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Theatre

http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/gallery_images/0506/0000/0058/Illustration_of_the_interior_of_The_Globe_Theatre_mid.jpg

Anglo-Saxon Era

• Also known as the Dark Ages•  "Bloody conflicts, ignorance,

violence, and barbarism"• Literature and English language were

developed o Little humor and a lot of reality in

writings

("The Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Time Periods")

http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/gallery_images/0808/0000/1294/img_0896_mid.jpg

Fate

• Anglo-Saxons - pagan, not Christian

• Wyrd - Anglo-Saxon word for fate

• Heroes were worshiped• Fate is prevalent in Beowulf 

o Grendel scene

("The Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Time Periods")

http://www.wildriverreview.com/4/images/art-sd_fate.jpg

Beowulf

• Greatest English epic of all time• Idolizes Beowulf, heroism, courage,

and strength • Recited by professional poets -

Scops• Author - Unknown, also known as

"Anonymous, the Beowulf Poet"• 3 Prominent Elements of Beowulf -

courage, drama, and heroism

(“The Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Periods”)

http://www.allbestwallpapers.com/wallpaper/movie/image/beowulf.jpg

Medieval Era

• Overviewo Origin of the term

 medi (middle) + æv (age)o Between Classical Age and Renaissance 

• Feudal Systemo Descriptiono Hierarchyo Effects on society

• Important Peopleo King Arthur

May not have existed Lived late 5th or early 6th century

("Middle")

Medieval Era

o King Louis IX 1215 - 1270 Crusader

o Thomas Aquinas 1227 - 1274 Italian monk Compiled religious beliefs of Middle Ages Influence on modern theology

o Marco Polo 1254 - 1324 Italian explorer Accounts of his travels

("Middle")

Medieval Era

o Joan of Arc 1412 - 1431 Visions Hundred Years War

o Vlad Dracula IV 1431 - 1476 Other names Cruelty

40,000 impalements o Important Events

Collapse of Roman Empire, 476 C.E.

 

("Middle")

http://blogs.babycenter.com/momformation/files/2009/03/count_chocula.jpg

Medieval Era

o Black Death About the name Cause

Rodents Fleas

Impact Killed 1/3 of Europe

o Crusades 1096-1270 Purpose

Control of Jerusalem Impact

Lasting religious tensions

("Middle")

Medieval Era

o Hundred Years War William the Conqueror French vs. English  Augmented by plague and famine

("Hundred")

o War of the Roses 1455-1487 Civil War House of Lancaster v. House of York

Medieval Era

• Chivalryo Idealso Knighthood

Origins Training

Page Squire Knight Knighting ceremony

http://sultanofsnow.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/monty-python-black-knight-with-one-arm-off-794357.jpg("Knighthood")

The Renaissance• What does "rebirth" mean?

o Means recovery and rediscovery (Pioch) Attention from ideas of God to ideas of man Rebirth spiritually and practically

o Broad cultural achievement spanning 3 centurieso Huge financial growth ("Renaissance.")o Formerly, relationship between ruler and subjects was like so:

Nobles provided king with protection King gave nobles land in return In the Renaissance, the Feudalism system slowly

disintegratedo High devotion to royalty

• What caused this change?o Humanism

The Tudors

King Henry VII 

• Catholic Reign: 1485 – 1509• Reign ended War of Roses • Married off elder son, Arthur to

Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spaino Truce with Spain

http://tudorhistory.org/henry7/

(Lee)

King Henry VIII

• Catholic and Anglican Reign: 1509 – 1547

• Married six timeso Anne Boleyn: 2nd wife, mother

of Elizabeth I• Formed Church of England

o Pope Clement VII refused divorces

o Anti-Catholic feelings throughout England

http://tudorhistory.org/henry8/

(Lee)

King Edward VI and Jane Grey

• Edward's Protestant Reign: 1547 – 1553o Ruled from ages 10-16

• Earl of Warwick overthrew Edward Seymour, his mentor

• Warwick supported Protestant daughter-in-law, Jane Gray, to succeed Edward VIo She lasted 9 days; Mary was

stronger

http://tudorhistory.org/edward/

http://www.tudorhistory.org/monarchs/

(Lee)

