Core Biology Core Biology OverviewOverviewCellsCells

Features of Life Features of Life and the Celland the Cell

Living Things and Their Living Things and Their PartsParts

The word living is not easy to The word living is not easy to define. Biologists recognize that define. Biologists recognize that

all living things share certain all living things share certain features.features.

Features of Living ThingsFeatures of Living Things

ReproduceReproduceGrowGrowDevelopDevelopNeed FoodNeed Food

Use EnergyUse EnergyMade of CellsMade of CellsRespondRespondAdapt to Adapt to

EnvironmentEnvironment

ReproduceReproduce

Reproduce Reproduce means to form means to form offspring offspring similar to the similar to the parents.parents.

GrowGrow

Living things Living things grow by using grow by using materials and materials and energy from their energy from their environment to environment to increase their increase their size.size.

DevelopmentDevelopment

Development Development is all the is all the changes that changes that occur as a occur as a living thing living thing grows.grows.

Need FoodNeed Food

All things that are All things that are living need food.living need food.

Living thing can Living thing can either make their either make their own for or not.own for or not.

Producers make their Producers make their own food.own food.

Consumers eat Consumers eat producers and producers and consumers.consumers.

ProducersProducers

Producers are Producers are living things that living things that make or make or produce their produce their own food.own food.

ConsumersConsumers

Consumers are Consumers are living things that living things that eat, or eat, or consume, other consume, other living things.living things.

The Order of thingsThe Order of things

Living Things use EnergyLiving Things use Energy

Energy is the Energy is the ability of do ability of do work.work.

Moving and Moving and changing is the changing is the work that living work that living things use things use energy forenergy for..

Animals get Animals get their energy their energy from the food from the food that they eat.that they eat.

Plants get their Plants get their energy from energy from photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

What is a cell?What is a cell?

The CELL is the smallest unit of The CELL is the smallest unit of matter that CAN Carry on ALL the matter that CAN Carry on ALL the PROCESSES OF LIFE. PROCESSES OF LIFE.

Who first used the Who first used the microscope?microscope?

One of the First One of the First Microscopes was made Microscopes was made by the Dutch drapery by the Dutch drapery store owner store owner Anton von Anton von LeewenhoekLeewenhoek.  With his .  With his hand-held microscope, hand-held microscope, Leewenhoek became the Leewenhoek became the FIRST person to FIRST person to OBSERVE and OBSERVE and DESCRIBE DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and ORGANISMS and LIVING CELLS. LIVING CELLS.

Dead plant cells first?Dead plant cells first?

. In 1665, the English . In 1665, the English Scientist Robert Hooke Scientist Robert Hooke used a microscope to used a microscope to examine a thin slice of examine a thin slice of cork and described it as cork and described it as consisting of "a great consisting of "a great many little boxes".  It many little boxes".  It was after his observation was after his observation that Hook called what he that Hook called what he saw "Cells". saw "Cells".

Three parts of Cell Three parts of Cell TheoryTheory

Cell Theory ContributersCell Theory Contributers

In 1838, German Botanist Matthias Schleiden studied a In 1838, German Botanist Matthias Schleiden studied a variety of PLANTS and concluded that all PLANTS variety of PLANTS and concluded that all PLANTS "ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS". "ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS".

The next year, German Zoologist Theodor Schwann The next year, German Zoologist Theodor Schwann reported that ANIMALS are also made of CELLS and reported that ANIMALS are also made of CELLS and proposed a cellular basis for all life. proposed a cellular basis for all life.

. In 1855, German Physician Rudolf Virchow induced . In 1855, German Physician Rudolf Virchow induced that "THE ANIMAL ARISES ONLY FROM AN ANIMAL that "THE ANIMAL ARISES ONLY FROM AN ANIMAL AND THE PLANT ONLY FROM A PLANT" OR " THAT AND THE PLANT ONLY FROM A PLANT" OR " THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS". CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS".

Are Cells alike?Are Cells alike?

CELL DIVERSITYCELL DIVERSITY Not all cells are alike.  Even cells within Not all cells are alike.  Even cells within

the same organism show Enormous the same organism show Enormous Diversity in Size, Shape, and Internal Diversity in Size, Shape, and Internal Organization.  Your Body contains at Organization.  Your Body contains at least 200 Different Cell Types. least 200 Different Cell Types.

