copyright © allyn and bacon 2006 1 core concept 7-1 human memory is an information processing...

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006

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Core Concept 7-1Core Concept 7-1

Human memory is an information processing system that works constructively (active interpretation).


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Memory FactorsMemory Factors

• attention

• interested

• emotional arousal

• similar previous experiences.

• rehearsal


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EncodingEncoding StorageStorage Access and Access and RetrievalRetrieval

Memory’s Three Basic FunctionsMemory’s Three Basic Functions


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EncodingEncoding StorageAccess and

Retrieval

Information modified to fit preferred format



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Encoding StorageStorageAccess and

Retrieval

Retention of encoded material over time



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Encoding Storage Access and Access and RetrievalRetrieval

Location and recovery of information from memory



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Three stages of memory work together to transform sensory experiences into memories.


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The Three Stages of MemoryThe Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory

Working Working MemoryMemory

Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory


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Three Stages of MemoryThree Stages of Memory

Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory

Working Memory

Long-term Memory

Brief sensory impressions of stimuli


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Three Stages of MemoryThree Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Working Working MemoryMemory

Long-term Memory

Briefly holds recent experiences also called short-term memory or STM


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Working Memory TechniquesWorking Memory Techniques

• Maintenance Rehearsal-info is repeated over and over to keep it in STM.

• Chunking-info grouped into smaller number of meaningful units.

• Elaborative rehearsal-info is actively reviewed and related to info already in LTM


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The Three Stages of MemoryThe Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory

Stores material according to meaning, also called LTM


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Components of LTMComponents of LTM


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Declarative MemoriesDeclarative Memories

• Semantic Memories-facts or knowledge

• Episodic Memories-events or personal experiences


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Procedural MemoryProcedural Memory


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Eidetic ImageryEidetic Imagery

• “Photographic memory”

• Especially clear and

persistent memory

• Rare (more in children)

• Can be a curse


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Flashbulb MemoriesFlashbulb Memories

• an exceptionally clear LTM

• a meaningful and emotional event

• some are personal (death of a loved one, graduation, etc.)

• some are common to others (9-11, JFK, etc.)


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JFK Assassinated in Dallas, 1963JFK Assassinated in Dallas, 1963


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Jack Ruby Kills OswaldJack Ruby Kills Oswald


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September 11, 2001September 11, 2001


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O.J. Found Not Guilty, 9/26/95O.J. Found Not Guilty, 9/26/95


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Biological BasisBiological Basisof Long-Term Memoryof Long-Term Memory

• Engram–physical trace of memory

• Consolidation-biochemical process of changing STM into LTM.

• Location in Brain-Hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex involved.


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Whether memories are implicit or explicit, successful retrieval depends on how they were encoded and how they are cued.

(Skip this one.)


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Most of our memory problems arise from memory’s “seven sins”--which are really by-products of otherwise adaptive features of human memory.


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Memory FailuresMemory Failures

• Memory problems such as forgetting are bothersome but also keep us from being overwhelmed with information no longer needed.


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#1 Transience#1 Transience

Memories not permanent but weaken with time.


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#2 Absent-mindedness#2 Absent-mindedness

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention.


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#3 Blocking#3 Blocking

• Occurs when a memory cannot be accessed.

• “Tip-of-the-tongue”

• Caused by interference.

• One memory blocks another.


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InterferenceInterference

Proactive Interference--previously stored info prevents remembering new info.

Retroactive Interference--new info prevents retrieval of previously stored material.


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• Serial position Effect

• Items in middle of sequence less well remembered than first or last items.


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#4 Misattribution#4 Misattribution

• Memories are retrieved but associated with the wrong time, place, or person.

• Caused by reconstructive nature of memory.

• Can cause people to believe mistakenly that other people’s ideas are their own.


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Mistaken Eyewitness IdentificationMistaken Eyewitness Identification

• Lenell Geter was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to life in prison in 1984.

• He was 50 miles away in Greenville Tx. where he worked as an engineer.

• He had been at the robbed establishment earlier in the week, buying chicken.


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MisattributionMisattribution

Dr. Park Dietz testified in the Andrea Yates trial that she had seen an episode of Law and Order that dealt with a mother killing her children and then being found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity.


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Plagiarism by George HarrisonPlagiarism by George Harrison


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#5 Suggestibility#5 Suggestibility

• Memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion


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Eyewitness AccuracyEyewitness Accuracy

Memory of witnessing a crime can be influenced by asking questions that suggest facts of the crime.

Can be deliberate or unintentional.


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Fabricated MemoriesFabricated Memories

Can be created by suggestibility.

Credible suggestions led to college students claiming to remember bogus events.


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Recovered Memory ControversyRecovered Memory Controversy

Suggestions during therapy can cause patients to remember child sexual abuse that did not actually occur.


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#6 Bias#6 Bias

• Beliefs, attitudes, and opinions influence memories.

• Example: memories of significant others influenced by present view of them.

• People currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to remember negative relationship events in the past.


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#7 Persistence#7 Persistence

• Unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind.

• A painful blunder on the job or a failed attempt at something new.

• Shows powerful effect of emotions.

• Seen in depression and phobias.


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Improving MemoryImproving Memory


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Improving MemoryImproving Memory

• Establish why you need to remember something.

• Focus your attention on the information.

• Group the information.

• Connect new information with your existing knowledge.

• Use new material in a meaningful context.

• Use mnemonics.

• Actively rehearse the information frequently.


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Techniques for making connections Techniques for making connections between new material and LTMbetween new material and LTM


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MnemonicsMnemonics

• Method of Loci--associating items with a sequence of familiar physical locations.

• Acronym--use of letters and a silly sentence or a rhyme


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Mnemonic ExampleMnemonic Example


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Mnemonic ExampleMnemonic Example


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CORAL V. KING SNAKECORAL V. KING SNAKE


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copyright © allyn and bacon 2006 1 core concept 7-1 human memory is an information processing...

Documents

stmcopyright allyn bacon

timecopyright allyn

retrievalcopyright allyn

cursecopyright allyn

rehearsalcopyright allyn

shortterm memory

stages of memory work

memory factors attention