Queen Mary I

• Catholic Reign: 1553 – 1558• Nicknamed "Bloody Mary" for

violent beheadings of Protestants

• Catholic who married Philip from Spaino Upset Protestantso 1557: war with France

http://tudorhistory.org/mary/(Lee)

Queen Elizabeth I

• Protestant Reign: 1558 – 1603• Protestant, excommunicated by Pope

Pius V• Kind ruler

o “Last British monarch to command obedience from the people”

• Advised by William Cecil, “secretary of state”o Reformed English economy o Persuaded Elizabeth to issue Mary

Queen of Scots’ death warrant o Unsuccessfully urged Elizabeth to

marry

(Lee) http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/QueenElizabethCoronation.jpg 

Elizabethan Court

• Gentry (high-class) could access court; bourgeois (middle-class) could not 

• Femine leadership commanded propriety and dignity• Disfavor toward marriage• Common activities: dancing, feasts, plays, and games

(Rowse)

Italian Renaissance (1420 - 1600)

• Arts/paintings more focused in Italian Renaissance

• Separated into three eras: Early, High, and Late

• Emphasized humanism• More life-like than Middle Ages

(Pioch)http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/europe/italy_pol96.jpg

Early Renaissance (1420 - 1495)

• Favored ancient art• Depicted nature and human

character/behavior in art• Rational inquiry thought to

be most significanto Sought to find correct way

to draw• Example: Andrea Mategna's

(1431-1506) "Madonna with Sleeping Child"o Ancient/realism

(Pioch)

http://www.artrenewal.org/artwork/785/785/15480/madonna_with_sleeping_child-large.jpg

High Renaissance (1495 - 1520)

• Emphasized unityo Balance of intuition, past

rationality, and technicality• Not stable since people would

end up choosing a favored element

• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) epitomized Renaissance humanist ideal

• Theory: Leonardo drew himself in female version (other theories)

(Pioch)

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Business/images-4/mona-lisa.jpg

Late Renaissance

• Mannerism was emphasizedo  Aesthetic movement

expressing high elegance and grace

o Distinctive, emotional• Marked by individual arts• Michelangelo's (1475-1564)

late works expresses this era's theme

(Pioch)http://www.renaissance-spell.com/Images/

Michelangelo-Paintings/MIchelangelo-Paintings-Last.jpg

Dancing• Elegant form of exercise • Social skill of nobles• Two types

o Simple- Known by anyoneo Complex- Required dancing

lessons. Performed to audiences• Bulky clothing limited upper body

movement• Footwork was significant• Men wore tight upper body lacing

while women wore corsets• Brought rise to dance music for

instruments such as the viol, lute, and pipe. Some were improvised.

• Dance Music

http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/f98/partners.gif

The Stuarts

King James (I of England) (VI of Scotland)

• Protestant Reign: 1603 - 1625 • Relationship with

Parliament deteriorated over royal finances and James's ego o Parliament sat in 1604 - 1611,

1614, 1621, and 1624 o James rejected Parliament's

attempts to advance itself • Avoided persecuting witches to

appear intellectual 

(Trueman) http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/james/jamesbio.htm

King Charles I

• Anglican Reign: 1625 - 1646• Son of James I, ruled in place of

deceased elder brother• Preferred grand ritualistic church

services that contrasted the austere interests of public

• Introduced new prayer booko Disapproved by Puritan and

Protestant population• Eleven Years Tyranny (1629 -

1640): kicked out corrupt Parliament

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm

(Trueman)

Causes for the English Civil War

• Presbyterian Scots rebel against Charles's Anglican practices • Parliament denies Charles funds, diminishes his power • Charles begins war with his military

("The English Renaissance")

The English Civil War

• 1645: Puritans defeat Royalists o 1646: James I surrenders 

("The English Renaissance")

Royalists: "Catholics, Anglicans, and nobility"

o Led by King Charles I 

Parliament's supporters: "Puritans, small landowners, and middle class"

o Led by General Oliver Cromwell

Puritan Rule

• Parliament created commonwealth led by Cromwell

• Enforcement of high moralityo No theaters o Strict Sabbath

• Ended in 1660 as Charles II returned

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell

("The English Renaissance")

Humanism

(Philosophy, Religion, Education)

Overview

 • Humanism was the main driving force of the period

                        ("English Humanists", "Rise of Humanism")                 • Humanist - someone who teaches, promotes, or studies classical

literature, history, spirituality and the spiritual value of the beauty in art and nature, the power of human reason, philosophy, and morality. ("English Humanists", Rise of Humanism", "Humanism")

