coresidence young theirparents japan: do sib ... - jst

Population Association of Japan

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PopulationAssociation of Japan

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H. XOJIMA / Ceresidence ef Young Adults with TheiTParents inJapan: De Sib Size and Birth Order Matter? 15l

Coresidence of Young

Do Sib SizeAdults

with Their Parents

and Birth Order Matter?in

Japan:

Hiroshi KOJIMA

(Institute of Population Problems)

Sumrnary

This study examines the effects of sib size and birth order on the coresidence of

never-married youth with their parents in Japan, where eldest sons are eften expected

to live with their parents after marriage. Logistic regressions are perfoTmed using the

data from 1982 National Fertility Survey (Single-Youth Survey> conducted by the

Institute of Population Problems in Tokyo, While sib size has a significant and negative effect on prenuptial coresidence among

beth sexes, erdest-child status has a significant and positive eftect among males only.

The resuitsi support the hypotheses about more pressure toward daughters to stay home

before marriage and to leave home after marriage ; more pressure toward eldest children

to stay home before and after marriage; and more pressure from crowding toward

children of a larger family to Ieave home before marriage.

Logistic regressions are also perfermed en the determinants of postnuptial coresidence

plans, While the effect of etdest-child status is highly significant among maies, that of

sib size is not among either sex. This seems to suggest that the norrnative pressureteward eldest chiidren about the postnuptial coresidence may be stronger than the

pressure towaTd them about the prenuptial coresidence which can be affected by the

opposing pressure from crowding.

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1. Introduction '

A recent study of the U. S. by Bianchi (1987)found that children from smaller families and

later-born children are more likely te remain in

the parental heuseheld past age 181 Goldscheidep

and DaVanzo (1988) also found a negative effect

of sib size on staying home among High Scheol

Class of 1972. These effects were predicted by

the crowding hypothesis postulated by Masnickand Pitkin (1983). In Japan many young aduats live with their

parents until marriage and some of them

continue to live with them even after marriage.

In many parts of Japan it is usually the eldest

son who lives with their parents after marriage.

When parents do not have any sons, the e}dest

daughter and son-in-law often live with them

after rnarriage. Therefore, birth erder among the

same-sex children matters for postnuptial

coresidence in Japan. Sib size also affects

postnuptial coresidence through the availability

of ether children to replace the eldest son or

eldest daughter without any brothers (hereafter,[eferred to as

"eldest

daughter">. Actually, the

non-eldest child sometimes lives with parents

after marriage when the eldest child is not

available for coresidence for some reasen (e.g,,death, migration. conflict, etc,).

Norms are not se strong concerning which

adult chirdren stay or leave the parental homebefore marriage, but daughters are oiten dis-eouraged from leaving heme and the eldest chird

is often encouraged te stay home by parents

(See also Table 2). However, on the part of

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young adults, prenuptial coresidence may be a

matter of a life strategy to cope with highhousing cost and low income, a$ Morgan and

Hirosima (1983) suggest for postnuptial coresi-

dence. Although eldest sons may leave home

befere marriage, they are often expected to

return horne around or after the time of mar-

rlage.

Our previous study shews that there was a

decHne in the peycentage ei newly-wed couples

who livecl with parents immediately after

marriage in postwar years, but that it is levelingoff in recent years {Atoh and Kojima 1983),

Hirosima (1984) argues that this leveling off ispartly caused by increased propertion of eldest

children among youngeT generations and increa-sed ratio of parents to children due to the

postwar fertility and mortality decline. Itoh

(1984) suggests that non-eldest children are

more likely to leave heme even before marriage

and explains the recent decline ef migration in

terms of the decreased number and proportion

of "potential

life time outmigrants" (Le., non-

eldest children) among younger generations dueto the postwar fertility dec}ine. Therefore, it isprebable that parental fertility affects prenuptial

coresidence as well as postnuptial coresidence

through the effect of ratio between eldest

children and parents in japan. However, there does not seem to be any

empirical studies based on national sumple

survey which relate young adults' prenuptialliving arrangements to parental fertility variables

at the individual level in Japan. My recent study

(Ko]ima 1987b) ef married ceupSes has feund

that both elclest-child status and sib size of each

spouse have significant effects on coresidence

with parents irnmediately after marriage. Eldest-

son status and smaller sib size of husband have

positive effects on virilocal residence (coresi-dence with husband's parents) and negative

ones on uxoriiocal residence (coresidence with

wife's parents). Eldest-daughter status (thesewithout any brothers) and smaller sib size of

wife have the opposite effects on the postnup-

tial coresidence.'The result has led me to

hypothesize that the effect of sib size efi

prenuptial coresidence of young adults is in thesame direction in Japan as in the U. S. but thatof birth ordeT is in the opposite.