Example of large cellExample of large cell

CELL SIZECELL SIZE A few types of cells are large enough to A few types of cells are large enough to

be seen by the unaided eye.  The be seen by the unaided eye.  The Female Egg is the largest cell in the Female Egg is the largest cell in the body, and can be seen without the aid of body, and can be seen without the aid of a microscope. a microscope.

Can cells be any size?Can cells be any size?

MOST CELLS ARE SMALL FOR MOST CELLS ARE SMALL FOR TWO REASONSTWO REASONS: :         #1   Cells are limited in size by the RATIO between #1   Cells are limited in size by the RATIO between

their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume.  A SMALL their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume.  A SMALL CELL HAS MORE SURFACE AREA THAN A LARGE CELL HAS MORE SURFACE AREA THAN A LARGE CELL FOR A GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM.  This CELL FOR A GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM.  This is important because the nutrients, oxygen, and other is important because the nutrients, oxygen, and other materials a cell requires must enter through it surface.  materials a cell requires must enter through it surface.  As a cell grows larger at some point its surface area As a cell grows larger at some point its surface area becomes too Small to allow these materials to enter becomes too Small to allow these materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the cell's need. the cell quickly enough to meet the cell's need.

Cell Size Cont.Cell Size Cont.

Cell Size cont.Cell Size cont.

#2 THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) #2 THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE CYTOPLASM. CYTOPLASM.

Cell ShapeCell Shape

CELL SHAPECELL SHAPE 1. Cells come in a variety 1. Cells come in a variety

of Shapes. of Shapes. 2. Notice the neurons on 2. Notice the neurons on

the wall, the basic cell of the wall, the basic cell of our Nervous System.  our Nervous System.  This diversity of form This diversity of form reflects a diversity of reflects a diversity of function. function.

3.  Most Cells have a 3.  Most Cells have a Specific Shape. Specific Shape.

Why a special shape?Why a special shape?

THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON IT'S FUNCTION. IT'S FUNCTION.

Examples:  Cells of the Nervous System Examples:  Cells of the Nervous System that carry information from your toes to that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike. your brain are long and threadlike.

    Blood Cells are shaped like round disk Blood Cells are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels. vessels.

What is on the inside?What is on the inside?

INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONINTERNAL ORGANIZATION 1. Cells contain a variety of 1. Cells contain a variety of

Internal Structures called Internal Structures called ORGANELLESORGANELLES. .

2. An organelle is a Cell 2. An organelle is a Cell Component that PERFORMS Component that PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL. THE CELL.

3. Just as the organs of a 3. Just as the organs of a multicellular organism carry multicellular organism carry out the organism's life out the organism's life functions, the Organelles of a functions, the Organelles of a cell Maintain the Life of the cell Maintain the Life of the Cell. Cell.

On the inside cont.On the inside cont.

4.  There are many 4.  There are many different cells; different cells; however, there are however, there are certain features certain features common to all, or common to all, or most Cells. most Cells.

What is on the outside?What is on the outside?

The entire cell is Surrounded by A THIN The entire cell is Surrounded by A THIN MEMBRANE, called the MEMBRANE, called the CELL CELL MEMBRANEMEMBRANE

What does the Nucleus What does the Nucleus do?do?

A Large Organelle A Large Organelle near the Center of near the Center of the Cell is the the Cell is the NUCLEUSNUCLEUS.  IT .  IT CONTAINS THE CONTAINS THE CELL'S GENETIC CELL'S GENETIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION AND CONTROLS THE CONTROLS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL. CELL.

Layout of the NucleusLayout of the Nucleus

Why else is the nucleus Why else is the nucleus important?important?

The PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of a The PRESENCE OR ABSENCE of a NUCLEUS is important for Classifying Cells.NUCLEUS is important for Classifying Cells.

ORGANISMS WHOSE CELL CONTAIN A ORGANISMS WHOSE CELL CONTAIN A

NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE CALLED ORGANELLES ARE CALLED EUKARYOTESEUKARYOTES..

ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS NEVER ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS NEVER

CONTAIN (OR LACK) A NUCLEUS AND CONTAIN (OR LACK) A NUCLEUS AND OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE CALLED ARE CALLED PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES. .

What type of cell is What type of cell is bacterium?bacterium?

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS such as UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS such as bacteria and their relatives are bacteria and their relatives are Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes.

