copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 eating in early childhood appetite decreases vary meal to meal...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Eating in Early ChildhoodEating in Early Childhood

Appetite decreases Vary meal to meal

Wariness of new foods is adaptive

Need high-quality diet Limit fats, oils, salt, and sugar

Appetite decreases Vary meal to meal

Wariness of new foods is adaptive

Need high-quality diet Limit fats, oils, salt, and sugar


Infectious Disease and MalnutritionInfectious Disease and Malnutrition

Poor diet suppresses immune system

Illness reduces appetite

Diarrhea a danger

Oral rehydration therapy and zinc can help

Poor diet suppresses immune system

Illness reduces appetite

Diarrhea a danger

Oral rehydration therapy and zinc can help


ImmunizationsImmunizations

Many American children lack full set Cost Schedules Misconceptions

about vaccines

Many American children lack full set Cost Schedules Misconceptions

about vaccines


Factors Related to Childhood InjuriesFactors Related to Childhood Injuries

Gender and temperament Poverty, low parental

education Births to teenagers not ready

for parenthood Shortage of high-quality

child care Societal conditions

International differences

Gender and temperament Poverty, low parental

education Births to teenagers not ready

for parenthood Shortage of high-quality

child care Societal conditions

International differences


Progression of Drawing SkillsProgression of Drawing Skills

Scribbles – during 2nd year

First Representational Forms Label already-made drawings – around

age 3 Draw boundaries and people –

3–4 years

More Realistic Drawings – preschool to school age

Early Printing – Ages 3–5

Scribbles – during 2nd year

First Representational Forms Label already-made drawings – around

age 3 Draw boundaries and people –

3–4 years

More Realistic Drawings – preschool to school age

Early Printing – Ages 3–5


Individual Differences in Motor SkillsIndividual Differences in Motor Skills

Genetics Size, shape

Gender Practice Caregiver

encouragement

Genetics Size, shape

Gender Practice Caregiver

encouragement


Piaget’s Preoperational StagePiaget’s Preoperational Stage

Ages 2 to 7

Gains in mental representation Make-believe Play Symbol-Real World Relations

Limitations in thinking

Egocentrism Conservation Hierarchical Classification

Ages 2 to 7

Gains in mental representation Make-believe Play Symbol-Real World Relations

Limitations in thinking

Egocentrism Conservation Hierarchical Classification


Early ChildhoodDevelopment of Make-BelieveEarly ChildhoodDevelopment of Make-Believe

More detached from real life conditions

Less self-centered More complex

Sociodramatic Play

More detached from real life conditions

Less self-centered More complex

Sociodramatic Play

With age, make-believe gradually becomes:With age, make-believe gradually becomes:


Benefits of Make-Believe PlayBenefits of Make-Believe Play

Practice representational schemes Reflect on thinking, control behavior, and

take another’s perspective Gain in social, language, and literacy skills Improve attention, memory, and logical

reasoning Strengthen imagination and creativity

Practice representational schemes Reflect on thinking, control behavior, and

take another’s perspective Gain in social, language, and literacy skills Improve attention, memory, and logical

reasoning Strengthen imagination and creativity


Limitations of Preoperational ThoughtLimitations of Preoperational Thought

Cannot perform mental operations

Egocentrism and animistic thinking

Cannot conserve

Lack hierarchical

classification

Cannot perform mental operations

Egocentrism and animistic thinking

Cannot conserve

Lack hierarchical

classification


EgocentrismEgocentrism

Failure to distinguish others’ views from one’s own

Failure to distinguish others’ views from one’s own


Animistic ThinkingAnimistic Thinking

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities


Limits on ConservationLimits on Conservation

Centration Focus on one aspect and neglect others

Irreversibility Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps

Centration Focus on one aspect and neglect others

Irreversibility Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps


Piagetian Class Inclusion ProblemPiagetian Class Inclusion Problem


Follow-Up Research on Preoperational ThoughtFollow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought

Egocentric Thought

• Can adjust language to others & take others’ perspectives in simple situations• Animistic thinking comes from incomplete knowledge of objects

Illogical Thought

• Can do simplified conservation• Can reason by analogy

Categorization

• Everyday knowledge is categorized

Appearance versus reality

• Can solve appearance-reality tasks in nonverbal ways


Children’s Private SpeechChildren’s Private Speech

Piaget called this “egocentric speech”

Vygotsky viewed as foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Helps guide behavior Used more when tasks are difficult,

after errors, or when confused

Gradually becomes more silent

Piaget called this “egocentric speech”