In this study, I analyze cross-sectiona} data

based on the 1982 National Fertility Survey

(Single-Youth Survey) in order to clarify the

determinants of coresidence, as wel} as pians for

coresidence after marriage, among never-married

young adults fecusing on those related te

parental fertility. Before preceeding to the

multivariate analysis of cleterminants, I will

discuss the analytical framewerk, the data and

method, the patterns of prenuptial coresidence inrelation to sib size and birth position based on

cross-tabulations. ' ･

2. ARalytical Frarnework

The analytical framework used for the multi-

variate analysis of determinants of prenuptial

coresidence ancl postnuptial coresidence plans isa modified veJsion of the frameworks fordeterminants ef coresidence developed in my

previous papers CKojima l987a, 1987b), which

were extension of the framework proposed byKobrin and Goldscheider (1982). It was also an

application of the analytical framework for

determinants of timing and prevalence of

marriage devised by Dixon (1970). Kobrin and Geldscheider divide into three thefactors representing constraints and preferences

of adults who are not nuclear family members

at a certain phase of their life cycle : availability

of relatives, feasibility of living alone and

desirability of family extension. In their frame-work the nuciear family household is assumed to

be the reference category. It fequires modi-

ficatien for its application to Japan. Figure l shows the analytical framework forthe determinants of coresidence with parents

among never-marTied young aduits in Japan,Coresidence is determined by three interveningvariablesi availability of kin for coresidence,

feasibility of coresidence ancl desirability of

coresidence. Each of them is in turn determinedby a set of inclependent variables. All the

independent variables determining feasibility and

desirabiLity can be also regarded as control

variables because this study focuses on the

effeet ef parental fertility on coresidence.

Availability ef kin for coresidence is determi-necl by demographic characteristics of the youngadult and hisfher parents as well as norms

about choice of kin for coresidence, Thesecharacteristics inclucle sex, age, eldest-child

status and sib size. They affect availability and

thus coresidence in conjunction with norms


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PopulationAssociation ofJapan

H. KOJIMA , Coresidence ef Young

Figure l.Framework for Analysisce with Parents among

in Japan

Adults with Their Parents in Japan / De Sib Size and BiTth Order Matter?

of Determinants of Coresiden-Never-Married Young Adults

17

coresidence.

'

Age is associated with ma-

turity and thus more freedom

to choose living alone er with

non-kin. It is also positively

related to income and assets,

whieh affect feasibility of se-

parate Iiving. Therefore, age is

expected to have a negative

effect on coresidence.

Eldest-child status has been found te be one of the most

powerful determinants of post-

nuptial coresidence in my pre-

vious studies (Kojima 1987a, 1987b) due to the strong norm

about preference of the eldest

son or the eldest daughter for coresidence. It is hypothesized

to exert a positive influence on

prenuptial coresidence which is

Iikely to be a prelude to pest-

nuptial coresidence.

Sib size is expected to have

a negative effect on prenuptial

coresidence through the avai-

lability of ether siblings with

whom parents can coreside.

The mere siblings a never-

married persen has, the greater the chance of having a married

sibling, whose coresidence with

discourage his!her own coresi-

Sib size can also have a

coresidence through feasibility with crDwding

coresidence is determined by and financial status.

house is expectecl to have a

on coresidence, but the direct ts not available in thiseffect of crowding may bestze to some extent as mentio-

status is represented byof respendents, It is expected

associated with prenuptial

higher income makes

more affordable, As mentio-

may mcorporate some of the

coresidence is generally deter-

/

InterveningVariables

Independent (Control)Variables

Availability of Kin fDr

Coresidence

Feasibility

of Coresidence

Desirability

of Coresidence

Norms about Choice of Kin

for Coresidence*

Sex (Fernale +}

Age (-)Eldest-Chjld Status (Eldest +}

Sib Size (-)Housing Conditions (Crowding -)'

Financial Status (Low Incorne +) {Hlgh Incorne -)

Availability of Alternatives

Education (Lew -)

(High -)

Occupation (Self-Ernployed +)

<Non-Regularly Employed +)

Fathei's Occupation (Agriculture +)

{Other Seif-Emp, +}

UrbanlRura] Residence (Rural +)

(Metropolitan -}

Region (Extended +)

(Nuclear -)

Notes :+ Net to be epefatienalized.

Signs in pafentheses shew the expected diTection of effeat.

about cheice of kin. My previous framewerkshad other demographic variables determiningavailability, such as marital status and survival

and health status ef parents. But marital status

becomes irrelevant because the analysis isiestricted te never-married persons. Informationon other variables is not available, altheugh age

may incerporate some of the effects of migration

experience as well as parents' survival and

health. A part of the effect of migration iscaptured by urban!rural residence and region,

which are determined by desirabMty.

Sex affects coresidence through the norm

which encourages prenuptial coresidence of

daughters on the one hand ancl through the norm

which gives priority to sons with regard to

postnuptial eoresiclence en the other. It is not

clear to what extent the latteT affects prenup-

tial coresidence. Thus, being female is hypothe-

sized te have a positive influence on prenuptial

parents tends te

dence with parents.negative effect on

because it is positively associatedin the household.

Feasibility of

both housing conditions

Crowding in the

negative effect

information on housingdata set. Thecaptured by sib

ned above. Financialpersonal incomete be negatively

coresidence becauseinclependent livingned above, age

effects of feasibility

Desirability of


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mined by norms and values concerning coresi-

dence, inheritance rules, and arrangements for

home-making and care of the agecl and youngchildren. These factors indicate the strength ef

social and eeonomic alternatives to coresidence.

In contemporary Japan they can be largely

represented by factors such as education,

occupation, urbanlrural residence and region,

although these variables also affect ceresidence

through availabiLity and feasibility. As for

never-married young adults, their father'soccupation should be included as an indepen-

dent variable, partly because some of them are

still students or out of regular employment and

partly because en}y a few of them are in

self-employecl occupations (which are often

associated with coresidence) due to changes in

occupational structure.

