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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. Identify what makes a panelized roof system cost-effective.

2. Select the best panelized roof system for p ya building’s needs.

3 Understand the basic structural, fire3. Understand the basic structural, fire protection and construction aspects of designing and constructing a panelizeddesigning and constructing a panelized roof.

4 Learn what resources can help a designer4. Learn what resources can help a designer design a high-load diaphragm.

OutlineOutline

• HistoryHistory• What is a panelized roof?

E ti th d• Erection methods• Details

• What are some favorable characteristics of the panelized roof?p

• Where can the system be used?• Q/A• Q/A

History:Panelized Roof system started by Berkeley Plywood, around 1955-56. Berkeley President Warner Odenhalt & Henry Bacon were instrumental in selling the

t Th 1st li d f i t d f 5 1/4” l i t d b dconcept. The 1st panelized roofs consisted of 5-1/4” laminated beams spacedat 20’ centers (usually running a span of 40’), with 4X12 DF purlin running perpendicular to the glulam at 8’-0” o.c.. In between these 4X12 purlin a ground assembled panel consisting of 2X4 sub-purlin or stiffeners placed at 24” o.c. to which a sheet of 3/8” crossface plywood was attached using a ‘new’ Berkeley Plywood Nail with a deformed shank. At roof level two carpenters placed these panels between the 4X12 purlin. Simpson Company (nowplaced these panels between the 4X12 purlin. Simpson Company (now Simpson Strongtie) was instrumental in developing the connecting hardware for the system.

In time the spans of the glulam beams began to stretch out eventually reaching the 60’ plus span mark. The hinge connectors developed by Simpson Company and engineered cantilevered glulam beam system made this possible. The cantilevered system reduced the depth of the glulam which contributed to the economics of the system. The timber purlin now became 24’X 4X14 to 4X16 (in snow load areas) spanning between the glulam. The stiffeners placed at 24” o.c. remain both 2X4 and 2X6. ½” structural plywood with gain running parallel to the stiffeners now became the norm.

The development of mill saws that could precision cut 5-1/8” to 2-1/2” wide members. These 2-1/2” wide purlin began to replace the 4X solid sawn members. This allowed the main glulam carrying members (girders) to be spaced further apart with a 60’ x40’ grid becoming common practicecommon practice.

As glulam and plated truss technology developed the 8’ o.c. purlin was now replaceable with a long span plated wood truss often using a laminated upper and lower cord. Other highly stressed members in the plated truss were also laminated. This allowed for more fiber or wood volume to be taken from the system thus reducing the system costvolume to be taken from the system thus reducing the system cost.

When the ‘endangered’ spotted owl dilemma closed the national forest to public sales and logging the cost of wood fiber products sky-rocketed. It was than that Panelized Structures challenged the Vulcraft Steel Joist Company with anId f l i th l l i d ith b t l i d dIdea of replacing the glulam girders with open web steel girders andreplacing the wood purlin with a wood plated open web steel truss. Thus began the birth of the “Hybrid” Panelized Rood System.

What is a panelized roof?

Girders:Glulam or steel spanning column to column

Purlin or joist:Solid sawn timber, I sections, plated trusses, open web steel, glulam purlin at 8’ to 10’ o cto 10 o.c.Sub purlin or stiffeners:

2x4 or 2x6 typically at 24” o.c.3x or 4x stiffeners are used in heavily nailed diaphragm areas.

Sheathing:1/2” to 3/4” thick structural sheathing (OSB or plywood) 1/8” gaps between adjoining panels to allow for any moisture driven post erection swelling thatadjoining panels to allow for any moisture driven post erection swelling that may occur

Connecting hardware:iSimpson nomenclature commonly used

Erection methods: Columns, Glulam or open web steel girders are erected and braced per

OSHA StandardsLarge panels of either 8’ or 10’ by length bay spacing are assembled on

the ground using the purlin or open web joist. Usually a five man crew worksthe ground using the purlin or open web joist. Usually a five man crew works the ground assembly area. Typically the length of the panels are 40’ to 60’. These are ‘spaced’ nailed only (this allows movement of sheathing to conform to elevation changes in roof system). Roof penetrations (sky light

d HVAC) f d t f th d bl Land HVAC) are framed as part of the on-ground assembly process. Largepanels are lifted into place using engineered forklift extensions to properly support large panel edge during erection process.

As each large panel is erected it is securely fastened by nailing wood g p y y gmembers and welding steel members. Lifting equipment must not be removed until each large panel is securely fastened into the roof structure. Typically a two man crew is used to join the large panels together at roof levelat roof level.