Vygotsky viewed as foundation for all higher cognitive processes

Helps guide behavior Used more when tasks are difficult,

after errors, or when confused

Gradually becomes more silent


Zone of Proximal DevelopmentZone of Proximal Development

Scaffolding supports children’s learning

Assisted discovery and peer collaboration also help children learn

Scaffolding supports children’s learning

Assisted discovery and peer collaboration also help children learn


Vygotsky and Make-Believe PlayVygotsky and Make-Believe Play

Provides Zone of Proximal Development Imaginary substitutions

help children separate thinking from objects

Rules strengthen capacity to think before acting

Provides Zone of Proximal Development Imaginary substitutions

help children separate thinking from objects

Rules strengthen capacity to think before acting


Evaluation of Vygotsky’s TheoryEvaluation of Vygotsky’s Theory

Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition

Emphasizes importance of teaching

Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods

Says little about biological contributions to cognition

Vague in explanation of change

Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition

Emphasizes importance of teaching

Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods

Says little about biological contributions to cognition

Vague in explanation of change


Model of Information ProcessingModel of Information Processing


Autobiographical MemoryAutobiographical Memory

Long-lasting representations of one-time events

Improves with cognitive,conversational skills

Parents help develop narrative Elaborative Repetitive

Long-lasting representations of one-time events

Improves with cognitive,conversational skills

Parents help develop narrative Elaborative Repetitive


MetacognitionMetacognition

Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought

Develops with theory of mind

Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought

Develops with theory of mind


Development of Theory of MindDevelopment of Theory of Mind

Awareness of Mental Life Infancy – age 3

Mastery of False Beliefs Around age 4

Awareness of Mental Life Infancy – age 3

Mastery of False Beliefs Around age 4


Individual Differences in Early Childhood Mental DevelopmentIndividual Differences in Early Childhood Mental Development

Factors Contributing to Individual Differences:

Home environment Quality of child care, preschool

or kindergarten Child-centered versus academic Early intervention programs

Television Educational TV

Factors Contributing to Individual Differences:

Home environment Quality of child care, preschool

or kindergarten Child-centered versus academic Early intervention programs

Television Educational TV


Features of a High-Quality Home EnvironmentFeatures of a High-Quality Home Environment Stimulation

Toys, games, reading Language Academic

Physical organization Pride, affection, warmth Social modeling Variety No physical punishment

Stimulation Toys, games, reading Language Academic

Physical organization Pride, affection, warmth Social modeling Variety No physical punishment


Benefits of High-Quality PreschoolBenefits of High-Quality Preschool


Signs of Developmentally-Appropriate PracticeSigns of Developmentally-Appropriate Practice

Physical setting Group size Caregiver-child ratio Daily activities Adult-child interactions Teacher qualifications Relationships with parents Licensing & accreditation

Physical setting Group size Caregiver-child ratio Daily activities Adult-child interactions Teacher qualifications Relationships with parents Licensing & accreditation


Dangers and Benefits of TVDangers and Benefits of TV

Dangers

Aggression Ethnic, gender

stereotypes Consumerism Time away from

other activities

Dangers

Aggression Ethnic, gender

stereotypes Consumerism Time away from

other activities

Potential Benefits

Learning, make-believe play Educational shows Slow, easy stories

Prosocial behavior

Potential Benefits

Learning, make-believe play Educational shows Slow, easy stories

Prosocial behavior


Learning with ComputersLearning with Computers

Programming languages Problem solving,

metacognition, collaboration

Programming languages Problem solving,

metacognition, collaboration

Word processing Can support emergent literacy

Games Practice basic skills

Word processing Can support emergent literacy

Games Practice basic skills


Language Developmentin Early ChildhoodLanguage Developmentin Early Childhood

Vocabulary Fast-mapping

Grammar Overregularization

Conversation Pragmatics

Supporting Language Development Expansions, Recasts

Vocabulary Fast-mapping

Grammar Overregularization

Conversation Pragmatics

Supporting Language Development Expansions, Recasts


Vocabulary DevelopmentVocabulary Development

Fast-mapping1. Objects

2. Verbs

3. Modifiers

Coin new words Metaphors

Fast-mapping1. Objects

2. Verbs

3. Modifiers

Coin new words Metaphors


Learning GrammarLearning Grammar

Basic Rules Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 Plurals To be

Overregularization Complex Structures

Questions Not complete until middle childhood

Basic Rules Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 Plurals To be

Overregularization Complex Structures

Questions Not complete until middle childhood

copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 eating in early childhood appetite decreases vary meal to meal...

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