Educatien may not have linear. relation with

prenuptia} coresidence. On the one hand, college

students and recent college graduates tend te be

away from home because of the concentration

of major celleges and big business corporations

in major metropolitan areas as well as more

frequent transfer within these corperations. On

the other hand, those who completed only

compuisory education (jllnior high school) usually

have blue-collar jobs which are also often

!ecated in metropolitan areas and their vicinity.

Although some of these two kinds of peoplewho left home may return before marriage,

others may continue to stay away from home.Therefore, both high and low education are

expected to have negative effects on prenuptial

coresidence.

Among various occupations of young adults,

self-employed ones are expeeted to have a

positive effect en prenuptial and pestnuptialcoresidence because family workers generally

live together foi joint work on the same pre-mise, Even when a young adult is not engaged

in the family business owned by his father, he

or she is often expected to stay home foron-the-job training or part-time help as well as

for inheritance in the future, especially when heer she is the eldest child. Therefore, self-

employed occupation of father is expected to

have a pesitive effect en prenuptial coresidence,

Self-empleyment of father is divided into

agriculture and non-agriculture because my

previous studies found that the effect of self-

employment is not always in the same direction.

(ee13e)1990,5

On the other hand, when a young adult is not

regu!arly employed (in many cases a student), heor she is mere likely to be away from home.

Rural residence is hypothesized to encourage

prenuptial coresidence because encouragernent

to stay home is stronger due to more traditionalvalues and Iess available housing for rent in thevicinity. On the other hand, residence in metTo-

politan areas is expectecl to have a negative

effect on pren"ptial coresidence because those

areas attract migrants for education and empley-

ment.

Household formation and dissolution patterns

differ a lot by region within Japan. According to

Shimizu (1985) who analyzed clata from 1973 and1983 Basic Surveys for Health and WelfareAdministration Cconducted by the Department of

Statistics and Information, Ministry of Healthand Welfare), the difference can be more clearly

shown by the patterns of elderly's living arran-

gements : Tohoku and Hokuriku regions have

higher percentages of the aged in three-geneia-

tional family households while Hokkaido, sou-

thern Kanto (Tokyo metropolitan area), central

Kinki (Kyeto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area) and

seuthern Kyushu have lower percentages.

Therefoie, Tohoku and Hokuriku which havetraditionally been characterized by the extended

family hottsehold are expected to be associated

with a higher preva}ence of prenuptial coresi-

dence. Southern Kyushu, which has traditienally

been characterized by the nuclear family house-hold, and the other three regions, which are

largely urban, are hypothesized to have a lower

prevalence.

The effects ef these independent variables on

the p]ans for postnuptial coresidence are expec-

ted to be similar to those on prenuptial coresi-

dence, assuming the high ,correlation betweenthe two. However, the effect of sex can be inthe oppesite direction because most daughtersare expected to leave home at the time of

marrlage even though they are encouraged tostay home until marriage.

3. Data and Method ' '

a. Data

This study uses a data set derived from theEighth National Fertility Survey, Single-YouthSurvey (NFS8S) conducted by the Institute of

Population Problems in Tokyo in 1982, in

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H. KOJIMA , Coresidence of Young AduTts with Their

cooperatien with the Department of Statistics

and lnforrnation, Japanese Ministry of Health

and Welfare. The survey usecl a subsample of

subjects from the Department]s Basic Survey of

Health and Welfaie Administration. Two-stage

systematic and stratified sampling was applied

to all the ordinary census tracts in Japan. NFS8Sused self-enumerated questionnaires. NFS8S was conducted on single persons aged

between 18 and 34. 0ut of a sample of 5,807

single persons, there were 4,987 (86%) usable

questionnaires. The non-response rate seerns te

have been high among ma]es and those living

alone. The analysis is limited to never-married

persons, leaving 4,842 subjects (2,732 ma}es and

2,110 femaEes). The survey mainly asked ques-

tions on their attitudes toward marriage and

chilbearing, and on demographic and socie-

economic characteristics of respondents and

their father.

NFS8S includied a questien on current living

arrangement, for which respondents were to

cheose the answer among "coresidence

with

parents'', "separate

residence from parents" and

"other". Information on the survival of parents

was net collected, but those few persons

without any parents were expected to choose"other".

It also asked a question on plans forcoresidence after marriage to those who plannedto marry (97% of respondents). They were to

choose the answer among

"plan to coreside

immediately after marriage", plan to coresicle

some time after marriage", "plan

to coreside

when parents get' eld", "de

not plan to coreside"and

"other", For the analysis in this stucly only

the first answer is used because of its higher

prDbability of realization.

' b. Method and Meas"rement of Variables

For the analysis of determinants of prenuptialcoresidence as well as postnuptial coresidence

plans, logistic regressions have been estimated

(using the LR procedure in the BMDP package)to test the hypotheses sttmmarized in Figure 1.Legistic regression is a most suitable procedure

for dichotomous dependent variables. In this

procedure, the dependent variable is the log

odds ratio of coresidence and each regressien

coefficient represents the additive effect of each

variable on the Iog oclds, or, after exponentia-

tion, the multiplicative effect on the edds.

