Cosmetic Toxicity

Leul BirukMD 014/15Myungsung Medical College19/01/2017

Outline

• Definition

• Introduction

• Chemicals of concern

• Commonly used products

• Summary & Conclusion

• References

Objective

• At the end of this session:

• You should be aware of the more important toxic chemicals contained in your

daily cosmetic products

• You will be able to recognize their toxic effects

• You should be able to avoid or at least minimize the use of some of these

specific toxic chemicals

Definition

• Cosmetics:

“any particle intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions."

• Cosmetics toxicity:

“toxicity due to application of cosmetics to the human body.”

Facts

• The word “cosmetic” comes from the same root as “cosmos” meaning order or adornment.

• One of the earliest references to cosmetics is in the Old Testament 2 Kings 9:30 which tells of Jezebel putting on eye make-up.

• The use of cosmetics was also documented in Ancient Egypt and may go back 6,000 years.

• "A woman without paint is like food without salt.“

- Roman philosopher, Plautus

Cont’

• In the Middle Ages, the Catholic church generally considered the use of cosmetics a sin......though some made exceptions for those who had been made unattractive by illness.

• In ancient Rome, lipstick was a mark of social rank and was seen as a sign of status for both men and women.

• The average UK woman spends two years of her life applying make-up costing around £100,000.

Introduction

Low dose exposure

Timing of exposure

Mixtures & Interactions

RegulationsLimitations

of our presentation

Low dose exposure

PbEDC (endocrine disrupting chemicals)

Timing of exposure

• “Windows of susceptibility”

• Prenatal development

• Puberty

Mixtures & Interactions

• Exposure is continuous

• Mixtures are rarely tested for health

effects

Regulations

• US

• EU

• Ethiopia

• Drug Administration and Control Proclamation No. 176/1999

Limitations of our presentation

• Little or no research done on most of the chemicals

• Researches either done on animals and are generally epidemiological

• Limited # of ppl participated on the researches done.

Chemicals of concern

Chemicals of concern

• 1,4 Dioxane

• Parabens

• Fragnance

• Heavy metals

• Petrolatum and mineral oils

• Acrylates

• Talc

• Hydroquinone

• Coal tar

• Formaldehyde

• Triclosan

1,4 Dioxane

• Ethoxylation• Sodium laurel sulfate Sodium laureth sulfate

• Other common ingredients: PEG cpds and chemicals that include the clauses “xynol,” “ceteareth” and “oleth” (on labels)

• FOUND IN: Products that create suds

C4H8O2

Health concerns

• Routes of exposure

• Dermal contact

• Distribution: rapid and uniform

• Acute : nausea, drowsiness, headache, and irritation of the eyes, nose and

throat

• Chronic : dermatitis, eczema, drying and cracking of skin and liver and

kidney damage

Cont’

• Weakly genotoxic and reproductive effects; slightly toxic to the

developing fetus.

• Animal studies: increased incidences of nasal cavity, liver and gall

bladder tumors after exposure to 1,4-dioxane.

• Carcinogenic- group 3

Parabens

• Preservatives.

• Absorption: skin and GI

• FOUND IN: Shampoos, conditioners, lotions, facial and shower cleansers and scrubs

• Ingredients ending in “–paraben”

• Methylparaben and propylparaben most common.

• 0.4%(single) and 0.8%(multiple)

Health concern

• Routes of exposure

• Dermal

• Metabolism and Excretion

• excreted in urine as the metabolite PHBA

• are not accumulated in the body, and serum concentrations of parabens

quickly decline and remain low

Cont’

• Parabens and pregnancy

• cross the placenta

• accumulate in the blood of the growing baby.

• 94% of newborns have parabens in their blood & more than half, have more

than their mother

• Prenatal exposure: learning difficulties & autistic-like behavior

Endocrine Disruption

• Mechanismmimic estrogen

block androgens

inhibit ENZ metab. Estrogen

• Breast CA (MCF-7 cells)

• Isopropyl- and isobutyl parabens are the most potent

• “Long chain” parabens have the strongest estrogenic activity

Cont’

• Skin CA• Methylparaben: UV-induced damage of skin cells and disruption of cell

proliferation

• Daily application

• Paraben + other estrogenic chemicals Malignant melanoma

• Developmental and reproductive toxicity

• Propyl and butyl parabens: reduce sperm production and reduce testosterone

• dose-dependent

• Butylparaben mother (gestation and lactation)

alters development of reproductive organs and sperm production

Fragrance

• A combo of chemicals that gives each perfume or cologne its distinct scent.(FDA)

• Ingredients: petroleum or natural raw materials.

• The chemical components in fragrance itself are protected as trade secrets and described on the label only as “fragrance.”

Some Common chemicals

Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde

Benzophenone Ethanolamines

Benzylsalicylate Methanol

1-4 Dioxane Propylparaben

Chloromethane Resorcinol

Diethylpthalate Styrene

Essential oil mixtures Synthetic musks

Cont’

• FOUND IN: sunscreen, shampoo, soap, body wash, deodorant, body

lotion, makeup, facial cream, skin toner, serums, exfoliating scrubs

and perfume.

• WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE LABEL: Fragrance, perfume, parfum,

essential oil blend, aroma.

Heavy metals

• Lead, arsenic, mercury, aluminum

• Ingredients or Contaminants

• FOUND IN: Lip products, whitening toothpaste, eyeliner, nail color, foundations,

sunscreens, eye shadows, blush, concealer, moisturizers, eye drops

• WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE LABEL: Lead acetate, chromium, thimerosal,

hydrogenated cotton seed oil, sodium hexametaphosphate

HEALTH CONCERNS

• Lead:

• potential impurity in many color cosmetics,

including lipstick.

• Neurotoxin: learning, language and

behavioral problems

• reduced fertility in both men and women

• crosses placenta

Cont’

• Mercury:

• readily absorbed through skin.

• linked to nervous system toxicity

• may disrupt thyroid hormones.

• hazardous during fetal development

Cont’

• Aluminum-based compounds

• Found in: deodorants, antiperspirants, lipsticks, toothpastes

• Bone: compete with phosphorous (Osteomalacia)

• Neurotoxicity

Petrolatum/Petroleum Jelly

• Derived from petroleum

• Moisturizing agent.

• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

• FOUND IN: Lotions, Cosmetics

• WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE LABEL: Petrolatum, Petroleum Jelly, Paraffin

Oil, Mineral Oil and White Petrolatum (refined and safe for use).

Cont’

• Properties

• softens upon application and forms a water-repellant film

• creates an effective barrier against

• the evaporation of the skin’s natural moisture and

• foreign particles or microorganisms that may cause infection.

• odorless and colorless, and has an inherently long shelf life.

HEALTH CONCERN

• Cancer.

• Primary concern with petrolatum is the potential contamination with PAHs

• Carcinogens

• HOW TO AVOID: Avoid products with petrolatum, unless clearly

indicated that petrolatum is fully refined as White petrolatum

Common products used

SOAP

Soap

Toxic ingredients

• Triclosan

• Dioxane

• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

• Diethanolamine

• Formaldehyde

• Parabens

Triclosan

• Anti-bacterial

• Leads to anti-biotic resistant/resilient bacteria

• Is endocrine disruptor (estrogen)

• Disrupts hormone metabolism

• Displaces hormone from hormone receptor

• Disrupts steroidogenic enzyme activity

Diethanolamine

• Easily absorbed through the skin

• Combines with nitrate preservatives

Diethanoalmine + nitrates

Nitrosodiethanolamine

• Is carcinogenic: kidney and liver cancer

• In pregnant women: inhibits baby from absorbing choline which is vital for brain development

Formaldehyde

• Made by oxidation of methanol

• Chemicals that release formaldehyde are found in soap.

• Eg: Diazolidnyl urea: releases formaldehyde

• Weakens the immune system

• Results in respiratory disorders, frequent headaches, chronic fatigue,

irregular heart beat, allergic reactions (epidemiologic study).

lipstick

LIPSTICKS

Toxic Ingredients

• Butylene glycol

• Lead

• Mineral oil

• Coal tar

Butylene(propylene) glycol

• Ingested: metabo. into b-hydroxybutyraldehyde which is then converted

into acetyl CoA-- ATP

• Does not produce adverse effects in humans until the amount ingested

becomes a significant contributor to the individual’s caloric requirement

• Toxic when concentration is greater than 0.5%

Cont’

• Ethylene glycol- is toxic upon ingestion, causing direct toxicity to

erythrocytes [red blood cells].

• In huge oral doses, propylene glycol can cause liver and kidney

toxicity

• Propylene glycol is both a skin irritant and a sensitizer

toothpaste

TOOTHPASTE

Toothpaste

• Mouth--- direct absorption to blood stream

• Colgate is the only tooth paste approved by FDA to fight plaque and gingivitis

• In kids most of the paste is swallowed

• Most commonly used toothpastes in Ethiopia:

Toxic Ingredients

• Triclosan (antimicrobial)

• linked to concerns over antibiotic resistance

• help prevent gingivitis

• endocrine disruption

• Found in high concentration in placenta

Cont’

• SLS(sodium laureth sulfate )

• Used to create foaming actions

• Bad mouth odor

• Bitter taste

• Swallow---upset stomach and possible diarrhea

• Skin irritation and painful canker sores

• SLS-free toothpaste should be used for people

with recurring sores

Cont’

•Aspartame

• aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

• synthetically modified to carry a methyl group, which provides

the majority of the sweetness.

• Methyl will form methanol---- methanol toxicity

Cont’

• Fluoride• The best cavity fighter in teeth-- remineralization• Toxicity: neurological and endocrine dysfunction• Children: non-fluoride toothpaste• Teeth- mottled brown enamel

• HOME MADE TOOTHPASTE• Charcoal• ‘Mefakiya’: antimicrobial efficacy

http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2006/08/25/researchers_found_that_a_chewing_stick_u

Tattoos

HISTORY OF TATTOOS

Tattoo

• Tattoo inks include

• Pigment: by metallic salts: oxides, selenides, sulfides

• Organic dyes/plastics

• Carriers: mixed with the ink to provide even application of the ink.

