core 5 research programme green radio – the case for more efficient cellular base stations
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Core 5 Research Programme Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base Stations May 2009 Peter Grant University of Edinburgh and Mobile VCE Board Member. Presentation Overview. The Current Status on Cellular Systems The Business Case for Green Radio - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Core 5 Research Programme
Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base StationsMay 2009
Peter GrantUniversity of Edinburghand Mobile VCE Board Member
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Presentation Overview
The Current Status on Cellular Systems
The Business Case for Green Radio
Defining the Green Radio Issues
Conclusions
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Why Green Radio?Operator & Manufacturer Perspective
Increasing energy costs with higher base station site density and energy price trends
A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but
with huge potential to save energy in other industries
Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators)
Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impacts of networks
Vodafone1 - “Group target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels”
Orange2: “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020”
1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf
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Where is the Energy Used?
For the operator, 57% of electricity use is in radio access
Operating electricity is the dominant energy requirement at base stations
For user devices, most of the energy used is due to manufacturing
RBS57%
Retail2%
Core15%
Data Centre6%
MTX20%
9kg CO2
4.3kg CO2
2.6kg CO2
8.1kg CO2
Mobile
CO2 emissions per subscriber per year3
Operation
Embodied energy
Base station
3. Tomas Edler, Green Base Stations – How to Minimize CO2
Emission in Operator Networks, Ericsson, Bath Base Station Conference 2008
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
UK Operator GSM + 3G Network Consumption
Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
GSM + 3G Cellular Network Emissions??
Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Retail
Data Centre
Core Transmission
Base Stations
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Mobile Switching
Source: Vodafone
Cellular Network Power Consumption Summary(from previous pie chart)
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Base Station Power Use @ 2003
Transceiver Idling 19%
Power Amplifier 22%
Cabling 1%
Transmit Power 3%
Central Equipment 8%
Combining/Duplexing 9%
Transceiver Power Conversion 9%
Cooling Fans 13%
Power Supply 16%
H. Karl, “An overview of energy-efficiency techniques for mobile communication systems,” Telecommunication Networks Group, Technical University Berlin, Tech. Rep. TKN-03-XXX, September 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www-tkn.ee.tu-berlin.de/ karl/WG7/AG7Mobikom-∼EnergyEfficiency-v1.0.pdf
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Power Consumption
Now (Possible)
Target (2010)
GSM
800W
650W
WCDMA
500W
300W
Source: NSN
Power Consumption per BS
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy Consumption
The Base Station is the most energy–intensive component of a 3G mobile network.
A typical 3G Base Station consumes about 500 W with a output power of ~40 W. This makes the average annual energy consumption of a BS around 4.5 MWh (which is lower than a GSM BS).
!A 3G mobile network with 12,000 BSs will consume over 50 GWh p.a. This not only responsible for a large amount CO2 emission and it also increases the system OPEX.
This is 10X consumption of a UK broadcast TV network
This is worse in China with 10-20 times number of mobile subscribers!
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy Consumption – The Challenge
Since 2006, the growth rate of data traffic on mobile networks has been approximately 400% p.a.. It is expected to grow at least the same rate in coming years.
This growth demands a much higher energy consumption than today.
The challenge is how to design future mobile networks to be more energy efficient to accommodate the extra traffic.
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without significant increase in energy consumption
Must reduce energy use per data bit carried
Number of base stations increasing Operating power per cell must reduce
Green radio is a key enabler for cellular growth while guarding against increased environmental impact
Green Radio as an Enabler
Co
sts
Time
VoiceData
Revenue
TrafficDiverging expectations for traffic and revenue growth
Trends:
Exponential growth in data traffic
Number of base stations / area increasing for higher capacity
Revenue growth constrained and dependent on new services
Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge
The Mobile VCE Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders in the industry articulated the need….