More on bacterium later…More on bacterium later…

Where are these cells Where are these cells classified?classified?

The difference between Prokaryotes and The difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is such an important Eukaryotes is such an important distinction that Prokaryotes are placed in distinction that Prokaryotes are placed in Two Kingdoms, Separate from Two Kingdoms, Separate from Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes.

Need to know more?...Need to know more?...

More on the big difference.More on the big difference.

THE CELL MEMBRANETHE CELL MEMBRANE

A Cell cannot survive if it is totally A Cell cannot survive if it is totally isolated from its environment. The Cell isolated from its environment. The Cell Membrane is a complex barrier Membrane is a complex barrier separating the cell from it's external separating the cell from it's external environment. environment.

Cell Membrane functionCell Membrane function

The Cell Membrane Functions like a The Cell Membrane Functions like a GATE, Controlling what ENTERS and GATE, Controlling what ENTERS and LEAVES the Cell. LEAVES the Cell.

This "Selectively Permeable" Membrane This "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the regulates what passes into and out of the cell. cell.

All cells, from all organisms, are All cells, from all organisms, are surrounded by a surrounded by a CELL MEMBRANECELL MEMBRANE. .

More Cell MembraneMore Cell Membrane The Cell Membrane The Cell Membrane

is a thin layer of Lipid is a thin layer of Lipid and Protein that and Protein that separates the cell's separates the cell's content from the content from the world around it. world around it.

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLESELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

The Cell Membrane CONTROLS the The Cell Membrane CONTROLS the ease with which substances pass into ease with which substances pass into and out of the cell-some substances and out of the cell-some substances easily cross the membrane, while others easily cross the membrane, while others cannot cross at all.  For this reason, the cannot cross at all.  For this reason, the Cell Membrane is said to be Cell Membrane is said to be SELECTIVELY PERMEABLESELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. .

Cell Membrane makeup Cell Membrane makeup

Cell Membranes are Cell Membranes are made mostly of made mostly of PHOSPHOLIPID PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULESMOLECULES. .

Phosphate + Lipid. Phosphate + Lipid.

Every thing you wanted to Every thing you wanted to know about PHOSPHOLIPID know about PHOSPHOLIPID

MOLECULES MOLECULES Phospholipids are a kind of Lipid that Phospholipids are a kind of Lipid that

consists of TWO FATTY ACIDS (TAILS), consists of TWO FATTY ACIDS (TAILS), and PHOSPHATE GROUP (HEADS). and PHOSPHATE GROUP (HEADS).

    A Phospholipid Molecule has a  POLAR A Phospholipid Molecule has a  POLAR "Head" and Two NONPOLAR "Tails". "Head" and Two NONPOLAR "Tails".

    POLAR - The two ends of the POLAR - The two ends of the Phospholipid Molecule have different Phospholipid Molecule have different properties in Water. properties in Water.

Properties in waterProperties in water

The Phosphate Head is The Phosphate Head is HYDROPHILICHYDROPHILIC meaning meaning "WATER LOVING""WATER LOVING".   Because of its .   Because of its hydrophilic nature, the head of a Phospholipid hydrophilic nature, the head of a Phospholipid will orient itself so that it is as close as possible will orient itself so that it is as close as possible to water molecules. to water molecules.

The Lipid Tails are The Lipid Tails are HYDROPHOBICHYDROPHOBIC meaning meaning "WATER-FEARING""WATER-FEARING", the Hydrophobic tails will , the Hydrophobic tails will tend to orient themselves away from water. tend to orient themselves away from water.

      When dropped in WATER, PHOSPHOLIPIDS When dropped in WATER, PHOSPHOLIPIDS line up on the surface with their Phosphate line up on the surface with their Phosphate Heads Sticking into the Water and Lipid Tails Heads Sticking into the Water and Lipid Tails pointing up from the surface. pointing up from the surface.

Take a look…Take a look…

Passive transportPassive transport

Passive Transport Passive Transport ExplainedExplained

In passive transport In passive transport substances literally transport substances literally transport themselves across the cell themselves across the cell membrane without the cell membrane without the cell expending energy.expending energy.

Active TransportActive Transport

Active Transport Active Transport ExplainedExplained

Active Transport is the opposite Active Transport is the opposite of passive because it requires of passive because it requires energy from the cell.energy from the cell.