As in OLS regressions, the sign of coefficients

Parents in Japan , Do Sib Size and Birth Order Matter ? l9

fer each independent variable represents the

direction of effect, P-values for each indepen-

dent variable as well as the equation as a whole

are provided. Where the independent variables

are categorical, two or mere categories within

the variable are transformed into a set of

"design

variables", with one of the categories

chosen to be a reference category,

Arnong variables used for the analysis of

deteyminants of prenuptial coresidence and

pestnuptial coresidence plan, depenclent Variables

are, as mentiened above, the answer `icoresi-

den ¢ e with parents" to the question on current

living arrangements and the answeT "plan

to

coreside immediately after marriage]], and all the

other answers to each question are set as

reference categories.

Arnong indepenclent variables classified as

availability variables in Figure l, norms are not

operationaLized due to the lack of direct infor-

mation at the individual level but they are

incorporated into demographic variables. Sex is represented by a design variable for female, the reference category being male. Age is represen-

ted by age at last birthday. A design variable

for.eldest child is associated with eldest sons for

males and eldest daughters (without any bro-

thers) for females and the reference category is

all the other children, Sib size is represented by

the number of siblings inc}uding oneself.

Among feasibility variables, housing condi-

tions are not operatienalized due to the lack of

clirect inforrnation, Financial status is represen-

ted by personal income of respondents. Respon- dents were to choose ameng six categories of

inceme bracket, Fer the purpese of this analy-

sis, the two lewest brackets were combined as

"low

incorne" and the three highest brackets

were combined as "high

income", the reference

category being the fourth highest category.

Desirability variables are represented by

socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. A design variable for low education is asseciated

with these who graduated from only junior high

school (these who finishecl only compulsory

education), and a design variable for high

educatien with those who graduated from junior (two-year) or four-year college, while the

reference category consists of all others. As for

occupatien, net only the respondent's own

occupatlon but aiso the father's occupation has been usecl as a determinant, Design variables for


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20 J. m lj M m (se13e)1990,5

own occupatien include self-employed and

non-regularly empleyed (students, part-time

workers, unemployed workers and other personsout of labor force), while the reference category

includes all others. Design variables for father's

occupation include that for agriculture and other

self-employed, the reference category being all

others.

Design variables for urban/rural residence

include rural and metropelitan. The fo:mer

consists of census tracts designated as non-DIDs

(Densely Inhabited Districts) and the latter thosedesignated as DIDs with half a million population

or more, while the reference category is DIDswith iess than half a million population. Designvariables for region consist of that for exten-

dect-family regions (those regions with a high

prevalence of extended family household among

the elderly) and that for nuclear-family region

(those with a low prevalence) as classified byShimizu (1985), while the reference category

consists ef all other regions.

4. Results

a. Cross-Tabulations

Table 1 shows the proportion of nevef-married

persons aged 18-34 coresiding with parents bysex and by sib size and birth position. Fo[cemparison, figures for the U.S. are copied frem

Bianchi's paper at the last column. It shoulcl be

noted, however, that the U.S. figures are for

coresidence of persons (of any marital status)

aged 18-24 with mother. Although the U.S.figures are for both sexes, the Japanese ones are

fer each sex because of expected sex differen-ces for reasons mentioned above. It should bealso noted that age is net controiled ln either

Japanese or American figures.

In this cross-tabular context, sib size does not

seern to have a Iinear relationship with the

proportion ceresiding, at least arneng males.

Ameng females there is an inverse relatienship

for persons from the family of two or mere. Forboth sexes persons from the two-child famiLyhave the highest propoTtions coresiding and

those from the one-child family have slightly

lower percentages. Severai reasons can bespeculated for this irregularity including data

problems and selectivity of one-child families ondemographic, socioeconomic and personal char-

acterlstlcs.

Table 1. Preportion of Never-Married Persons

Aged l8-34 Coresiding with Parents

by Sib Size and Birth Position

CPercent)

SibSize Sex U,s,**BirthPositlonMaleFemaleBothSexes

Total 70.3 82.5 51,O

(N) (2,732)(2,llO)One' 68.8 84.9 60.7･Two 73.9 86.0 .57.6

Oldest 75.6 88.4 56.6

Youngest 72.1 83.o 58.7

Three 68.1 80.5 52.4oldest 73.o 80.5 49.1Middle 60.2 78.9 50.5

Youngest 71.3 82.3 57.5Four 69.2 78.3 48.5'

OIGest 75.o 88.6 41.7Middle 73.9 73.6 50.e

Youngest 59.8 80.3 51.'1

Five 7e.2 75.3 46.1･Oldest 100.o 60.o* 42.6Middle 74.6 79,o 44.2Youngest 57.5 .73.7.52.6

SixoiMore52.9 71.9 43.3Oldest 83.3* 83.3\ 37.6Middle 57.1 67,6 40.9Youngest 40.6 76.2 49.5

Seurce: Eighth National Fertilitrv Survey rSingle-Yozath Surverv), 19S2, Institute ef Populatien PToblems,

and Bianchi (1987, Table 2 and 3},Note$/ *' Less than 20 cases.