 • Purpose of Humanism is to improve the quality of life in one's

country or society and work toward a more utopian end.                   ("English Humanists")            

Philosophy

• Bacon led the philosophical (and scientific) movement of the English Renaissance ("Francis Bacon", "English Renaissance") 

• Sir Thomas More was the figure head and leader of English Humanism. ("English Humanists", "Rise of Humanism")

• Other humanists/philosopherso Thomas Hobbeso John Lockeo Sir Isaac Newtono John Coleto Sir Thomas Elyoto Sir Thomas Hoby

        ("English Humanists")     

Education

• An emphasis of the Humanist movement was to provide education, because intelligence/knowledge/wisdom was highly valued.

• Children of well-to-do families would receive tutors and education in Greek and Latin literature and language, as well as in other languages.

• Sir Thomas More and John Colet both founded schools 

("English Humanists")

Religion

 • Morality and moral correctness were also very important to the English

Humanists, most likely because of all of the happenings of the Reformation. • Devotional works - works influenced by the Bible or other sources that involve

Christian beliefs and can be seen as some sort of praiseo  Milton's Paradise Losto Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress

 

Reformation

• Before, everyone is Roman Catholic ("English Renaissance")• Began 31 October 1517, when Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the

church door ("English Renaissance", "Renaissance - Printing and Thinking")o Opposed the selling of indulgences

• Sparked the Protestant Reformationo Many new sects of Christianity result

Scientific Developments

 

Medicine

• Naturalists used healing herbs based on astrological features

• Herbal medicines prevailed to heal general aches and bleeding

• Common ingredients: strawberry leaves, knot grass, plantain, and ginger roots 

• Henry VIII sought to modernize with Royal College of Physicians and five Royal Hospitals

• College separated educated physicians from lowly surgeons (blood-letters)

• Doctors were ineffectual; old wives did most healing 

(Rowse)http://img30.imageshack.us/f/herbalmedicine.jpg/ 

Plague

• Lack of hygiene and inoculation• Poorly organized government • Phamplet circulated, promoting

remedieso Smoking out roomso Burning frankinsense, juniper, dried

rosemary, or bay-leaveso Chewing angelica rooto "Sorrel steeped with vinegar"o "Ale infused with rue, wormwood,

and scabiosa"• Poor hygiene nullified remedies 

(Lee) http://em411.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/bruegheldeath.jpg

Geography

• More appealing to the common man than astronomyo Discovery of the "New

World" • Various navigation tools: maps,

charts, astrolabe• Henry VIII employed German

and Italian shipmakers• Cartography improved during

16th century for exploration 

(Rowse)

http://i19.photobucket.com/albums/b189/sieglers/globe2.jpg

Map Comparison

1493http://ancientworldmaps.blogspot.com/search/label/15th%20century 1594

http://ancientworldmaps.blogspot.com/search/label/16th%20century

Notable Scientists

Robert Recorde

• Wrote of mathematics in English, not Latino Introduced "=", "+", and "-" to

English culture

(Rowse)

http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BigPictures/Recorde_2.jpeg

Nicolai Copernicus (1473 - 1543)

• Proposed heliocentric model for solar system (Knox)o Ancient Greeks proposed

heliocentrism (Rowse 223)• Earned income as a priest

(Knox)• Never published for fear of

excommunication (Knox)

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/geocentric.gif 

x

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

• Created personal telescope after reading about Dutch modelo Originally built for commerce, the

telescope became an astronomic tool• Observed moon’s geography and Jupiter’s

o Proved Copernicus’ Theory by observing Venus’s phases

• Published his findings openly with blatant personalityo Roman Inquisition forced him to

recant his teachings

(Knox)

http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/moon/galileo-telescope-church.gif

Johann Kepler (1571 - 1630)

• Viewed "Great Comet of 1577" and 1580 Lunar Eclipse ("Johann Kepler")o Synthesized Copernicus, Galileo,

and Brahe to calculate elliptical orbits (Knox)

• Provided accurate predictions for when planetary appearances ("Johann Kepler")

• First scientific law granted to a person since Greeks (Knox)o Reflects prosperous scientific

attitudes of the times (Knox)• Modern Connection

"The Great Comet of 1577"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?comet_1577

