copyright © cengage learning. all rights reserved management by objectives advantages –motivates...

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Management by Objectives

Advantages– Motivates employees by

involving them actively

– Improves communication

– Makes employees feel like an important part of the organization

– Periodic review enhances control

Disadvantages– Doesn’t work if the

process doesn’t begin at the top of the organization

– Can result in excessive paperwork

– Some managers assign goals instead of collaborating on creating them

– Goals should be quantifiable

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Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d)

• Job enrichment– Provides employees with more variety and

responsibility in their jobs

• Job enlargement– The expansion of a worker’s assignments to

include additional but similar tasks

• Job redesign– A type of job enrichment in which work is

restructured to cultivate the worker-job match

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• Behavior modification– A systematic program of reinforcement to

encourage desirable behavior• Steps in behavior modification

– Identify the target behavior to be changed– Measure existing levels of the behavior– Reward employees who exhibit the desired

behavior– Measure the target behavior to check for desired

change• If no change, consider changing reward system• If change has occurred, maintain reinforcement

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• Flextime– A system in which employees set their own work hours

within employer-determined limits– Typically, there are two bands of time

• Core time, when all employees are expected to be at work• Flexible time, when employees may choose whether to be at

work

– Benefits• Employees’ sense of independence and autonomy is

motivating• Employees with enough time to deal with nonwork issues are

more productive and satisfied

– Drawbacks• Supervisors’ jobs are complicated by having employees who

come and go at different times• Employees without flextime may resent coworkers who have it

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• Part-time work– A permanent employment situation in which individuals

work less than a standard workweek

– Disadvantage: often does not provide the benefits that come with a full-time position

• Job sharing– An arrangement whereby two people share one full-

time position

– Companies can save on expenses by reducing benefits and avoiding employee turnover

– Employees gain flexibility but may lose benefits

– Sharing can be difficult if work is not easily divisible or if two people cannot work well together

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• Telecommuting– Working at home all the time or for a portion of the work

week– Advantages

• Increased employee productivity• Lower real estate and travel costs• Reduced absenteeism and turnover• Increased work/life balance and improved morale• Access to additional labor pools

– Disadvantages• Feelings of isolation• Putting in longer hours• Distractions at home• Difficulty monitoring productivity

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• Employee empowerment– Making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their

participation in decision making– Management must be involved to set expectations, communicate

standards, institute periodic evaluations, guarantee follow-up– Benefits

• Increased job satisfaction• Improved job performance• Higher self-esteem• Increased organizational commitment

– Obstacles• Management resistance• Workers’ distrust of management• Insufficient training• Poor communication between management and employees

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