When a sizable section of roof is erected (15,000 to 20,000 sq. ft.) a pneumatic nailing crew will complete the nailing process. With prolonged construction delays large amounts of moisture can affect the structural sheathing. It is recommend that roof membrane be applied a quickly as possible following directly behind the completed roof structure process.

Details

Wh t f bl h t i ti f th li d f?What are some favorable characteristics of the panelized roof?

Speed, Value & SafetySp , & S y

Time of erectionOne crew can easily erect 20,000 sq. ft of roof structure each day. Time and again the completed (ready for roof membrane) 20,000 sq. ft. of erected roof structure has been accomplished. On larger( ) gbuilding, where space allows the use of several crews, 60,000 sq. ft of structure has been erected. An example is 2.2 million sq. ft. in L.A. area erected in less than 7 weeks.

Floor space free of construction prefab debris during erection process and sub trades can move in quickly

When the roof system is erected, the construction floor space is uncluttered during the construction process. Only the space under the erection area is off limits to other trades. Once these areas are erected, other trades can move in and underneath to do any roof attached work. Fire protection, HVAC, electrical and other trades need not wait (no sparks flying or hot slag dropping).

Advantages of the “Hybrid” RoofRoof

• The fast erection process cuts construction times - a typical 100,000 square foot warehouse roof takes approximately 2-3 weeks to erectsquare foot warehouse roof takes approximately 2 3 weeks to erect.

• The panelized method reduces labor costs and enhances job site safety since fewer man-hours are spent on the roof. Safety on the roof is improved since workers have a solid working platform and are tied

ff b f t lioff by safety lines.

• Expensive Double-Frame structural expansion joints can be eliminated since thermal expansion of the wood roof deck during cyclic temperature changes is insignificant.cyclic temperature changes is insignificant.

• Roofing membranes can be attached directly to the roof deck, eliminating the need for rigid insulation or a barrier board.

• Less costly batt insulation, can be installed below the deck between the stiffeners, which are typically 2x4 or 2x6 sawn lumber.

Advantages of the “Hybrid” RoofRoof

• Open-web steel joists are spaced eight to ten feet on center, d i th t t l b f j i t i d d ff i ff tireducing the total number of joists required and offering effective

fire sprinkler coverage. Sprinkler lines and other mechanical equipment can be attached to the steel framing or wood.

• Roof penetrations for skylights and roof drains are more easilyRoof penetrations for skylights and roof drains are more easily flashed since all openings are framed using wood construction.

• Wood roof decks allow compound slopes and abrupt slope changes to be more easily incorporated for roof drainage, thus eliminating th d f tl i k t l d i l tithe need for costly crickets or sloped insulation.

• Hybrid roofs that combine wood decks with steel framing are allowed by all of the model building codes for buildings of unlimited area with sprinkler systems. e p e y e

• Wood roof decks offer excellent resistance to wind uplift forces since the attachment of the wood roof deck to the framing is highly resistant to fatigue failure.

Heights & Areas of Type V-bHeights & Areas of Type V b Buildings with “Hybrid” Roofs

One Story Buildings with Hybrid Roofs can haveheights up to 60’ and the area is unlimited

Allowable HeightsTable 503 shows 40’ max for Type V-b bldgs. + 20’ for sprinklers per 504.

504.2 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a buildingis equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinklersystem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the valuespecified in Table 503 for maximum height is increased by 20feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of stories isincreased by one.

Allowable AreaIBC Section 507.3 permits the area of a one-story, Group B, F, M or S building to not be limited when the building is provided with an automatic sprinkler system

increased by one.

throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 (NFPA 13) and is surrounded and adjoined by public ways or yards not less than 60 feet in width.

Safe erection methods

A 100% tie off procedure is used during the erection process. 80% of the construction process takes place on the ground only 20% at elevated levels Tie off clips installed at strategic locations on the largeplace on the ground only 20% at elevated levels. Tie off clips installed at strategic locations on the large panels to which each worker must connect while working the leading edge. No shaking out of steel deck. Platform panelized erection used throughout the construction process.

High FM Wind uplift rating

A 135 mph FM rated wind up lift rating has been assign to the panelized wood roof system.

Figure 10 illustrates a panelized roof system that meets the panel attachment requirements for the various FM Windstorm Classifications.

No expansion joints

Buildings of 2500 lineal feet have been erected with no roof expansion joints. This eliminates the need for double brace frames on larger buildingsfor double brace frames on larger buildings

Roof membrane can be attached directly to sheathing using a thin dens deck or softening sheet.