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727)

• Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687 ("Issac Newton")o Proposed Three Laws of Motion, utilizing Kepler's Laws

("Isaac Newton")• Invented calculus, developed optics, wrote theology (Knox)

http://www.icr.org/article/newton/

Newton's Quote

"Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done." - Sir Issac Newton("Issac Newton")

http://www.icr.org/article/newton/

Class Structure

• Merchant class evolved (Trueman)o Nobility, Churchmen, and Peasantry

• Small middle class ("Renaissance.")o Merchants, bankers, and tradesmen

Education and entertainment was emphasized• Honor code eventually abolished ("The Renaissance &

Scientific Discoveries.")o  Power of nobles devolved

• Women in societyo Increased respect and individuality

Due to Elizabeth's push for women's rights Also due to prostitution partially (yikes!)

o Increased freedom

King James Bible

• Bishop's Bible and Geneva Bible not edited during Elizabeth's reign• King James VI of Scotland called for Hampton Court Conference in January

of 1604; decided to finally translate Bible• Men chosen to translate: 

o 10 for Genesis-2 Kings; 7 for Romans-Jude; 8 for 1 Chronicles-Ecclesiastes; 7 for Isaiah-Malachi; 8 for the Gospels, Acts, and Revelation; 7 for the Apocrypha (hidden/extra)

• Fifteen rules followed by translators• Most important versions:

o 1762, revised by Thomas Paris at Cambridgeo 1769, revised by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford

• Acknowledged Bible of the English-speaking nations 

(Vance)

Literature: Sonnets

• Sonnets were the dominant form of poetry o Two types of sonnets

Italian Sonnet Shakesperian Sonnet 

 ("The English Renaissance")                  

http://hudsonshakespeare.org/images/Shake%20images/sonnet%20header.jpg 

• Wrote The Faerie Queen, Daphnaida, and Astrophell. o Compilations of poetry

• Attended Cambridge University

• Proponent of pacifying Irelando Sonnets were his legacy

  (Jokinnan)

 http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/spenser/edmund/portrait.jpg

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)

 

Sonnet 75- Edmund Spenser

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,    But came the waves and washed it away:    Again I wrote it with a steady hand,    But came the tide, and made my pains his prey,Vain man, said she, that doest in vain assay    A mortal thing so to immortalize    For I myself shall like to this decay,    And eek my name to be wiped out likewiseNot so (quoth I), let baser things devise    To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:    My verse your virtues rare shall eternize,    And in the heavens write your glourious name.When whenas Death shall all the world subdue,    Out love shall live, and later life renew. (Spenser 481)

• Wrote pastoral poetry and plays o "The Passionate

Shepherd to His Love"

• Very little known about his life

     (Jokinnan)

http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/marlowe.htm

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love- Christopher Marlowe

Come live with me and be my love,And we will all the pleasures proveThat valleys, groves, hills and fields,Woods, or steepy mountain yields.And we will sit upon rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigalsAnd I will make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant poises,A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroidered all with leaves of myrtle;

 (Marlowe 502)

A gown made of the finest woolWhich from our pretty lambs we pull;Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold

A belt of straw and ivy buds,With coral clasps and amber studs;And if these pleasures may thee move,Come live with me, and be my love.

The shepherd's swains shall dance and singFor thy delight every May morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my love.

• Wrote odes, songs, satires and epigrams. o Most of his poems

were never published• Imprisoned many times

during his life     (Jokinnan) http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/wyatt.htm

Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)

"Whoso List to Hunt"- Sir Thomas Wyatt

"Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,But as for me, helas, I may no more.The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,Yet may I by no means my wearied mindDraw from the deer, but as she fleeth aforeFainting I follow. I leave off therefore,Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind.Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,As well as I may spend his time in vain.And graven with diamonds in letters plainThere is written, her fair neck round about:Noli me tangere, for Caesar's I am,And wild to hold, though I seem tame."