Movement of a substance Movement of a substance against a concentration against a concentration difference.difference.

DiffusionDiffusion

Diffusion is a Diffusion is a process by which process by which substances substances spread through a spread through a liquid or gas.liquid or gas.

In diffusion things In diffusion things move from high to move from high to low concentration.low concentration.

Osmosis ExplainedOsmosis Explained

Why bilayer?Why bilayer?

Cells are bathed in aqueous, or watery, Cells are bathed in aqueous, or watery, environment.  Since the inside of a cell is environment.  Since the inside of a cell is also an aqueous environment, both sides also an aqueous environment, both sides of the Cell Membrane are surrounded by of the Cell Membrane are surrounded by Water Molecules.  These Water Water Molecules.  These Water Molecules cause the Phospholipids of the Molecules cause the Phospholipids of the Cell Membrane to form TWO LAYERS. Cell Membrane to form TWO LAYERS.

Lipid bilayerLipid bilayer Cell Membranes CONSIST of TWO Cell Membranes CONSIST of TWO

Phospholipid LAYERS Called a Phospholipid LAYERS Called a LIPID LIPID BILAYERBILAYER..

    Heads face the watery fluids inside and Heads face the watery fluids inside and outside the cell. outside the cell.

      Lipid Tails are sandwich inside the Bilayer. Lipid Tails are sandwich inside the Bilayer.

Peripheral proteinsPeripheral proteins

A Variety of PROTEIN MOLECULES are A Variety of PROTEIN MOLECULES are EMBEDDED in the Lipid Bilayer. EMBEDDED in the Lipid Bilayer.

Some Proteins are Attached to the Some Proteins are Attached to the surface of the cell membrane, these are surface of the cell membrane, these are called called PERIPHERAL PROTEINSPERIPHERAL PROTEINS, ,

Integral proteinsIntegral proteins

The Proteins that are Embedded in the The Proteins that are Embedded in the Lipid Bilayer are called Lipid Bilayer are called INTEGRAL INTEGRAL PROTEINSPROTEINS. .

Some Integral Proteins extend across Some Integral Proteins extend across the entire Cell Membrane and are the entire Cell Membrane and are exposed to both the inside of the cell and exposed to both the inside of the cell and the exterior environment.  Others extend the exterior environment.  Others extend only to the inside or only to the exterior only to the inside or only to the exterior surface. surface.

Lets take a look…Lets take a look…

Protein wrap upProtein wrap up There are many kinds of Proteins in membranes; There are many kinds of Proteins in membranes;

they HELP to MOVE Material INTO and OUT of they HELP to MOVE Material INTO and OUT of the Cell. the Cell.

Some Integral Proteins form Channels or Pores Some Integral Proteins form Channels or Pores through which certain substances can pass. through which certain substances can pass.

Other Proteins bind to a substance on one side of Other Proteins bind to a substance on one side of the Membrane and carry it to the other side of the the Membrane and carry it to the other side of the Membrane. Membrane.

Integral Proteins exposed to the Cell's External Integral Proteins exposed to the Cell's External environment often have Carbohydrates attached to environment often have Carbohydrates attached to them serve as identification badges that allow cells them serve as identification badges that allow cells to recognize each other and may act as Site where to recognize each other and may act as Site where viruses or chemical messengers such as viruses or chemical messengers such as hormones can attach. hormones can attach.

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF CELL MEMBRANES CELL MEMBRANES

Membranes are Membranes are FLUIDFLUID and have the consistency and have the consistency of vegetable oil. of vegetable oil.

The Lipids and Proteins of the Cell Membrane are The Lipids and Proteins of the Cell Membrane are always in motion. always in motion.

Phospholipids are able to drift across the Phospholipids are able to drift across the membrane, changing places with their neighbor. membrane, changing places with their neighbor.

    Proteins in and on the membrane Form Proteins in and on the membrane Form PATTERNS, or MOSAICS.  PATTERNS, or MOSAICS. 

    Because the Membrane is FLUID with a MOSAIC Because the Membrane is FLUID with a MOSAIC of Proteins, scientists call the modern view of of Proteins, scientists call the modern view of Membrane Structure Membrane Structure THE FLUID MOSAIC THE FLUID MOSAIC MODELMODEL

ORGANELLES ORGANELLES

Where are organelles Where are organelles found?found?