The “Hybrid” Roof andyHigh Diaphragm Loads

These wood roof diaphragms can resist 1800plf loads as shown in IBC Table 2306.2

Green!Carbon foot print very low.

Green Building/LEEDEnergy and AtmosphereAtmosphere

EA Credit 1: Optimize Energy PerformanceThis point will be enhanced by the use ofThis point will be enhanced by the use of a radiant barrier such as Thermastrand or Polar Ply. A percentage improvement in the building performance by using radiant barrier O.S.B. can be achieved with less lighting required.with less lighting required.

Material & Resources

MR Credit 2.1 and 2.2: Construction Waste ManagementPoints are garnered by simply separating the wood cut-offs and steel waste into recycling bins that are provided by the general contractor.

MR Credit 7: Certified WoodMR Credit 7: Certified Wood This credit is based on a minimum of 50% of the total dollar cost for all wood products used in the roof structure (the wood nailer on the joists is excluded). These materials must be provided by an p yFSC certified lumber or O.S.B. sheathing manufacturer. Any combination of O.S.B. and lumber to achieve that percentage can be used.

The “Hybrid” Roof Structure is GGreen

• open-web trusses are made from recycled steel.• lumber comes from managed forests where companies• lumber comes from managed forests, where companies

are planting more trees than they are harvesting.

• OSB is produced from faster growing northern species, not old growth coastal making good use of the forestnot old growth coastal, making good use of the forest resource.

Roof members can be warped to achieve drainage at walls No crickets needed.No crickets needed.

Attachments to roof system for other trades is simplified with wood roof members.Simple lags drive screws or nails are used to attach to wood members.

LongevityBuildings erected in the 50s are still functional today! I know, I built some of them. Solid and working as

designed for over 50 years!

Value

It makes dollar sense!

$$ per sq. ft. Price Comparison for All-Steel Vs. Hybrid

• Sothern California• Submitted by Major Tilt-up General Contractor L.A. area•

A t l 650 000 ft h• Actual 650,000 sq. ft. warehouse•• Steel Hybrid Delta• K braces• Additional K Braces due to Expansion Joints $ 2.34 $ 1.22 $ 1.12• Rough Carpentry $ 0.06 $ 0.03 $ 0.03• Roof structure open web joist & girders• Metal deck vs. wood deck $ 4.80 $ 2.78 $ 2.02• Skylights $ 0.47 $ 0.47 $ 0.00• Single Ply roofing .45 TPO $ 1.80 $ 1.80• Insulation Dens Deck 1/4” $ 0.60 $ 0.60• Built-up roofing 4 ply $ 1.05 ($ 1.05)• ________________________________________________________________________•• Total $10.06 $ 5.55 $ 4.51••• Pacific Northwest• Submitted by Design Engineering Firm, Portland Area• Power point 9/30/2010 Tilt-up Concrete Association Irvine, CA• General consideration no actual design••• Steel Hybrid• All Steel with columns and joist• Steel Joist @ 6’to 8’ o.c. $ 2.90• Hybrid with columns and wood nailer & joist• Joist @ 10’ o.c. $ 2.60 $ 0.30•• Metal decking vs. sun-purlin and sheathing $ 2.20 $ 1.60 $ 0.60• Rigid insulation vs. Batt insulation $ 2.00 $ 0.50 $ 1.50•• Total $ 7.10 $ 4.70 $ 2.40

$$ per sq. ft. Price Comparison for All-Steel Vs. Hybrid

• Reno, NV • Submitted by General Contractor, Reno, NV •

864 000 ft W h• 864,000 sq. ft Warehouse••• Steel Hybrid Delta• Roof Structure• Metal girders, Joist, & metal deck $5.20

$ $• Girders, joist, wood deck $ 3.70 $ 1.50• Iso insulation board $ 1.35• Batt R-19 insulation $ 0.85 $ 0.50• ________________________________________________________________________________• Total $ 6.55 $ 4.55 $ 2.00•• Comment:• Add for Class B fire rated film $ 0.20• Add for class A rating $ 0.40• ______________________________________________________________Delta______________• Total savings with fire rated considered $1.80 to $ 1.60

Where can the system be used?

Warehouses

Retail stores

Office floor and roof

Bulk & Ag Storage

Food Processing

Wine Industryy

Manufacturing

Auto DealershipsAuto Dealerships

Schools

Covered Sports Centers

Etc.

Wood Roof ConstructionWest Coast MarketMarket Share

Questions?Questions?

This concludes The American I tit t f A hit t C ti iInstitute of Architects Continuing

Education Systems Course

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