arch. Silvia Ileana Costiuc, The Post-Graduate Program for Restoration of Monuments, Ensembles, and Sites, University of Architecture and Urbanism Ion Mincu Bucureşti, România.

Culas in OlteniaFortification units in the Xviii century in the Principallity of valachia

CNHC 2011

Thanks to lect. Dr. Arch. Mihai Opreanu, U.A.U.I.M. Bucharest

Ştefan Mănciulescu – profesor at Ecole de Chaillot, Paris, chief architect of Historical Monuments for the department of Corrèze - Haute, Loire, Franţa

and

Stefano D’Avino – profesor at The University G. D’Annunzio in Chieti-Pescara

The Cula in Groşerea Voinescu 1908, Illustration 8

The Cula in Lupoaia Ţigara-Samurcaş 1909

The Cula in Cernateşti Atanasescu, 1974

Culas in Oltenia photos from monumenteromania.ro and Silvia Costiuc

The conflicts of the society and the weapons used 1700 - 1800

The Baba Vida medieval fortress in Vidin Specht plan in 1790

Disposition of the culas in Oltenia

The synthesis of the research. Disposition, visibility, network

A network of culas in Oltenia on the river courses

The strategic signalisation chain Culas, watchtowers and monastery towers

Brabova Hotărani Govora foto monumenteromania.ro

The cula from Măldăreşti. Visibility foto Silvia Costiuc 2010

The cula in Groşerea, Romania and Theti, Albania – Balkans

The similarities with other types of architecture Peasant houses, manors and monastery towers

A peasant cula in ComăneştiBy Andrei Pănoiu

The manor from CoţofeniBalş 1954

The manor from GlogovaFoto monumenteromania.ro

A wooden cula in ErceeaBy Andrei Pănoiu

The pinacle at the peasant houses Stahl 1957

The typologies the table - Silvia Costiuc, photos monumenteromania.ro

The Culas in Măldăreşti Mendrea 1966

1. The new cula – Duca2. The old cula – Greceanu 3. The church 4. The manor built in the XXth century5. The fountain6. Manor from the xxth century

The Cula in Groşerea site plan by Astrid de Largentage 2010

The cula Greceanu and the church in Măldăreşti Mendrea1966

The masonry. Case study Groşerea Brick dimensions 5,5 x 13 x 27 cm. Walls 65 – 100 cm

Photo by Silvia Costiuc. Groşerea drawing made by the students during the French-Romanian workshop, 2010-2011, academical restoration project Culas from Oltenia, between the West University of Timişoara and the School of Chaillot, Paris. Project coordinated by Ştefan Mănciulescu. Ghika – Budeşti 1936.

The carpentry. Case study Groşerea

Photos by Silvia Costiuc. Peasant cellar dor sketch SIlvia Costiuc. Groşerea roof plan - drawing made by the students during the French-Romanian workshop, 2010-2011, academical restoration project Culas from Oltenia, between the West University of Timişoara and the School of Chaillot, Paris. Project coordinated by Ştefan Mănciulescu . Balş 1954

The veranda Atanasescu 1974 Photos by Silvia Costiuc.

Interior fountains, secret rooms, heating, furniture, decorations Plan of Curtişoara - Ghika Budeşti 1936. Section of the cula in Groşerea - Janeke 1918Photos by Silvia Costiuc.

Cula in Şiacu 1995 Machat, 1995 2010 foto: monumenteromania.ro