costs and impacts from leaking wrecks: response costs and removal costs
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Costs and Impacts from Leaking Wrecks: Response Costs and Removal Costs. Dagmar Schmidt Etkin, PhD Environmental Research Consulting. Wrecks of the World (WOW) II: Evaluating and Addressing Potential Underwater Threats - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Costs and Impacts fromCosts and Impacts fromLeaking Wrecks:Leaking Wrecks:
Response Costs and Response Costs and Removal CostsRemoval Costs
Dagmar Schmidt Etkin, PhDEnvironmental Research Consulting
Wrecks of the World (WOW) II:Evaluating and Addressing Potential Underwater ThreatsMaritime Institute of Technology and Graduate Studies
(MITAGS) Linthicum, Maryland6 – 7 June 2011
Response CostsResponse Costs
Assuming wreck is leaking or likely to leak…
Spill cleanup response/monitoring operations(and environmental/socioeconomic damages)
OROil removal operations
Example: SS Jacob LuckenbachExample: SS Jacob LuckenbachFreighter sank 14 July 1953 after collision with another vessel off California coast. Wreck contained 1,360 tonnes of heavy fuel oil.
Wreck leaked oil periodically, primarily during large winter storms when currents rocked vessel.
Damages from SS Jacob LuckenbachDamages from SS Jacob Luckenbach•Dozens of spills over 10 years with millions of dollars in cleanup costs
•51,000 birds, sea otters oiled (> 50 species)
•>10,000 sq km ocean impacted
•US$2 million/year on wildlife rehabilitation
•US$20 million for wreck oil removal operations to prevent further oiling damage
Components of Averted Response CostsComponents of Averted Response Costsand Damagesand Damages
• Monitoring of leaking or potentially leaking wreck• Response and cleanup costs for leakage events– Shoreline cleanup– Oversight– Disposal
• Response and cleanup for potential large releases– On-water response (mechanical, dispersant)– Oversight– Shoreline cleanup– Disposal
Factors Affecting Potential Response CostsFactors Affecting Potential Response Costs• Location
– Physical geography (shoreline type, water depth, sea state)– Political regime (response regulations – funding, dispersant policy )– Cultural/social regime (public involvement, “how clean is clean”, labor costs)– Proximity and nature of sensitive resources (habitats, shorelines) to protect– Proximity and type of response resources available
• Response type– Response strategy employed + timing (equipment, personnel requirements)– Effectiveness of on-water response (mechanical, dispersant)– Endpoints in shoreline cleanup (“how clean is clean”)
• Oil- and hazmat (HNS)-type– Persistence– Toxicity– Human health impacts, chemical reactions/releases
• Volume and nature of release– Smaller volumes more expensive on per-unit basis unless very small– Continuous vs. sudden, massive release– Oil spread, degree of shoreline impact
State-of-the-Art Cost AnalysesState-of-the-Art Cost Analyses
•Trajectory, fate, effects modeling of hypothetical scenarios•Data for simulating behavior of oil•Data for estimating costs/impacts•Planning for spill response contingencies and preparedness
