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Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.

CHAPTER PREVIEW

• Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior

• Anxiety-Related Disorders

• Mood-Related Disorders

• Suicide

• Dissociative Disorders

• Schizophrenia

• Personality Disorders

• Health and Wellness


McGraw-Hill Education. 15-2

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Behavior that is…

– deviant (atypical)

– maladaptive (dysfunctional)

– personally distressing (despair)



THEORETICAL APPROACHES

• Biological Approach: Medical Model

– disorders with biological origins

• Psychological Approach

– experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality

• Sociocultural Approach

– social context

• Biopsychosocial Model

– interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors



DSM-V CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

• Advantages

– provides a common basis for communication

– helps clinicians make predictions

– naming the disorder can provide comfort

• Disadvantages

– stigma (shame, negative reputation)

– medical terminology implies internal cause

– focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths





ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

– over-diagnosed

Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010.

– traditionally considered a childhood disorder

– 2/3rds persist to adulthood

ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS

uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive

• generalized anxiety disorder

• panic disorder

• specific phobia

• social anxiety disorder

Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5 anxiety disorders:

– obsessive-compulsive disorder

– post-traumatic stress disorder



GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

• Diagnosis and Symptoms – persistent anxiety for at least 6 months

– inability to specify reasons for the anxiety

• Etiology – biological factors

- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration

– psychological and sociocultural factors

- harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma



PANIC DISORDER

• Diagnosis and Symptoms

– recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning

• Etiology

– biological factors: genetic predisposition

– psychological factors: conditioning to CO2

– sociocultural factors: gender differences



SPECIFIC PHOBIA


– an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia)

• Etiology

– psychological factors: learned

– biological factors: genetic disposition



EXAMPLES OF PHOBIC DISORDERS



SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER


– intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

• Etiology

– biological factors:

• genetic disposition

• neural circuitry

• serotonin

– psychological factors:

• over-protective / rejecting parenting

• social experiences



OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER


– persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation

• Etiology

– biological factors:

• genetic predisposition

• neurotransmitters

– psychological factors: avoidance learning



POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Diagnosis and Symptoms

Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters

• Flashbacks

• avoidance of emotional experiences

• anxiety, excessive arousal

• difficulties with memory and concentration

• impulsive outbursts



MOOD-RELATED DISORDERS

disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state

• Symptoms may include

– cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms

– interpersonal difficulties

• Types

– major depressive disorder

• Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder:

– bipolar disorder



MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD)

Diagnosis and Symptoms

– significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks

– daily functioning is impaired

– symptoms may include

• fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest

• appetite & sleep disturbance



MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD)

Etiology – biological factors:

• genetic disposition

• underactive prefrontal cortex

• regulation of neurotransmitters

– psychological factors: • learned helplessness

• ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts

• pessimistic attribution

– sociocultural factors • poverty

• gender differences



BIPOLAR DISORDER

Bipolar I and Bipolar II • Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania

• Frequency and separation of episodes

– usually separated by 6 months to a year

• Etiology

– strong genetic component

– swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex

– levels of neurotransmitters



DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

• Dissociation

– protection from extreme stress or shock

– problems integrating emotional memories

• Types

– dissociative amnesia

– dissociative identity disorder (DID)



DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Dissociative Amnesia

individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress



DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER


– the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities

– each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships

– only one personality is dominant at a time

• Etiology

– extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood

– social contagion

– mostly women

– runs in families



SCHIZOPHRENIA

highly disordered thought

– split from reality (psychotic)

– typically diagnosed in early adulthood

– high suicide risk



SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Positive Symptoms

– hallucinations and delusions

– thought disorders

– disorders of movement

• Negative Symptoms

– flat affect

• Cognitive Symptoms

– attention difficulties and memory problems

– impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions



ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Biological Factors

– genetic predisposition

– structural brain abnormalities

– regulation of neurotransmitters

• Psychological Factors

– vulnerability-stress hypothesis

• Sociocultural Factors

– influence how disorder progresses



PERSONALITY DISORDERS

chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns

Antisocial Personality Disorder

– Diagnosis and Symptoms

• guiltless law-breaking, violence, deceit

• impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible

– Etiology

• biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences)



PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Borderline Personality Disorder

– Diagnosis and Symptoms

• instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image

• impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions

– Etiology

• genetic

• childhood abuse

• irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile





SUICIDE

Prevalence

– over 38,000 in year 2010

– twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S.

– 3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence



WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO . . .

• take it seriously.

• calmly ask simple questions.

• be a supportive listener.

• emphasize that the unbearable can be survived.

• stay with the person until help arrives.

• encourage to get professional help.



WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO NOT…

• ignore the warning signs.

• refuse to talk about it.

• react with horror or disapproval.

• lecture judgmentally: “You should be thankful…”

• offer false assurance everything will be alright.

• abandon the person once the crisis seems to have passed.

HEALTH AND WELLNESS

Stereotypes and Stigma

– Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients

– negative attitudes toward mentally ill

– physical health risk

– successfully functioning individuals with mental illness

reluctant to “come out”



CHAPTER REVIEW

• Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior.

• Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

• Compare disorders involving mood and emotion.

• Describe the dissociative disorders.

• Characterize schizophrenia.

• Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders.

• Describe suicide and its risks.

• Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and describe how individuals with disorders can improve their quality of life. quality of life.



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