Mechanism of the Tattoo

The tattoo needles puncture the skin 50-3000x per minute.

The capillary action draws the skin into the blood.

Becomes permanent when the immune system tries to save the body from all the wounds.

Cont’d

Cont’

• Tattoo inks may be made from titanium dioxide, lead, chromium,

nickel, iron oxides, ash and carbon black.

• Black tattoos have Benzo-a-pyrene

• Caused skin cancer in animals

• Tattoo inks have the tendency to travel to the lymphatic system

• can affect the immune system

• Excreted by the liver

Tattoo & Immune System

• Some studies show that multiple tattoos have

stronger immunological response

• Obtained saliva samples from 29 volunteers -- nine

of whom were getting their first tattoos.

• Results

• Increased level of Immunoglobulin A and cortisol

• Temporary increase of immune system

Study at university of Alabama

Components of tattoo ink

• Carrier ingredients

• Can include formaldehyde, methanol, denatured alcohols

• Pigments: made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

• The ABS is grounded to fine particles when used in tattoo inks

• ABS can create allergic reactions

Cont’

• Some pigments have a metallic base

• Cobalt: BLUE

• Cadmium sulfite: YELLOW

• Mercury: RED CINNABAR

• Neon/vividly colored pigments are more toxic than the others

Cont’

• If the carriers contain alcohol, the permeability of the skin increases

• This increase in permeability enhances the transportation of pigment and

chemicals to the blood stream.

• Alcohol also enhances the activity of cancer causing substances

• Tattoo removal

• Removal by replacement

• Laser removal

Ethiopian traditional tattooCharcoal

HENNA TATTOO (ሂና)

HENNA TATTOO (ሂና)

•Henna • powdered leaves of a tropical shrub used as reddish-

brown dye to color the hair and decorate the body.

•Has paraphenylenediamine (PPD)

•Cause delayed allergic reactions, hypopigmentation, scarring, skin necrosis.

• Long term effect• Inability to tolerate sulfa drugs

Prevention on adverse effects of tattoo

• Skin tests performed before hand

• Choose inks that are widespread known and safe

• Use carriers that have glycerine, purified water

• Use VEGAN INKS

• minimal risk to the human skin

• Saves us from toxicity of the metals used in tattoo

• Not widely manufactured

Hair Dye

HAIR DYE

Damaging Ingredients

• Ammonia/Ammonium hydroxide

• Resorcinol: toxic to immune system, causes allergy

• PPD (para-phenylenediamine)

• Ethanol Alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)

• Helps to absorb the dye by the hair and follicles

• Causes dry hair

• Parabens

Ammonia /Ammonium Hydroxide/

• Used to increase the shelf life of products

• Increases hair pH

• Opens the hair shaft so their color can penetrate the cuticle

• Makes the hair dull and lose its strength

• Give hair dyes their pungent smell

• Increases hair porosity, weakens hair

• causes frizz and split ends leads to color fading

Handling of Cosmetics

• Avoid Moisture and Heat

• Pack With Care

• Store your makeup in a clean, dry area, away from dust and other

contaminants

• Avoid storing in sun exposed places

• Keep out of reach of children

Summary

Product Chemicals Concerns

Soap Triclosan, SLS, Formalin, Parabens, Diethanolamine

Anibotic resistance, EDC, Carcinogenic

Glycerine Animal fat EDC

Eye makeup Retinyl acetate, LEAD, Formaldehyde, Fragnance, PG

Skin Cancer, Dermatitis, glandular atrophy

Hair dye Ammonia, PPD, Alcohol, paraben Hair dryness, Allergy

Henna PPD Skin necrosis, Allergy, Sulfa-drug resistance

Nail polish Acrylates Cancer, Reproductive toxicity, Irritation

Botox Botullinum toxin partial facial paralysis, muscle weakness,trouble swallowing; arrhythmia, heart attack, respiratory arrest

Toothpaste Triclosan, SLS, Aspratame Methanol tox., Bitter taste, Bad mouth odor

Lotion Aluminium, Alcohol, Glycerine, Paraben Neurotoxicity, infection, EDC

Lipstick LEAD, Mineral oil, Paraben, Buthyleneglycol

Liver and kidney damage, skin irritant

Conclusion

• Dermal worse than oral…

• Why don’t we see this side effects in us?

Discussion

• Do you think the chemicals found in fragrances (Which are found in most of our products) should be kept as trade secrets? What are the implications of having them be trade secrets?

Reference

• safecosmetics.org

• atsdr.cdc.gov

• skindeepdatabase.com

• www.davidsuzuki.org

• Danish epa- paraben.pdf

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184583

• Naturallysavvy.com