•Cost models based on algorithms from data on previous spills•Adapted to specific scenarios•Local information
PREVAILING CO NDIT IO NS
SELECTW ATER
TEM PERATURE
5ºC
CONDITIONSRESPONSECRITERIA
SELECT W ATER-BASEDSOCIOECONOM IC
RESOURCES
ON-W ATER OILING CONDITIONS
SELECT SURFACEWATER TYPE
SM ALL LAKE
LARGE RIV ER
SM ALL STREAM
OPEN M ARINE
OPEN FRESH
OPEN ESTUARY
WATERRESPONSECRITERIA
SHORELINE CONDITIONS
SHORELINERESPONSECRITERIA
SHORELINEOILING
CRITERIA
SELECT O ILT YPE
SELECT SHORELINE(ESI) TYPE
SHO RELINE-BASEDSO CIO ECO NO M IC
IM PACT S
SHO RELINE-BASED
NAT URALRESO URCE
IM PACT S
SELECT"HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN"
ESTIM ATED SHORELINE RESPONSEEF FECTIVENESS
SELECTSHO RELINE-
BASED NATURALRESOURCES
SHORELINERESPONSE
IM PACT
SOCIOECONOMICRESOURCE
IMPACTS
SPECIFYSPILL AMOUNT
% R EM OVAL
SHORELINE RESPONSE COST
ON-W AT ERRESPONSE
COST
TOTALRESPONSE
COST
NATURALRESOURCEDAMAGES
(COSTS)
SOCIO-ECONOMICDAMAGES
(COSTS)
SELECTPREVAILING
W INDS
CALM - L IGHT 2 k ts
M ODERATE 15 k ts
STRONG 25 k ts
GALE 35 k ts
FRESH
RAINBOW SHEEN
SILV ER SHEEN
M OUSSE
FILM
SELECT SLICKTHICKNESS
CONTINUOUS
BROKEN
PATCHY
SPORADIC
SELECT SLICKCOV ERAGE
SELECT SHORELINEOIL COV ERAGE
CONTINUOUS
BROKEN
PATCHY
SPORADIC
FRESH OIL
M OUSSE
TARBALLS
PATTIES
TAR STRANDS
SELECT SHORELINESURFACE OILING
SURFACERESIDUE
ASPHALTPAV EM ENT
POOLED >1 cm
COV ER >0.1-1 cm
COAT <0.1 cm
STAIN
FILM
SELECT SHORELINEOIL THICKNESS
SELECT SHORELINERESPONSE M ETHOD
NATURAL RECOV ERY
M ANUAL
M ECHANICAL
SORBENTS
SEDIM ENT REWORK
V EGETATIONREM OV AL
BURN
FLOODING
LOW PRESSURECOLD WASH
HIGH PRESSURECOLD WASH
LOW PRESSURE HOTWASH
HIGH PRESSURE HOTWASH
STEAM CLEAN
SAND BLAST
CLEANING AGENTS
BIOREM EDIATION
SPECIFYRESPONSE
TIM ING
HOURS
NONE
M ECHANICAL
BURN
DISPERSANT
s q. m e te rs
SPECIFY SHORELINEAREA IM PACTED
s q. m e te rs
PREDICTEDSHORELINE
AREAIM PACTED
OR
[O IL DAMAGES W ITHOUT RESPONSE] -
[O IL DAMAGES W ITH RESPONSE + RESPONSEDAMAGES]
= BENEFIT OF RESPONSE
COMPARE RESPONSE COST:BENEFIT OF RESPONSE
T OT ALDAMAGES
OR
ESTIM ATEDON-WATERRESPONSE
EFFECTIV ENESS
% REM OV AL
SPECIFIEDO N-WAT ERRESPO NSE
EFFECT IVENESS
% REM OV AL FISHERIES
PORTS
BOATING REC FISHING
WATER INTAKE
DRINK WATER
OTHER HIGH LOW USE
SELECT W ATER-BASEDNATURAL RESOURCES
FISH
M AM M ALS
OTHER HIGH LOW
BIRDS
CORAL REEF
BIRDS
M AM M ALS
ENDANGEREDSPECIES
M ODERATESENSITIV E
LOWSENSITIV E
HIGHLYSENSITIV E
SELECT SHORELINE-BASEDSO CIOECONO M IC RESO URCES
TOURIST BEACH
SPECIFYRESPONSE
EFFECTIVENESS
% REM OV AL
9: SHELTEREDTIDAL FLAT
10A: SALT/BRACK M ARSH
10B: FRESH-WATER M ARSH
10C: SWAM P
10D: M ANGROV E
7: EXPOSED TIDALFLAT
6A: GRAV ELBEACH
6B: RIPRAPSTRUCTURES
8B: SHELTEREDSOLID M ANM ADE
8A: SHELTEREDROCKY SHORE
1A: EXPOSEDROCKY
2: ROCKYPLATFORM
3: FINE SAND
4: COARSE SAND
5: M IXEDSAND/GRAV EL
RESIDENTIAL
WILDLIFE V IEWING HIGH V ALUE
INDUSTRIAL M EDIUM V ALUE
PORT LOW V ALUE
OIL SPILL RESPONSE COSTEFFECTIVENESS ANALYTICAL
TOOL (OSRCEAT)
OIL DAM AGES W ITHRESPO NSE
RESPO NSE BENEFIT