(http://www.nellgavin.com/ThomasWyatt/)

Sir Philip Sydney (1554-1586)

•  Most famous works include Arcadia, Astrophel and Stella o Also wrote psalms and essays 

• Killed when he was shot in the thigh during a skirmish with the Spanish 

    (Jokinnan)

https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rwb/www/teaching/engl209/pics/philip-sidney.jpg

"Sonnet 31"- Sir Philip Sydney

"With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb'st the skies!How silently, and with how wan a face!What, may it be that even in heavenly placeThat busy archer his sharp arrows tries?Sure, if that long with love-acquainted eyesCan judge of love, thou feel'st a lover's case;I read it in thy looks; thy languisht graceTo me that feel the like, thy state descries.Then, even of fellowship, O Moon, tell meIs constant love deemed there but want of wit?Are beauties there as proud as here they be?Do they above love to be loves, and yetThose lovers scorn whom that love doth possess?Do they virtue there, ungratefulness?"

  (http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/stella31.htm)

William Shakespeare

• Born on April 23, 1564• Father: John Shakespeare

(merchant class) • Mother: Mary Arden

(yeoman/slightly higher class than John Shakespeare).

• Wrote comedies 

("William Shakespeare")

http://rohrbachlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/william-shakespeare2.jpg

William Shakespeare (cont'd)

• Attended the King’s New School (grammar);  • Was taught in Latin on these topics: rhetoric, logic, and ethics and works by classical

authors such as Cicero and Virgil • No evidence of attending a university.•   In 1582 , Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway of Stratford"

o Joined Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1594  Averaged dozen acts in Court 

o 1599, Shakespeare financed Globe Theatre his groupo  By 1610, retired to Stratford after being an amazing dramatist and having a large

fortuneo Completed will on March 25 1616, died April 23

 Buried in chancel of Trinity church in Stratford with epitaph: "Good frend for Jesus sake forbeare, / to digg the dust encloased heare: / Bleste be the man that spares thes stones, / and curst be he that moves my bones."

("William Shakespeare")

"Sonnet 18" - William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:     So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,    So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

(http://www.shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/18.html)

Metaphysical Poetry

• Not a formal school• Defined by "unusual imagery,

elaborate metaphors, and irregular meter"o Themes: "death, physical love,

and religious devotion"• John Donne

o Criticized for being too philosophical about love

("The English Renaissance")

http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/donne/

"The Anniversary" - John DonneAll kings, and all their favourites,    All glory of honours, beauties, wits,The sun it self, which makes time, as they pass,Is elder by a year now than it was When thou and I first one another saw.All other things to their destruction draw,    Only our love hath no decay ;This no to-morrow hath, nor yesterday ;Running it never runs from us away,But truly keeps his first, last, everlasting day.    Two graves must hide thine and my corse ;    If one might, death were no divorce.Alas ! as well as other princes, we—Who prince enough in one another be—Must leave at last in death these eyes and ears,Oft fed with true oaths, and with sweet salt tears ;    But souls where nothing dwells but love—All other thoughts being inmates—then shall proveThis or a love increasèd there above,When bodies to their graves, souls from their graves remove.

 

And then we shall be throughly blest ;     But now no more than all the rest.Here upon earth we're kings, and none but weCan be such kings, nor of such subjects be.Who is so safe as we? where none can doTreason to us, except one of us two.    True and false fears let us refrain,Let us love nobly, and live, and add againYears and years unto years, till we attainTo write threescore ; this is the second of our reign.

(Donne 487)

The Cavalier Poets

• Ben Jonsono "Sons of Ben": aristocratic poets that admired Jonson's form

Robert Herrick Richard Lovelace Sir John Suckling

• Royalists in the Civil War• Humorous yet cynical poetry • Themes: "love, war, chivalry, royal piety, carpe diem" 

("The English Renaissance")

Ben Jonson (1572 - 1637)

• Playwright and poet, like Shakespeare ("The English Renaissance")o Wrote "satirical and cynical

commentaries", critiquing Londonerso Masques: elaborate pagaents that

attracted aristocracy with gaudy sets, costumes, and music

• James granted him a pension; unofficial “poet laureate” (Lee 298)

• Forceful personality ("The English Renaissance")

• Wrote in classical forms rather than elaborate romantic Elizabethan style ("The English Renaissance")

http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/jonson/

"To My Book" - Ben Jonson

It will be look'd for, book, when some but seeThy title, epigrams, and named of me,

Thou shouldst be bold, licentious, full of gall,Wormwood, and sulphur, sharp, and tooth'd withal ;

Become a petulent thing, hurl ink, and wit,As madmen stones ;  not caring whom they hit.

