesity

copyright ©2012 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 48 radiologic procedures

Documents

cengage learning

radiologic procedures

fasting slide

visible slide

digestive tract slide

voiding cystogram slide

possibility of pregnancy

flow of barium