“Arguably what is needed are wireless access systems that can support multimedia service data rates attwo or three orders of magnitude lower transmission power than currently used. Performance of today’s radio access technologies is in fact already approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance will not come simply from more traditional research on single aspects of the physical layer, but will require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking that challenges basic assumptions” Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07
Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to: Take forward existing research
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Broadband Traffic on Mobile Networks
Revenue increase is not in line with traffic growth*
Average annual increase in traffic: 400% Average annual increase in revenue: 23%
With the launch of HSDPA and the introduction of flat-rate pricing, data traffic is increasing
Traffic is growing faster than the revenue increase
The biggest traffic growth is seen at operators whose data pricing is more aggressive than the average
*Source: Stanley Chia, Workshop on “As the Internet takes to the air, do mobile revenue go sky high?,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, April 2008.
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Possible Solutions Green Radio
Can we benefit from the use of the information below in the design of future mobile networks?: Mobility pattern (location, speed and direction of mobile
user) information Characteristic of multimedia traffic (traffic classification)
Transmission power scaling (distribution) in order to use renewable energy for BSs.
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Green Radio ScenariosTwo Market Profiles:
1. Developed World Developed Infrastructure Saturated Markets Quality of Service Key Issue Drive is to Reduce Costs
2. Emerging Markets Less Established Infrastructure Rapidly Expanding Markets Large Geographical Areas Often no mains power supply
– power consumption a major issue
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Over a year, 1m2 solar panel produces ~400 kWh energy, or about 10% of a 3G macrocell BS requirement (in London, < 5%).
Note that we never recover the embodied or manufacturing energy!
A combination of solar & wind sources, in a good location may provide the energy requirement for a small (pico-femto) BS ?
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Industry Subscription/Gvt
funded Collaboration
Core 5 research programme,
2009 – 2012 targets:
1. Green Radio
2. Flexible Networks
3. User interactions
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
GR Industrial Leadership Team
ChairmanSimon Fletcher NEC
Deputy Chairman Andy Jeffries Nortel
Industry Steering Group – participants so far…
Deputy ChairmanDavid Lister Vodafone
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
GR Academic Leadership Team
Prof. Joe McGeehanDr. Simon ArmourDr. Kevin Morris
Prof. Hamid AghvamiDr. Mohammad Reza NakhaiDr. Vasilis Friderikos
Prof. Steve McLaughlin(Academic Co-ordinator)Dr. John ThompsonDr. Dave Laurenson
Prof. Tim O'FarrellDr. Pavel LoskotDr. Jianhua He
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Green Radio Programme Organisation
Industry Steering Group
Flexible Networks Program
2 Technical Work Areas - 48 Man Years
GR2: Techniques2 PDRAs, 7 PhDs
To identify the best radio techniques across all layers
of the protocol stack that collectively can achieve
100x power reduction
GR1: Architecture2 PDRAs, 5 PhDs
To identify a green network architecture - a low power wireless network & backhaul
that still provides good quality of service
Energy Focus Group
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
1. Conventional Cellular
Reducing Power Consumption Through Delay-Tolerant Networking
WLAN
FixedRelay
FemtoCell
Node BContent Server
MobileRelay
2. In-BuildingRelay
3. Multi-hopRelay
4. HeterogeneousRelay
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Conclusion
Growth in data transmission requirements for mobile broadband will not bring major revenue increase.
Every industry has published CO2 reduction targets and the mobile and IT communities are not exempt.
Power drain in base-station or access point is the major issue in many wireless systems.
Green Radio promised to deliver benefit to the Cellular network Operators via the equipment supply chain vendors.
We plan to research and investigate changes to the system architecture and develop advanced networking techniques to deliver these future more efficient Green Radio systems.
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Thank you !
For Green Radio please contact: Simon FletcherE-mail: [email protected]: +44 1372 381824
or Steve McLaughlin [email protected] +44 131 650 5578
Further information on MobileVCE contact:Dr Walter Tuttlebee,E-mail:
[email protected]: +44 1256 338604WWW: www.mobilevce.com