O IL DAM AG ES WIT HO UT RESPO NSE
O IL DAM AG ES M IT IG AT ED
RESPO NSEDAM AG E
OIL DAM AGES W ITHRESPO NSE
M AXIM UM HIGH
M EDIUM
M INIM UMLOW
<3 M ILES
3-10 M ILES
10-50 M ILES
50+ M ILES
SELECTPREV AILING
WIND DIRECTION
T O SHOR E
OFFSHOR E
NEARSHORE
10ºC
20ºC
30ºC
GASO LINE
JET F UEL
DIESEL
LT CRUDE
LUBE O IL
M ED CRUDE
HVY CRUDE
#6 FUEL
IFO
SELECTDISTANCE TO
SHORE
W ATER-BASEDSOCIOECONOMIC
IMPACTS
W ATER-BASEDNATURAL
RESOURCE IMPACTS
NATURALRESOURCE
IMPACTS
SELECTON-WATERRESPONSEM ETHOD
7
EPA BASIC OIL SPILL COSTESTIMATION MODEL
SELECT OIL TY PE
SELECT LOCAT IONM EDIUM T YPE
TOXICITY
DEGRADATION
SPREAD
PENETRATION
PERSISTENCE
SOCIOECO NO M IC/CULT URALCOST M O DIFIER
FRESHWAT ERVULNERABILIT YCOST M O DIFIER
OIL T O XICIT Y
OIL PERSIST ENCE
OIL TY PECOST
FACTORS
SPILL SIZE-CO STRELAT IO NSHIP OIL AMOUNT
SPILL SIZEFACTOR
SPECIFYSPILL AM O UNT
HABIT AT /WILDLIFECOST M O DIFIER
T OT AL EST IM AT EDENVIRO NM ENT AL
DAM AG E COST
T OT AL EST IM AT EDSOCIOECO NO M IC
DAM AG E COST
T OT AL EST IM AT EDRESPONSE COST
1 2
4
3
5
6
OT HER SENSIT IVE
AGRICULT URAL
DRY GRASSLAND
T AIGA
LAKE/PO ND
URBAN/INDUST RIAL
WET LAND
ROADSIDE/SUBURB
FOREST
T UNDRA
PER-GALLO NBASE
RESPONSE COST
PER-GALLO NBASE
SOCIOECO NO M ICCOST
PER-GALLO NBASE
ENVIRO NM ENT ALDAM AG E COST
SELECT LOCATIONSOCIOECONOM IC +CULTURAL V ALUE
HIGH
VERY HIGH
EXT REM E
M INIM AL
M ODERAT E
NONE
OIL T O XICIT Y
OIL PERSIST ENCE
GRASSLAND
FOREST
TAIGATUNDRA
W ETLAND
MUDFLAT
OPEN WATER/ SHORE
SOIL/SAND
PAVEMENT/ROCK
TAR
LTC
WTO
WAX
HVC
UNOIFO
HVO
NEV
M IN
LUB
EDO
CRD
LTO
LTF
VOD
ANF
OTR
SELECT FRESHWAT ERVULNERABILIT Y
RECREAT IO N
DRINKING
NON-SPECIFIC
WILDLIFE USE
T RIBUT ARIES
INDUST RIAL
SPECIF IC GRAVITY
M ECHANICAL INJURY (SPECIFIC G RAVIT Y)
EST UARYRIVER/ST REAM
SELECT LOCAT IONHABIT AT + WILDLIFE
SENSIT IV IT Y
OIL PERSIST ENCE
Per-gallon o il spill costs areinversely related to spill s ize.Regression form ula used to
estim ate per-gallon cost.
O il type im pacts all costcategories. O il behaviorvaries by m edium type.
Potential im pact dependson toxic ity , m echanical
in jury potentia l, andpersistence. O il type
character and behaviorintegrated into o il type
cost factors.
M edium (substrate) typeinfluences degree of o ilpenetration and spread.Penetration and spreadare m odified for o il typecost factor derivation.
Socioeconom ic and cultural value of spilllocation im pact socioeconom ic costs. Costs
are d irectly correlated w ith value society putson spill location. Cost m odifier is adjusted
based on value rating given.
O il persistence andtoxicity have im pact
on d ifferentwater-use types.
Freshwater vulnerability accounted for inenvironm ental dam age. Drinking water, recreation, and
wild life use g iven h igher ratings for h igher im pact.
Habitat/w ild life andwater vulnerability
com bine todeterm ine
environm entaldam age.
Ecosystem (habitat andassociated w ild life)
vulnerability rated toadjust habitat/w ild life
m odifier.
Per-gallon base response-,socioeconom ic-, and
environm ental dam agecosts determ ined based on
variable inputs.