** Coresidence of persens <of･ any marital status)

aged 18-24 with mether,

When attentien is directed to variation bybirth pesition, an inverse relationship betweenb{rth erder and proportion coresiding can befound among youngest children of both sexes.

This suggests that the pressure from crowding

encourages leaving home ef youngest children

rather than o]dest ones who are often eldest

sons and daughte[s thus enceuraged to stay

home, When percentages for oldest and non-

oldest children are compared, oldest chlldren

tend to have a higher proportion coresiding

partly because they are more oiten eldest sons

and daughters. Among the three birth positions in the familyof three or more children, middle children eften


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PopulationAssociation ofJapan

H. KOJIMA: Ceresidence of Young '

have the lowest proportion core-

siding. This is probably becauseoidest children are more likely to

stay home than middre ones

since they are often eldest chil-

dren rNhile youngest children are

mere like]y to stay home than

middle ones since they often

leave heme later due to their

younger age, But the situation

would differ from family to fam-

iry ciepending on the age, sex,

and maritai-status composition of

the children due to differences in

age at marriage between men

and women as well as to differ-

ential pressure te stay home bysex, eldest-child status and the

presence and marital status of'

other children.

In comparison with Japanesepatterns, American.ones aTe

much more regular. There is an

inverse relationship between sib

size and prepertion coresiding

with mother, suggesting

'

crowding, There is a

''

between birth order and

'

suggesting negative effects of

interesting to see if there are

ences in these patterns as in

The first two columns of

proportion of never-married

coresiding with parents by sex

and eldest-chi}d status. Among

children always have a higher

siding than non-eldest ones by

Ameng females this is not true of

three-child family and the

eldest and non-eldest children

srnall regardless of sib size. This

pressure toward daughters to

marriage as well as to negative

on coresiclence. Comparisen of

suggests that Japanese patterns

exp}ained in terms of eldest-child

than birth position. The last two columns of

preportion of young adults

with parents immediately after

is tabulated in the same way

three columns. There is not'

Adults with

Table 2.

Their Parents in Japan: De Sib Slze and Birth OFder Matter? 2i

Propoition of Never-Married Persons Aged 18-34 Coresiding with Parents and Planning to Coreside with Parents Immediately After Marriage by Sib Size and Eldest-Child Status (Percent)

SibSize Coresidence CoresidencePlanEldest-Child

Status MaleFernaleMale Female

Total 7e,3 82.5 26.9 ILO

(N) (2,732)(2,110)[2,620)(1,958)One 68.8 84.9 29.6 19.2

Two 73.9 86.e 25.7 10.9

Eldest 76.1 88.9 30.9 12.9

Non-EIdest 66.8 84.9 7.9 le.1

Three 68.1 80.5 27.3 9.0

Eldest 73.0 76.9 35.2 L9Non-Eldest 60,7 80.9 14.2 9.8

FourorMore 66.5 76.5 28.3 IL4

Eldest 79.1 100.0* 37.9 16.7*

Nen-Eldest 59.9 76.1 21.8 11.2

Source /

Notes/*

negatlve effects of

positive relationship

proportlon coresiding,

age. It weuld be

any sex differ-

Japan, Table 2 show the

persons aged 18-34

and by sib size

' males eldest

proportlon core-

9% er moire.

persons from differences between

are relatively

may be due to

stay home before

effects of age

Tables 1 and 2

can be. better

status rather

' '

Table 2 show the

planning to coreside

marriage, which

as in the first

mverse relationship

Eighth fVationat Fertility SzarveyInstltute ef PepuEatien Problems. Less than 20 cases.

rSingle-Youth Surveor), 1982,

between sib size and the proportion planning tocoreside, which can be expected from my

previous study (Kojima 1987b) on the postnup-

tial coresidence of married couples. On the

contrary, there is a positive relationship betweensib size and the preportion ameng both eldest

sons and nen-eldest sons of the family of twoor more children, However, eldest sons always

have higher proportion than non-eldest sons.

These patterns may be caused by the correration

of fertility and proportion coresiding, but this

type of analysis does not allow to separate

confounding effects. .

Among fernales, the patterns are quite

irregular. Not only is the difference between the

eldest and non-eldest daughters small, but the

proportion is much higher among non-eldest

daughters than eldest daughters of the farnily of

three chiidren. In ordeJ to examine the determi-nants of these irreguiarities, the following sectionwill present the analysis of determinants of

coresidence and that of determinants of post-

nuptial ceresidence plans for comparison, using

the same analytical frarnework,

b. Logisitic Regressions The figst three columns of Table 3 show the


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22 J. n \ M ft Cas13e)1990.5

Table 3.Logistic Regression Coefficients for Determinants of Prenuptial CoresidencePostnuptial Coresidence Plan among Never-Married Persons Aged 18-34

and

Coresidence CoresidencePIanIndependentVariables BethSexes Ma]e Female BothSexes Ma}e Female

AvaitabilitblFernale *** ***

e.792 - - -O.828 - L(O.101) - - (O.124) - -

Age * ** *** ***

O.O02 O.034 -O.569 O.053 o.e61 O.031(O.O12) (O.O16) (O.020) (O.O14) (O.O16) (O.028)

EidestChild *** *** *** ***

O.435 O.552 O.165 O.977 1.263 O.120(O.101) (O.117) (O.205) (O,116) (O.141) (O.253)