1.  EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL 1.  EVERYTHING BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS IS THE MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS IS THE CELL'S CELL'S CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM. .

2.  CYTOPLASM consists of 2.  CYTOPLASM consists of TWO MAIN TWO MAIN COMPONENTS:  CYTOSOL and COMPONENTS:  CYTOSOL and ORGANELLESORGANELLES. .

3.  CYTOSOL is a jellylike mixture that consists 3.  CYTOSOL is a jellylike mixture that consists MOSTLY OF WATER, along with PROTEINS, MOSTLY OF WATER, along with PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, SALTS, MINERALS and CARBOHYDRATES, SALTS, MINERALS and ORGANIC MOLECULES. ORGANIC MOLECULES.

4.  Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny 4.  Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny ORGANELLESORGANELLES (ORGANS). (ORGANS).

3 Organelles found in 3 Organelles found in plant cells but not plant cells but not animalsanimals Cell wallCell wall Large plastidsLarge plastids VaculeVacule

What is an organelle? What is an organelle?

    Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny Suspended in the Cytosol are tiny ORGANELLESORGANELLES (ORGANS). (ORGANS).

    ORGANELLESORGANELLES ARE STRUCTURES ARE STRUCTURES THAT WORK LIKE MINIATURE THAT WORK LIKE MINIATURE ORGANS, ORGANS, THEY CARRY OUT SPECIFIC THEY CARRY OUT SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN THE CELL. FUNCTIONS IN THE CELL.

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA (MET-oh-KAHN- (MET-oh-KAHN-dree-uh) dree-uh)

THE "POWERHOUSE" THE "POWERHOUSE" OF THE CELL.OF THE CELL.

Mitochondria are the Mitochondria are the sites of Chemical sites of Chemical Reactions that transfer Reactions that transfer Energy from Organic Energy from Organic Compounds to ATP.  Compounds to ATP.  Energy contain in food is Energy contain in food is released. Converted to released. Converted to ATP.  ATP is the ATP.  ATP is the molecule that most Cells molecule that most Cells use as their main Energy use as their main Energy Currency. Currency.

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are Usually more numerous in Mitochondria are Usually more numerous in Cells that have a High Energy Requirement - Cells that have a High Energy Requirement - Your muscle cells contain a large number of Your muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria. mitochondria.

    Mitochondria is surrounded by TWO Mitochondria is surrounded by TWO Membranes. Membranes.

        A.  The smooth outer membrane serves as a A.  The smooth outer membrane serves as a boundary between the mitochondria and the boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol. cytosol.

        B.  The inner membrane has many B.  The inner membrane has many long folds, known as long folds, known as CRISTAECRISTAE (KRIS- (KRIS-tee).   tee).  

The Cristae greatly increases the surface The Cristae greatly increases the surface area of the inner membrane, providing area of the inner membrane, providing more space for the Chemical Reactions more space for the Chemical Reactions to occur. to occur.

MITOCHONDRIA part 2 MITOCHONDRIA part 2

RIBOSOMES (RIE-buh-RIBOSOMES (RIE-buh-SOHMZ) SOHMZ)

Unlike most other organelles, Ribosomes Unlike most other organelles, Ribosomes Are Not Surrounded by a membrane. Are Not Surrounded by a membrane.

Ribosomes are the site of Ribosomes are the site of PROTEIN PROTEIN SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS (Production or (Production or Construction) in a cell. Construction) in a cell.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) (EN-doh-PLAZ-mik  ri-(ER) (EN-doh-PLAZ-mik  ri-TIK-yuh-luhm) TIK-yuh-luhm)

. The ER is a system of membranous tubules and sacs. . The ER is a system of membranous tubules and sacs. The ER functions Primarily as an Intracellular The ER functions Primarily as an Intracellular

Highway, a path along which molecules move from one Highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another. part of the cell to another.

The amount of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending The amount of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending on the Cell's Activity. on the Cell's Activity.

Poisons, waste, and other toxic chemicals are made Poisons, waste, and other toxic chemicals are made harmless. harmless.

ER is an extensive network of membranes that ER is an extensive network of membranes that connect the Nuclear Envelope to the Cell Membrane. connect the Nuclear Envelope to the Cell Membrane.

Transports materials through the cell. Transports materials through the cell.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) (ER)

Can be ROUGH OR Can be ROUGH OR SMOOTHSMOOTH. .