Per-gallon costs m ultip lied by spill am ount togive total costs that can be added together or
used separately .
SPECIFYRESPO NSE
M ET HOD
2A
M ECHANICAL
DISPERSANT
IN SIT U BURN
Responsem ethod canhave greatim pact on
response cost,and
socioeconom ic,and
environm entaldam ages.
PREVAILING CO NDIT IO NS
SELECTW ATER
TEM P ERATURE
5ºC
CONDITIONSRESPONSECRITERIA
SELECT W ATER-BAS EDSOCIOECONOM IC
RES OURCES
ON-W ATER OILING CONDITIONS
SELECT SURFACEWATER TYPE
SM ALL LAKE
LARGE RIV ER
SM ALL STREAM
OPEN M ARINE
OPEN FRESH
OPEN ESTUARY
WATERRESPONSECRITERIA
SHORELINE CONDITIONS
SHORELINERES PONSECRITERIA
SHORELINEOILING
CRITERIA
SELECT O ILT YPE
SELECT SHORELINE(ESI) TYPE
SHO RELINE-BASEDSO CIO ECO NO M IC
IM PACT S
SHO RELINE-BASED
NAT URALRESO URCE
IM PACT S
SELECT"HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN"
ESTIM ATED SHORELINE RESPONSEEF FECTIVENESS
SELECTSHO RELINE-
BASED NATURALRESOURCES
SHORELINERESPONSE
IM PACT
SOCIOECONOMICRESOURCE
IMPACTS
SPECIFYSPILL AMOUNT
% R EM OVAL
SHORELINE RESPONSE COST
ON-W AT ERRESPONSE
COST
TOTALRESPONSE
COST
NATURALRESOURCEDAMAGES
(COSTS)
SOCIO-ECONOMICDAMAGES
(COSTS)
SELECTPREVAILING
W INDS
CALM - L IGHT 2 k ts
M ODERATE 15 k ts
STRONG 25 k ts
GALE 35 k ts
FRESH
RAINBOW SHEEN
SILV ER SHEEN
M OUSSE
FILM
SELECT SLICKTHICKNESS
CONTINUOUS
BROKEN
PATCHY
SPORADIC
SELECT SLICKCOV ERAGE
SELECT SHORELINEOIL COV ERAGE
CONTINUOUS
BROKEN
PATCHY
SPORADIC
FRESH OIL
M OUSSE
TARBALLS
PATTIES
TAR STRANDS
SELECT SHORELINESURFACE OILING
SURFACERESIDUE
ASPHALTPAV EM ENT
POOLED >1 cm
COV ER >0.1-1 cm
COAT <0.1 cm
STAIN
FILM
SELECT SHORELINEOIL THICKNESS
SELECT SHORELINERESPONSE M ETHOD
NATURAL RECOV ERY
M ANUAL
M ECHANICAL
SORBENTS
SEDIM ENT REWORK
V EGETATIONREM OV AL
BURN
FLOODING
LOW PRESSURECOLD WASH
HIGH PRESSURECOLD WASH
LOW PRESSURE HOTWASH
HIGH PRESSURE HOTWASH
STEAM CLEAN
SAND BLAST
CLEANING AGENTS
BIOREM EDIATION
SPECIFYRESPONSE
TIM ING
HOURS
NONE
M ECHANICAL
BURN
DISPERSANT
s q. m e te rs
SPECIFY SHORELINEAREA IM PACTED
s q. m e te rs
PREDICTEDSHORELINE
AREAIM PACTED
OR
[O IL DAMAGES W ITHOUT RESPONSE] -
[OIL DAMAGES W ITH RESPONSE + RESPONSEDAMAGES]
= BENEFIT OF RESPONSE
COMPARE RESPONSE COST:BENEFIT OF RESPONSE
T OT ALDAMAGES
OR
ESTIM ATEDON-WATERRESPONSE
EFFECTIV ENESS
% REM OV AL
SPECIFIEDO N-WAT ERRESPO NSE
EFFECT IVENESS
% REM OV AL FISHERIES
PORTS
BOATING REC FISHING
WATER INTAKE
DRINK WATER
OTHER HIGH LOW USE
SELECT W ATER-BAS EDNATURAL RESOURCES
FISH
M AM M ALS
OTHER HIGH LOW
BIRDS
CORAL REEF
BIRDS
M AM M ALS
ENDANGEREDSPECIES
M ODERATESENSITIV E
LOWSENSITIV E
HIGHLYSENSITIV E
SELECT SHORELINE-BASEDSO CIOECONO M IC RESO URCES
TOURIST BEACH
SPECIFYRESPONSE
EFFECTIVENESS
% REM OV AL
9: SHELTEREDTIDAL FLAT
10A: SALT/BRACK M ARSH
10B: FRESH-WATER M ARSH
10C: SWAM P
10D: M ANGROV E
7: EXPOSED TIDALFLAT
6A: GRAV ELBEACH
6B: RIPRAPSTRUCTURES