SibSize *** ** **-O.151 -O.138 -O.180 -O.064 -e.o44 -O.177(O.038) (O.048) (O.062) (O.048) (O.055) (O.105)

FeasibitityIneome * **

1.Low O.181 O.257 O.154 -O.125 -O.095 -O.184(O.l12) (O.137) (O.201) (O.123) (O.137) (O.292)

2.High -O.316 -O.497 O.442 -O.523 -O.507 -O.581(O.174) (O.193) (O.449) (O.221) (O.233) (O.800)

DesirabilityEducation *** ** *

1.Low -O.462 -O.464 -O.844 o.e4s O,030 O.241(O.156) (O.186) (e.298) (O.168) (O.186) (O.414)

2.High -O.298 -O.375 -e.137 -O.229 -O.!91 -O.409(O.093) (O.120) (O,154) (O.112) (O.131) (O.232)

Occupation *** ***

1,Self-Employed1.131 1.332 O.110 O.377 O.398 O.343(O.222) (O.260) (O.425) (O.169) (O.185) (O.513)

2.Non-Regularly-O.513 -e,646 -O.112 -O.154 -O.159 -O.111Ernployed (O.126) (O.165) (O.216) (O,174) (O.205) (O.340)

Father'sOccupation *** *** *** * *

1.Agriculture -O.799 -O.665 -1.119 O.372 O.315 O.565(O.122) (O.155) (O,203) (e.124) (O.145) (O.246)

2.0therSelf- -O.040 -O.070 -O.029 e.o22 O.09! -O.219Employed (O.111) (O.143) (O.179) (O.I33) (O.156) (O.271)

UIRResidence *** *** *** *** ***

1.Rurai 1.151 1.255 O.920 O.612 O.683 O.434(e.118) (O.148) (e.198) (O.116) (O.135) CO.234)

2.MetTopolitan-e.4oo -O.355 -o.42e -O,105 -e.2o2 O.227(e.lol) (O.128) (o.ue) (O.144) (O.165) (e.299)

Region ** * *** *** **

1.Extended O.333 O.467 o.les O.380 O.493 O.021(O.156) (O.199) (O.257) (O.134) (O.158) (O.267)

2.Nuclear -O.157 -O.065 -e.372 -O,496 -O.388 -O.857(O.097) (e.121) (O.173) (O.113) (O.130) (O.244)

Constant O.882 -o.les 3.360 -2.955 -3.524 -2.540(O.344) (O.444) (e.544) (O,390) (O.461) (O.762)

LogLikelihood -1,7ng.3-1,074.0 -649.5-1,421.9-1O09.6, -398.2N 3,585 2,067 1518: 3,477 2e14, 1463,Mean% 75.6 71.0 81.8 18.4 25.7 8.4OddsRatie 3.092 2.445 4.seo O,226 O.346 O.092

Source 'Netes:Eighth National Fertitity SurveyReference categeries are ornitted.

Standard error in parentheses.* p<.05;** p<.Ol;*** p<.

rSingle-Yo"th

oel.

Surveor), 1982,Institute ofPepulatienPrebtems.

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H. KOJIMA : Coresidence ef Young Adults with Their

results of logistic regressiens for determinants of' coresidence among never-married young adults.

The first column is for both sexes and the

second and the third are for males and fema}es. The dependent variable used in the procedure is

the log odds ratio of coresidence. Mean values

of these odds are shown at the end of the

table. The antilog of each coefficient represents

the mvltiplicative effect of each variabae. For

exampie, the coefficient for being female in the

first colurnn is O.792, which means that female

young adults have [exponential (O.792> =:

2.208]

times higher odds than male counterparts.

In the regression on coresidence for both

sexes ali the independent variables but age are

significant. The direction of effects are as

expected except father's occupation. Age is not

significant in this regression because it combines

its negative effect arnong males and its positive

effect among females as shown by the following

two regressions, where it is signifgcant, As

suggested above in the section of cross-tabular

analysis, never-married men tend increasingly to

stay home as they age, while never-married

wemen tend to leave heme.

In contrast to the hypothesis about the effects

of father's occupation, both agriculture and

other self-employed occupation have a negative

effect on coresidence. This may be probably because yeung adults' own occupation captures

a large part ef the effects of self-employrnent.

on coresidence. The results suggest that those

who have a self-employed father tend te be

away from home, probably because they could

not find employrnent opportunities in their

family business or in the local Iabor market.

The results for males and females differ in

effects of other variables than age. First,

eldest-child status is not significant among

females, supporting, in cenjunction with the high

significance of being fernale, the hypothesis on

general encouragement fer daughters te stay

home. Secondly, inceme is not significant among

females, partly due to smaller variations of

income among them. Thirdly, occupation is not

significant among females. This is partly due to

the fact that there are fewer daughters than

sons efigaged in the family business because

daughters are not usually expected to inherit the

business. At the same time, this is partly due to

the fact that non-regularly employed women

include these who stay home and prepare for

Parentsin Japan: Do Sib Size ancl Birth Order Matter? 23

marriage with or without any specific plans formarriage. Fourthly, region is not significant

among fema}es, a}though nuclear-family region

is significant as a category.