Deceive their malice, who could wish it so ;And by thy wiser temper, let men know

Thou art not so covetous of least self-fame,Made from the hazard of another's shame ;

Much less, with lewd, profane, and beastly phrase,To catch the world's loose laughter, or vain gaze.

He that departs with his own honestyFor vulgar praise, doth it too dearly buy.

(Jonson 492)

Modern Connection

• Modern Renaissance o Festivals

Shows that customs and beliefs still have significance now Music and dances still performed

o Literature still read Gives us a basis to compare other time periods to and identify the

changes• Broadway

o Based on Globe Theater and Shakespeare’s contributions• Government isn't monarchical due to uprising kingships brought

o Disliked totalitarian ruleo Aristocracy abolishedo Noble class diminished from equality amongst men and women

Leads to democracy

 

Quiz

Question 1

Which Tudor monarch was most insignificant?

a) Jane Greyb) King Henry VIIIc) King Edward VId) Queen Mary I

Question 2

Which factor most controlled scientific research during the Renaissance?

a) Public interest in scienceb) Technological advancementsc) The Churchd) Former discoveries

Question 3

What modern word most resembles the Anglo-Saxon word for "fate"?a) "Weird"b) "Destiny"c) "Heart"d) "Chance"

Question 4

What modern event best reflects the Renaissance?

a) Youth groups of different faiths meet to discuss theology.b) A president peacefully transfers power to his successor.c) A theater closes because of lack of patrons.d) A student enters an art institute to begin professional work.

Question 5

An intricate painting of an old man would best exemplify the artwork of which era?

a) Anglo-Saxonb) Early Renaissancec) High Renaissanced) Late Renaissance

Question 6

Knowing that the purpose of humanism is to improve the quality of life in one's country or society, which piece of literature best reflects humanism?

a) "A Modest Proposal"b) Romeo and Julietc) Utopiad) "Holy Sonnet 10"

Question 7

In what way did the Renaissance demonstrate "rebirth"?

a) Disease affected very few people, so the population tripled.b) The unification of Christianity inspired "born-again    Christians".c) Feudalism ended.d) Queen Mary I persecuted Protestants.

Question 8

Contrasted with the metaphysical poets, the Cavalier poets:

a) showed less devotion to monarchs.b) used more elaborate metaphors.c) focused more on romantic love.d) were more cynical.

Question 9

Why could a person say that Beowulf collectively belongs to the people of England?

a) Beowulf's author is unknown.b) It is the first work of literature that is set entirely in England.c) The people of England voted that they own Beowulf. d) The author of Beowulf dedicated his work to all Britons.

Question 10

What aspect of Medieval life could a Middle Ages satire emphasize?

a) The unfair system of electing knights to Arthur's Round Tableb) The lack of adherence to the Code of Chivalryc) The trading process with tropical regionsd) The extravagance of the all social classes

Question 11

The phrase, "seeing the shepherds feed their flocks", is characteristic of which type of poetry?

a) Shakespearean sonnetb) Pastoralc) Metaphysicald) Free verse 

Question 12

Which 20th century event is most directly related to the effect Queen Elizabeth I had upon England?

a) Civil Rights Movementb) WWIIc) The destruction of the Berlin Walld) Women's suffrage

Question 13

How are the Anglo-Saxon and Puritan eras similar?

a) Both resulted after a previous monarchal rule.b) Both were ruled by fate.c) Both generated cultures that had little room for humor or fun.d) Protestants ruled during both eras.

Question 14

How did prevention of The Plague improve between the Medieval and Renaissance Eras?

a) Prevention of The Plague did not improve significantly.b) Vaccinations became widespread during the Renaissance.c) Personal hygiene improved greatly by the Renaissance.d) All rats had been killed by the Renaissance.

Question 15

How does the humanist movement best relate to the 21st century?

a) Latin and Greek are widely studied today to honor humanism.b) Sir Thomas More is currently a best-selling author.c) Today's high levels of secondary education mirror the    educational emphasis of the humanists.d) The vast amount of transportation technology in the 21st    century is similar to the amount present during the humanist    movement.

Answers

1. a                11. b2. c                12. d3. a                13. c4. d                14. a5. b                15. c6. c7. c8. d9. a10. b

Works Cited

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