        A. A. ROUGH ERROUGH ER is studded is studded with with RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES and and processes PROTEINS to be processes PROTEINS to be exported from the cell. exported from the cell.

        B.B. SMOOTH ER SMOOTH ER IS NOT IS NOT CoveredCovered with with RIBOSOMES RIBOSOMES and processes LIPIDS and and processes LIPIDS and CARBOHYDRATES. The CARBOHYDRATES. The Smooth ER is involved in the Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of steroids in gland synthesis of steroids in gland cells, the regulation of cells, the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, calcium levels in muscle cells, and the breakdown of toxic and the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells. substances by liver cells.

GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUS  (GOHL-  (GOHL-jee) jee)

1. The Golgi Apparatus is 1. The Golgi Apparatus is the Processing, Packaging the Processing, Packaging and Secreting Organelle of and Secreting Organelle of the Cell. the Cell.

2. The Golgi Apparatus is a 2. The Golgi Apparatus is a system of membranes. system of membranes. Made of Flattened SAC like Made of Flattened SAC like Structures called Structures called CISTERNAECISTERNAE. .

3. It works Closely with the 3. It works Closely with the ER, the Golgi Apparatus ER, the Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins for export modifies proteins for export by the cell. by the cell.

LYSOSOMES (LIE-suh-LYSOSOMES (LIE-suh-sohmez) sohmez)

1. Lysosomes are small spherical organelles 1. Lysosomes are small spherical organelles that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within a single that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within a single membrane. membrane.

2. Lysosomes are the Site of Food Digestion in 2. Lysosomes are the Site of Food Digestion in the Cell. the Cell.

3.  Lysosomes are formed from pieces of the 3.  Lysosomes are formed from pieces of the GOLGI APPARATUS that break off. GOLGI APPARATUS that break off.

4. Lysosomes are common in the Cells of 4. Lysosomes are common in the Cells of Animals, Fungi, and Protists, But Rare in Plant Animals, Fungi, and Protists, But Rare in Plant Cells. Cells.

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton is Cytoskeleton is the supporting the supporting framework of the framework of the cell.cell.

Made of proteins Made of proteins called called microtubules and microtubules and microfilaments.microfilaments.

MICROFILAMENTS MICROFILAMENTS

MICROFILAMENTSMICROFILAMENTS 1. MICROFILAMENTS are NOT HALLOW and 1. MICROFILAMENTS are NOT HALLOW and

have a structure that resembles ROPE made of have a structure that resembles ROPE made of TWO TWISTED CHAINS OF PROTEIN called TWO TWISTED CHAINS OF PROTEIN called ACTINACTIN. .

2. MICROFILAMENTS can CONTRACT, causing 2. MICROFILAMENTS can CONTRACT, causing movement. movement.

3. Muscle Cells have many microfilaments. 3. Muscle Cells have many microfilaments.

MICROTUBULESMICROTUBULES

MICROTUBULESMICROTUBULES 1. Microtubules are HALLOW TUBES like plumbing pipes. 1. Microtubules are HALLOW TUBES like plumbing pipes.

They are the Largest Strands of the Cytoskeleton. They are the Largest Strands of the Cytoskeleton. 2. Microtubules are made of a PROTEIN called 2. Microtubules are made of a PROTEIN called TUBULINTUBULIN. . 3.  3.  Microtubules have THREE FUNCTIONS:Microtubules have THREE FUNCTIONS:         A. To maintain the shape of the cell. A. To maintain the shape of the cell.         B.  To serve as tracks for organelles to move along within B.  To serve as tracks for organelles to move along within

the cell. the cell.         C.   When the Cell is about to divide, bundles of C.   When the Cell is about to divide, bundles of

Microtubules known as Microtubules known as SPINDLE FIBERSSPINDLE FIBERS come together come together and extend across the cell to assist in the movement of and extend across the cell to assist in the movement of Chromosomes during Cell Division. Chromosomes during Cell Division.

VacuolesVacuoles

Storage, every Storage, every good factory needs good factory needs plenty of storage plenty of storage for materials.for materials.

Vacuoles in plant Vacuoles in plant cells can store cells can store water and other water and other items.items.

Overview of Animal CellOverview of Animal Cell

Overview of Plant CellOverview of Plant Cell

Summary of Animal cell Summary of Animal cell and functionand function