In terms of parental fertility, all these suggest

that women in general are expeeted to stay

home before marriage, regardless of birth order

and sex composition ef siblings, while men's

coresidence is determined by birth erder in a

significant way, For both men and women sib

size is a significant determinant of coresidence,

supperting the crewding hypothesis. Cornpared with regressions on current coresi-

dence, those on postnuptial coresldence planshave somewhat different results as shown bythe last three columns of Tab}e 3. In the

regression for both sexes, many variables are

not significant any more, while age turns to bevery significant. The sign of being femalechanges to negative as expected, The signs of

father's seif-employed occupations turn to

pesitive, supporting the hypothesis on the

positive effect of prospective inheritance on

postnuptial coresidence plans. The results of regression ior males are similar

to those of the previeus one except that father'soccupation is not significant, arthough the

category for agriculture remains significant.

However, the results of regression for fernalesare different from those Qf the previous two,

Only fathet's occupation and regien is signifi-

cant. Moreover, the sign of other self-employed

category changes to negative. The results for

females suggest that they are net usualiy

expected to live with parents immediately after

marriage. Even eldest daughters are not signifi-

cantly different frem others in their plans.

Female young adults are more Iikely to plan to

live with their parents immediately after marri-

age'oniy when their father is a farrner or they

live in the regions which are traditionally

characterized by extendecl family househelds.

In terms ef variables related te parentalfertility, the effect of sib size is not significant

on postnuptial ceresidence plans for either sex

while the sign is negative as expected from my

p;evieus study (Kojima 1987b), The effect of

eldest-child status is significant for both sexes

primarily because of its significant effect formales.

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24 An#bl ee

5. Discussion

The results concerning availabi}ity variabies

seem to suppert the hypotheses about (1) more

pressure toward daughters to stay home beforemarriage and te leave home after marriage, (2)more pressure toward eldest children to stay

home before and after marriage, and (3) more

pressure from crowding toward children of a

larger family to Ieave home before marriage. A

preliminary analysis based on the Eighth Natio-

nai Fertility Survey, Marriecl-Couple Survey

(NFS8M) shows that both sib size and eldest-

child status, as well as most other equivalent

variables, have the same effects on prenuptial

coresidence of husband and wife as they do inthis study. The direction of effect of sib size is the same

in Japan as in the U, S., suggesting the univer-

sal impact of crowcling. But the effect of birth

order dees not seern to be linear in Japan as in

the U.S,, probably because of normative prefe-

rences of eldest sons for postnuptial coresiden-

ce. The results of regressions on postnuptial

coresidence plans seem to support this argu-

ment because the effect of eldest-child status is

highly significant among ma!es, but that of the

effect of sib size is not significant among either

sex.

The latter result is in contrast to the result of

my recent study (Kejima 1987b) on gctualpostnuptial coresidence of newly-mar[ied ceuples

based on NFS8M: sib size of husband has a

significant and negative effect on virilocal

residence (coresidence with husband's parents)

and that of wife has a significant and negative

effect on uxorileca] residence (coresidence with

wife's parents), A couple of reasens for this

difference can be speculated. First, the attitude

about the future coresidence behavior may bedifferent from the actual behavior partly because

the latter is subject to the influence of other

concerned parties including parents, spouse and

parents-in-Iaw. My previous study (Koiima1983) found that eldest sons and eldest daugh-

ters tend not to marry each other, possibly

because they try to avoid conflicts, in advance,

concerning which parents to live with. Secondly,sib size may be becorning less meaningful

among more recent cohorts because the majority

of them belong to the two-child family and thus

(ee13e) 1990.5

the majority of males are eldest sons. ..

Although there seems to be differences between Japan and the U.S, in the effect ef

birth order on coresidence of young adults,

similarities with Japan may be found in Euro-

pean societies. A table of percentages coresiding

of adult chi}dren by birth position in a nine-

teenth century English community presented by

Wall (1978) shows a low percentage ameng

middle children which is similar to the pattern among males presented in Table 1.

The effects of sib size and birth order on

coresidence may be more complex. And the

effects of composition of coresiding and non-

coresidlng siblings sheuld be taken'into account

in a more elaberate way. The eldest-child status

in this study is a peculiar combination of birth

order and sex composition. As Young (1975) found for Australia, there rnay be a difference in

the patterns of leaving heme by sex composition

of siblings.

It is probable that age composition as well as

marita!-status composition of siblings also affect

coresidence ef never-married young adults. My

previous study (Kojima 1986) based on 1985 national household survey found the tendency

for parents to Iive with single aduit children as

long as they have one even when they have

married children. Another study (Kojima 1987a) based on the multivariate analysis of the same

data set showed that the absence of single

children has a significant and positive effect on

the ceresidence ef household head with a

married child. The future research on coresiden-

ce should examine effects of detailed cemposition

of siblings as welL as that ef other relatives,

Acknewledgements

This is a gevised and shortened version of the paper

presented at the Annual Meeting Df the Population AssDciation of Amerlca, New Orleans, April 21-23, l988. The author would like to thank, for helpful

comments and suggestions, Dr. Susan De Vos,

University of Wisconsin, and DTs. Frances Kobrin-

Goldscheider ancl john Castefline, Brown University as

welL as referees and editorial associates for Jinkogaku

Kenfeyu. Thanks are also due to the Population

Studies and Training Center, Brown University where

most of the research for this article was eonclucted.