8B: SHELTEREDSOLID M ANM ADE
8A: SHELTEREDROCKY SHORE
1A: EXPOSEDROCKY
2: ROCKYPLATFORM
3: FINE SAND
4: COARSE SAND
5: M IXEDSAND/GRAV EL
RESIDENTIAL
WILDLIFE V IEWING HIGH V ALUE
INDUSTRIAL M EDIUM V ALUE
PORT LOW V ALUE
OIL SPILL RESPONSE COSTEFFECTIVENESS ANALYTICAL
TOOL (OSRCEAT)
OIL DAM AGES W ITHRESPO NSE
RESPO NSE BENEFIT
O IL DAM AG ES WIT HO UT RESPO NSE
O IL DAM AG ES M IT IG AT ED
RESPO NSEDAM AG E
OIL DAM AGES W ITHRESPO NSE
M AXIM UM HIGH
M EDIUM
M INIM UMLOW
<3 M ILES
3-10 M ILES
10-50 M ILES
50+ M ILES
SELECTPREV AILING
WIND DIRECTION
T O SHOR E
OFFSHOR E
NEARSHORE
10ºC
20ºC
30ºC
GASO LINE
JET F UEL
DIESEL
LT CRUDE
LUBE O IL
M ED CRUDE
HVY CRUDE
#6 FUEL
IFO
SELECTDISTANCE TO
SHORE
W ATER-BASEDSOCIOECONOMIC
IMPACTS
W ATER-BASEDNATURAL
RESOURCE IMPACTS
NATURALRESOURCE
IMPACTS
SELECTON-WATERRESPONSEM ETHOD
Environmental and Socioeconomic Resources at RiskEnvironmental and Socioeconomic Resources at Risk
Calculating Benefit of Wreck Oil RemovalCalculating Benefit of Wreck Oil Removal• Determine hypothetical spill/release scenario(s)
– Nature of event(s)• Continuous chronic or episodic releases• Large release
– Oil/hazardous material type(s) and amount(s)
• Model trajectory, fate, and effects of release scenarios
• Estimate impacts and costs of release scenarios– Response and cleanup costs – Environmental damages– Socioeconomic damages (e.g., fisheries, tourism)
Costs of Wreck Oil Removal OperationsCosts of Wreck Oil Removal Operations
• Spill response preparedness• Spill response, if needed (prepared, timely, on site)• Salvage equipment and personnel• Monitoring equipment and personnel• Logistical support
Factors Affecting Wreck Oil Removal CostsFactors Affecting Wreck Oil Removal Costs• Location
– Water depth– Currents and sea state– Weather– Logistical support
• Vessel characteristics– Oil- and hazmat (HNS)-type and content (munitions, human remains)– Vessel type and construction/configuration– Degree of corrosion– Vessel orientation (upright, on side)– Vessel condition (broken, split, intact)– Other factors (presence of munitions, human remains, cultural artifacts)
• Equipment required and availability• Monitoring and oversight logistics required and availability
Costs of Wreck Oil RemovalCosts of Wreck Oil Removal
Operation Complexity
Cost FactorsCost RangeDepth
(meters)Oil
Viscosity Waters Mobilization Wreck Condition
Simple <20 Low Protected Local Good <$1 – 5M
Moderate 20 – 50 MediumWeather and sea
restrictedRegional Moderate $2 – 7M
Complex 50 – 250 High Open Distant Poor $5 – 20+M
Highly Complex >250 High Open Distant Poor $20 – 100+M
Basic Cost-Benefit AnalysisBasic Cost-Benefit Analysis
Value of averted costs and damages= BenefitBenefit of oil removal
If benefit > cost of oil removal operation,Then, oil removal operation has a NET BENEFIT
to environment and to society