Bibliography

Atoh, M, N., and H. Kejima 1983

"Attitudes toward Marriage' among the Unmar-




H. KOJIMA / CDTesidenee of Young AduTts with Their Parents in Japan /Do Sib Size and Birth Order Matter ? 25

Tied Japanese Youth'', Jinko Mondai Kenfey=,

168, pp. 30-57 (in Japanese).Bianchi, SM.I987

"Living at Home: Young Adults' Living Arran-

gernents in the 1980s", Paper presented at the

Annual Meeting of the American Socioiogical

Association, Chicago, August.Dixon, R. B.1970

"The Social and Demographic Determinants of

Marital Pestponement and Cetibacy/ A Corn- parative Study", Unpublished Ph.D. disserta- tion, University of California, Befkeley,

Goldscheider, F. K., and DaVanzo, J,1988

"Pathways

to Independent Living in Early

Adulthood/ Magriage, Serniautonomy, and

PrernaritaL Residential Independence", PSTC (Brown University) Working Paper, 88-Ol.Hirosirma, K.1984

"A Basic Demographic Condition for Living

Arrangement: Forrnal Demography of Parent- Child Coresidentiality", Paper presented at the

IUSSP SeminaT on the Demography of the

Later Phases of the Family Life Cycle, Berlin, September,!toh, T.1984

"Recent

Trends of Internal Migration in Japan and

'Potential

Life Tirne Out-Migrants'", Jinfeo A4ondai KenfeNu, 172, pp.24-38 <in Japanese).Kobrin, F. E., and Goldscheider, C.I982

"Family

Extension or Nonfamily Llving/ Life

Cycle, Economie, and Ethnic Faetors", Western

SociolQgical Revietv, 13-1, pp. 103-118.

Kojirna, H.1983

"Sphere of Mate Seiection", Ateh, M.N. ed.,

Marriage and Chitdbearing of the JaPanese CouPles: RePort of the Eighth Fertility Szarvey (1982), Part I ,

Tokye, Institute of Pepulation

Problems, pp. 34-41 (in Japanese),1986

"Coresidence oi Househald Heads with Children

and Parents", Kono, S. ed., RePort of the

DemograPhic Survey on Changes in the Familpt Life Course and ffousehold Structure, Tokyo, Institute of Popuiation Prablems, pp.69-88 (in Japanese).1987a

"Parent-Child Coresidence in the Japanese

Household", Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association ef

America, Chicago, May.198Tb

"Correlates

of Postnuptial Coresidence in

Japan", Paper presentecl at the IUSSP Serninar

on New Forms of Familial Life in MDC's,

Vaucresson, Octeber,

Masnick, G. S., and Pitkin, J. R.1983

"The Baby Boorn and the Squeeze on Muiti-

generationaJ Households", Paper presented at

the Annual Meeting of the Population Associa- tion of Ameriea, PittsbuTgh, April.

MoTgan, S. P., and Hirosima, K.

1983 "The

Persistenee of Extended Family Residence in Japan/ Anachronism er Alternative Stra-

tegy", American Sociological Review, 48-2,

pp. 269-281,Shimizu, H,l985

"Regional

Differences in the Family Structure",

Jinko Mondai Kendyu, 176, pp,33-37 (in Japa- nese).

Wall, R.1978

"The

Age at Leaving Horne", fournal of

Family History, 3-2, pp, 181-202.

Young, C. M.

1975 "Factois

Associated with the Tirning and

Duration of the Leaving-Horne Stage of the

Family Life Cycle", PoPulation Studies, 29-1,

pp.61-73,

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Population 　 Assooiation 　 of 　 Japan

26 人口学研究（第13号）1990．5

日本における独身青年層の親との同居

一兄弟姉妹数と出生順位の効果を中心に

小　　島　　　　宏

　　（人口問題研究所）

〔要　　旨〕

　本稿は日本における独身青年層の親との同居に対する兄弟姉妹数と出生順位の効果を検討することを

目的とするが、これは結婚後については長男が親と同居することがしぼしば期待されているのに対して、

結婚前については必ずしもはっきりしていない tcめである。そこで．1田2年に人口問題研究所によって

実施された「第 8次出産力調査・独身者調査」のデー

タ（未婚者のみ）を用いてロジステ a ック回帰分

析を行った。

　兄弟姉妹数は男女いずれにおいても結婚前の親との同居に対して有意な負の効果をもつが、長男・長

女（あとつぎ）の続柄は男子においてのみ有意な正の効果をもつ。これらの結果は娘に対して結婚前

は親と同居し、結婚後は親と別居するようにとの圧力が強くかかり、長男・長女に対して結婚前も結

婚後も親と同居するようにとの圧力が強くかかり、子供数が多い家庭の子供に対して混雑のため、結

婚前に親と別居するようにとの圧力が強くかかる、という三つの仮説を裏付けている。

　結婚直後の親との同居予定の決定要因についてもロジスティック回帰分析が行われた。長男・長女の

続柄は男子において非常に有意な効果をもつが、兄弟姉妹数は男女いずれにおいても有意な効果をもた

ない。このことは長男・長女への結婚後の親との同居に関する規範的圧力が、混雑による逆方向の圧力

に左右されることがある結婚前の親との同居に関する圧力よりも強いことを示すようである。

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